Index of Elastic Behaviour (ICE)
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Index of Elastic
Behaviour (ICE)
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Effect of Water • If k < 20-6 m/s (clay), impermeable (Euro tunnel ) – No issues
during Tunnel • Common is excavation having draining effect
construction – • Excavation downwards – pump else stop construction
Two Aspects • Excavation upwards – few problem – gravity drains water out
• When tunnel below water table – twin problems –
Flow Aspect 1. Flow of fine particles – Worst - Improve ground beforehand
2. Large flows (> 100 ltr/s) – Take measure as per site condition
Euro Tunnel (France,
England)
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Effect of Water
during Tunnel
construction –
Two Aspects
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Effect of Water during Tunnel construction – Two Aspects
Strength Aspect
• Water can produce strength reduction in Low and Medium
strength rocks (Saline rocks, Anhydrites, soft rocks)
• No effect on high strength rocks.
• Saline rocks soluble
• Anhydrites – hydrate when in contact with water through a very
slow chemical reaction and increases in volume significantly.
Generates swelling pressure on support elements.
• Soft rocks – lose strength (loamy chalk, some himalayan rocks)
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Effect of
Water during
Tunnel
construction:
Strength
aspect
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Tunnel and Structures
• For tunnels, ground is medium but in structures, ground is
represented as dead load.
• In general, Concepts and methodologies used in structures are
not valid in tunnel design except in the following two cases where
there is some similarity: shallow tunnels and dimensioning of lining
of tunnel
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
• For tunnel portals, it is common to
Shallow construct some structures and then
Tunnels cover them with soil to restore the
original topography. They are known as
cut and cover tunnels.
• In these tunnels, ground acts just like a
dead load and design is carried out as
per structural engineering calculations.
• Shallow tunnels are those in which
ground cover above tunnel crown is less
than the tunnel width.
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Dimensioning of lining
• Excavation Support elements different from Excavation lining
• Support elements are used for tunnel stabilization and designed by tunnel
engineering criteria
• Tunnel lining is made of cast in place concrete or shotcrete layer, placed
after the excavation has been stabilized, as a complimentary long-term
protection element.
• Tunnel lining is designed with criteria usually applied for concrete
structures, subjected to time-dependent disturbances, like earthquake,
water table variations, soil degradation by water effect, etc.
• When there are no time dependent effects present, adopt 30 cm thickness
if cast in place concrete is used, or 15 cm for shotcrete.
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Tunnel lined with shotcrete and
reflective plates
Tunnel lined with cast-in-place
concrete layer
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
sinit= -2.7 + 0.42 x sc
sinit = crack initiation stress
sc = UCS of rock
smax = Overburden stress
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
TRIAXIAL TEST DATA ON SANDSTONE
s3f (MPa) 0 5 10 15 20 25
s1f (MPa) 25 50 72 90 105 120
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
INTERRELATIONSHIP
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
D is Disturbance Factor that accounts for disturbance in rock mass due to blasting or
mechanical excavation. Its value is 0 for undisturbed rock and 1 for completely disturbed rock.
sci is the UCS of the intact rock CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi