CVL 713
Analysis and Design of
Underground Structures
J.T. Shahu
IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Syllabus: CVL713 Analysis and Design of Underground Structures
• Introduction. 3 Credits (3-0-0)
• Types and classification of underground openings. Factors affecting design.
Design methodology. Functional aspects. Sizes and shapes. Support
systems.
• Analysis: Stresses and deformations around openings, Stresses and
deformations around tunnels and galleries with composite lining due to
internal pressure, Closed form solutions, BEM, FEM.
• Design: Design based on analytical methods; Empirical methods based on
RSR, RMR, Q systems; Design based on Rock support interaction analysis;
Observational method-NATM, Convergence-confinement method.
• Design based on Wedge failure and key block analysis. Design of Shafts and
hydraulic tunnels. Stability of excavation face and Tunnel portals.
• Use of appropriate software packages.
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
References
• Szechy, K.: The Art of Tunnelling.
• Hoek, E. and Brown, ET (1980). Underground Excavations in Rock. The
Institution of Mining & Metallurgy, London.
• Bleniawski, Z.T. (1984). Rock Mechanics Design in Mining and Tunnelling.
Balkema.
• Obert, L. and Duvall, W.I. (1967). Rock Mechanics & the Design of
Structures in Rock. John Wiley & Sons.
• Ramamurthy T (2007). Engineering in Rocks for Slopes, Foundations and
Tunnels Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited.
• Pietro Lunardi (2008). Design and Construction of Tunnels, Springer.
• B.C. Tamames and Z.T. Bieniawski (2020). Ground Characterization and
Structural Analyses for Tunnel Design. CRC Press, Taylor and Fracis Group.
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Evaluation
•Minor Test 1: 20%
•Minor Test 2: 20%
•Major Test: 40%
•Assignments: 20% or so (to be distributed
in above proportion)
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES:
INTRODUCTION
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Underground Structures
Underground Excavation
• The construction under the ground surface.
• Concept assumes that construction without removing existing
ground between the excavation and the surface.
Tunnels
• Underground excavation with an excavation width smaller than 17 m
and have minimum length of several hundred meters.
Microtunnels
• Tunnels having width less than 3 m. Construction by mini Tunnel
Boring Machines and Jacking pipes.
Cut-and-cover Tunnels
• Tunnels constructed by removing the ground up to the surface.
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Underground Structures
• Rock tunnel is a general term. It includes tunnels, caverns, and shafts,
for various applications.
Tunnel Cavern Shaft
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Types of Underground Structures
Hydraulic Tunnels
• Oldest tunnels in world
• L > 1km; A = 7-40 m2
• A Diversion tunnel in Jordan
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Types of Underground Structures
Mining Tunnels
• As old as hydraulic tunnels
• Service life less than 30 years
• L of several kms; A = 15-50 m2
• Exploration tunnel in South
Seam from Chile Mine (TBM)
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Types of Underground Structures
• High speed tunnels are larger in
Railway Tunnels diameter to mitigate dynamic
effects on passengers.
•Tunnels with Two tracks have area
= 125-170 m2 and single track have
area = 80 m2; L about more than
20 km (inclination limits)
• Subway tunnel – Two tracks = 60-
70 m2; One track = 35-40 m2
•Barcelona SW tunnel – 2 platform
• An old Railway tunnel in Peru
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi + 2 tracks – A = 113 m2
Types of Underground Structures
Highway Tunnels
• Shorter lengths than Railways
•Two lanes = 60-80 m2
• Longest is Laerdal Tunnel = 24.5
km in Norway (2000)
• Three lane tunnel in Spain
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Large Underground Excavations (A > 200 m2)
• Four lane Double-deck road
tunnels (12.5 Dia, Clearance = 2.5
m each deck, 7.5 km length)
using TBM
•Subway and railway
underground stations
• Hydroelectric power plant
caverns
• Four lane double deck road (Paris)
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Caverns (A > 300 m2)
• Machine halls in
hydroelectric plants (25 m
x 60 m with 200 m length)
•Public use caverns
• CERN Nuclear physics lab
• Winter Olympic games inauguration
inside Gjovik Cavern 1994 Norway (25 m
high x 61 m wide x 91 m long) CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Types of Underground Structures
• Barton et al. (1974)
A. Temporary mine openings
B. Vertical shafts
C. Permanent mine openings; Water tunnels for hydroelectric projects -
Pilot tunnels, Drifts and hydroelectric projects, and headings for large
excavations
D. Storage rooms, Water treatment plants, Minor road & Railway tunnels.
Surge chambers and Access tunnels in H.E. projects.
E. UG Power station caverns, Major road & Railway tunnels Civil defence
chambers Tunnel portals and tunnels, Civil defence chambers, Tunnel
portals and Intersections
F. UG nuclear power stations, Railway stations, Sports & public facilities and
UG factories
Stability requirement increases from A to F
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Underground Structures
• River Valley projects, Canals, pipelines, hydroelectric Projects, HRT, Penstocks
• Rail & Road Tunnels
• Metros, Subways
• Underground Mines
• Underground Parking, Warehouses
• Tunneling for Sewerage & Water Supply
• Underground Oil/Gas Storage
• Geothermal
• Underground Nuclear Waste Storage
• Defense
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Major Tunneling Activities in India
• India's hydropower potential is 1,50,000 MW besides 96,000 MW for
pumped storage and 15,000 MW for Small Hydro
• Present installed capacity of hydro is 37,000 MW
• More than 500 hydroelectric projects are in progress, to add
hydropower capacity of about 50,000 MW by end of March2017
• New projects involve construction of more than 2000 km
length of tunnels
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Major Tunneling Activities in India
• Metro Rail Projects: Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Bangalore, Chennai,
Pune, Chandigarh, Lucknow
• Jammu-Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railway Line
• Highway Tunnel under Rohtang Pass
• Underground Oil/Gas Storage
• Tunnels & Caverns for Defence
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Basic Aspects of Tunnel Design
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
Consistency
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi
CVL713 JT Shahu IIT Delhi