Chapter III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research method used in the study. More

specifically, it contains discussion on the research method, population of the

study, research instrument, validation of research instrument, data gathering

procedure, statistical tools, and interpretation of data.

Research Method

This research proposal will utilize quantitative research methods

through descriptive survey approach to achieve its objectives. In this study,

the researcher adopted a descriptive research design. A descriptive research

design is a quantitative method used to describe and discuss the results of a

study. This will allow researchers to gather, summarize, present, and

interpret information appropriately. This quantitative method can analyze

data trends, patterns, and relationships to provide an in-depth understanding

of the events under study. (Siedlecki, 2020)

Descriptive research designs usually entail gathering data using

surveys, questionnaires, standardized assessments, or observations. In this

study, researchers will use specialized tools to assess

the various aspects of usage of technology gadget on academic performance

among fourth-year criminology students. These specialized tools will be

tailored to the specific objectives and variables of the study, providing a

comprehensive understanding of the usage of technology gadgets on

academic performance. In addition, they can collect data on significant

difference in the effect of technology gadgets to the academic performance

of 4th year Bachelor of Science in Criminology Students.

Source of Data

For the academic year 2023–2024, 4 th year criminology students at

Isabela College of Arts & Technology, Inc. will be the subjects of a

comprehensive study that will explore the difference between benefits and

usage of technology gadgets which focus on academic performance of the

respondents using data from a variety of sources. Primary data sources will

comprise of student-conducted surveys, questionnaires, standardized tests,

observations, and interviews. Quantitative information on demographic

profiles of repondents, benefits and usage of technology gadget, and

markers of academic success will be gathered using surveys questionnaires.

Standardized assessments, such as tests in pertinent areas and evaluations

of cognitive and technological literacy, will offer objective data on academic

perforamance.
Population of the Study

The study's participants are Isabela College of Arts & Technology, Inc.

4th-year criminology students enrolled for the 2023–2024 academic year.

This demographic is the target demographic from which information will be

gathered and examined in order to look in the difference between benefits

and usage of technology gadget which focus on academic performance.

Students who are actively pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Criminology

degree and enrolled in their fourth year of study during the designated

academic year will meet the inclusion requirements for the population.

Students from various age groups, backgrounds, and technological skill

levels may make up the population, which would provide a representative

sample for the research. By focusing on this specific population, the research

aims to generate insights and recommendations relevant to the academic

context of fourth-year criminology students at Isabela College of Arts &

Technology, Inc.

All of the 4th year Bachelor of Science in Criminology Students as the

research site was based on its convenient location and enthusiastic

willingness to be part of the study. Researchers can gain valuable insights

into the influence of gamification on student engagement and performance

by studying the school's diverse student population, which encompasses

various demographic backgrounds and academic abilities.

Research Instrument

The research tool for data collection will use a modified survey

questionnaire. This survey will be tailored to meet the specific goals and

context of the study, utilizing established survey tools with adjustments to

match the research emphasis. The questionnaire include items designed to

gather information on several key areas relevant to the study objectives,

including demographic profiles, usage of technology gadget and benefits of

technology. The academic performance of the respondents were

incorporated in the indicators under the usage and benefits of technology.

Validation of Research Instrument

The instrument that was used in this study will be a self made made

questionnaire. It composed of three (3 parts) which will tackle the key areas

of interest. Profile of respondents, benefits of technology gadget and usage

of technology gadgets focus academic performance of 4 th year criminology

students at Isabela College of Arts & Technology, Inc. for the academic year

2023-2024: The questionnaire, which will be the main instrument in

gathering the data, will be pre-tested to ascertain its validity and reliability. It

will also undergo content validation which will be done by soliciting

comments and suggestions from the panel members and experts of the field.

After The items on the generic skills will be pilot tested and the items got a
Cronbach’s alpha of .880 implying that the items were internally consistent

within a construct. According to Tavakol and Dennick (2011), an alpha score

of .700 or higher on an index of four or more indicators indicates good

reliability.

Validating a survey instrument ensures accurate and reliable results.

Researchers can identify biases, errors, and inconsistencies that could affect

survey validity during validation. By validating the survey instrument,

researchers can trust the results and draw relevant conclusions. Validation

ensures that the survey instrument measures what it should and generates

consistent and accurate results. This study's researcher prepared a survey

questionnaire before data collection to ensure validity. Three experts were

then consulted to improve the questionnaire's style, layout, language,

vocabulary, and content. After then, the researcher revises the

questionnaire. Elangovan & Sundaravel (2021) state that researchers can

validate survey instruments using several methods. Content, criterion-

related, and construct validity are used. Content validity measures how

relevant and detailed survey questions are to the research topic. Criterion-

related validity compares survey results to a criterion. Construct validity

evaluates whether a survey instrument measures desired constructs or

concepts. To ensure survey instrument reliability and validity before

collecting respondent data, researchers should use these validation

methods.
Data Gathering Procedure

Data collection will be made possible through the utilization of various

research instruments, such as questionnaires, tests, structured survey

schedules, and checklists. The study will utilize survey questionnaires as the

primary method for collecting data. The researcher will observe the following

step-by-step procedures in the collection of data.

Request for Approval to Conduct the Study. After the finalization

of the survey questionnaires, the researcher will write a letter asking for

approval from the Isabela College of Arts and Technology, Inc. campuses

dean. Once it is approved, the researchers will personally distribute the

instrument to the participants during their free time. The distribution will run.

The data will be analyzed to determine the generic skills and industry

readiness. The research methodology will involve conducting surveys, into to

gather data from students. Additionally, the potential benefits of conducting

this research will be highlighted.

Distribution of Questionnaires. After receiving the recommending

approval to conduct the study, the researcher will coordinate with the

possible respondents. The respondent was given assurance that their

answers would be held strict confidential. The researchers personally asked

questions to the respondents to ensure a 100 percent retrieval in the

questions and to entertain any query or problems that would be more likely
to arise in answering the questions during the survey. A schedule of the

distribution of questionnaires will be arranged with the school as to not

disturb classes of the respondents. Once the schedule is confirmed the

researcher will personally visit the school to distribute the questionnaires

and informed consent. The researcher will ensure that the distribution of

questionnaires and informed consent is done in a systematic and organized

manner. The purpose of visiting the school personally is to establish a

rapport with the respondents and address any concerns they may have. This

approach will also allow the researcher to clarify any instructions or provide

additional information if needed. Additionally, by visiting the school, the

researcher can ensure that the questionnaires are distributed to all eligible

respondents and collect them in a timely manner. This personal interaction

will also help in building trust and cooperation among the respondents,

increasing the chances of obtaining accurate and reliable data.

Retrieval of Questionnaires. The researcher will collect the

instruments after the respondents are finish answering, carefully checked if

there are any missed items. Once confirmed completion of all questionnaires

the researcher will thank the respondents for their participation in the study.

After the retrieval of questionnaires, the researcher will proceed to carefully

analyze the data gathered. Thereafter, the data generated will be coded and

encoded in excel format and sent to the statistician for statistical treatment.

This analysis will involve coding the responses, identifying patterns and

themes, and drawing conclusions based on the findings. The researcher will
also consider any limitations or biases that may have influenced the results.

Once the data analysis is complete, the researcher will then be able to draw

meaningful insights and implications from the study, which can contribute to

the understanding and enhancement of the topic under investigation. These

insights can be used to inform future research, develop interventions or

policies, and contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field. The

findings may also be presented at conferences or published in academic

journals, adding to the collective understanding of the subject matter.

Overall, the data analysis stage is crucial in transforming raw data into

meaningful information that can drive further progress and advancements in

the field.

Statistical Treatment

To organize the data, descriptive statistics such as frequency,

percentage and mean distribution will be used to assess the difference

between benefits and usage of technology gadget which focused on

academic performance among 4th year criminology students at Isabela

College of Arts & Technology, Inc. for the Academic year 2023-2024. The

quantitative analysis of the data will utilize the following statistical tools

using Mega Stat:

Frequency Distribution: This tool will be used to summarize categorical

data, such as demographic profile of respondents (e.g., sex, age), types of

technology gadgets, benefits and usage of technology gadgets on academic

performance. Frequency distribution tables will present the number and

percentage of participants falling into each category, providing insights into

the distribution of responses across different groups.

Percentage Distribution: Percentage distribution will complement

frequency distribution by expressing the proportion of responses within each

category relative to the total number of participants. This tool will facilitate

comparisons between groups and help identify patterns or trends in the

data.

Mean. Statistical tools used to analyze the profile of the respondents with

respect to the selected variables of the survey questionnaire. Weighted

Mean was used to determine the central tendency, representing the average

value of a variable across the sample.

Mean formula

Standard Deviation. Measures the extent of scattering in a set of values.

Standard Deviation formula

T-tests are used to determine whether or not two sets of data have

statistically significant difference between benefits and usage of technology

on academic performance when grouped according to sex.

T-Test formula

ANOVA formula

Five-point Likert scales. Specify their level of agreement to a statement

typically in five points; (1) Strongly Disagree; (2) Disagree; (3) Neutral/

Uncertain; (4) Agree; (5) Strongly Agree.

Evaluation and Scoring

The evaluation and scoring process for the researcher-made

questionnaire will involve several steps to ensure the reliability and

validity of the data collected. Hence, will involve several key steps will

be assessed by the respondents using the following scale:

 Assigned Numerical Verbal

Points Range Interpretation

5 4.20-5.00 Strongly Agree

4 3.41-4.20 Agree

3 2.61-3.40 Neutral

2 1.81-2.60 Disagree

1 1.00-1.80 Strongly Disagree

Legend: Significant at p-value<0.05

Interpretation of Data

The interpretation of data collected from the study on the difference

between benefit and usage of technology gadget on academic performance

among 4th year criminology students at Isabela College of Arts & Technology,

Inc. will involve analyzing the descriptive statistics and inferential findings to

draw meaningful conclusions.

The respondents will be provided with comprehensive information

regarding the objectives, procedures, risks, and benefits of the study before

the data collection process. In order to ensure the ethical participation of

each respondent, their informed consent will be obtained. The process of

collecting data for this study is carefully designed to prioritize the protection

and rights of the respondents, in compliance with the Data Privacy Act. Prior
to commencing data collection, all participants will receive detailed

information regarding the study's goals, methods, possible risks, and

advantages. The purpose of this information is to ensure that every

participant has a clear understanding of the study's nature and objectives.

This process will emphasize their voluntary involvement, the freedom to

withdraw from the study at any point, and the assurance of confidentiality.

They will have plenty of time to carefully read the consent form, inquire

about any concerns they have, and make an informed decision about their

participation. They will also be inquired about the most convenient time for

them to provide their responses to the survey questionnaire regarding

school-based management practices, innovations, and school reform, which

will serve as valuable input for the management framework.

Strict procedures were implemented to ensure the confidentiality of

respondents during the data collection process. We employed anonymization

techniques and ensured the secure storage of all the collected data. Every

participant was assigned a distinct identifier, and the data collected were

stored separately from any personal identifying details. Confidentiality was

strictly maintained throughout the study, ensuring that only the researcher

had access to the data.