DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25

B.E. (Computer Science and Engineering) - Regulations 2023

FIRST SEMESTER (N - BATCH) :: MA5158 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I
Tutorial - 4 :: MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
Course Instructor: [Link]
p
1 2 2π Z π 1 x
2p
Z Z Z Z Z
1. Evaluate (i) y x d y d x, (ii) sin( x + y) d x d y, (iii) x y( x + y) d y d x
Z π/2 Z 2 cos0θ 0 Z πZ 0
a sin θ
0 0 x
2
(iv) r d r dθ and (v) r d r dθ .
−π/2 0 0 0

Solution (i) The given integral is written as

Z 1Z 2 1 2
2p p
µZ ¶ µZ ¶
2
y x d y dx = x dx y dy
0 0 0 0
3/2 ¸1 3 ¸2
x y
· ·
=
3/2 0 3 0
2 1
= ×
3 3
2
= .
9
Z 2π Z π Z 2π µ ¯ x=π ¶
¯
(ii) sin( x + y) d x d y = − cos( x + y)¯¯ dy
0 0 0 x=0
Z 2π
= (− cos( y + π) + cos y)d y
0
¯2π
= − sin( y + π) + sin y¯¯
¯
0
= − sin 3π + sin 2π − (− sin π + sin 0)
= 0.
p p
Z 1 Z x Z 1 Z x
x2 y + x y2 d y d x
¡ ¢
(iii) x y( x + y) d y d x =
0 x 0 x
¶ ¯p x
1y2 y3 ¯¯
Z µ
2
= x +x dx
0 2 3 ¯x
Z 1· 2
x ¡ 2
¢ x ³ 3/2 3
´¸
= x−x + x −x dx
0 2 3
Z 1·
1¡ 3 4
¢ 1 ³ 5/2 4
´¸
= x −x + x −x dx
0 2 3
· µ 4 ¶¸ ¯1
1 x x5 1 x7/2 x5 ¯¯
¶ µ
= − + −
2 4 5 3 7/2 5 ¯0
1 1 1 1 2 1
· µ ¶ µ ¶¸
= − + −
2 4 5 3 7 5
1 1 1 3 7+8
= × + × =
2 20 3 35 280
3
= .
56

Page: 1 of 24
 π/2 2 cos θ π/2 ¸ ¯2 cos θ
r 3 ¯¯
Z Z Z ·
2
(iv) r d r dθ = dθ
−π/2 0 −π/2 3 ¯0
1 π/2
Z
= 8 cos3 θ dθ
3 −π/2
8 π/2 1 1
Z µ ¶
3
= [cos 3θ + 3 cos θ ] dθ ∵ cos θ = [cos 3θ + 3 cos θ ]
3 −π/2 4 4
¸ ¯π/2
2 sin 3θ
·
+ 3 sin θ ¯¯
¯
=
3 3
µ −π/2¶¸
2 3π 3π ³π´ ³ π ´i
· µ ¶ h
= sin − sin − + 3 sin − sin −
9 2 2 2 2
2
= [−1 − 1] + 3[1 − (−1)]
9
4
= 6−
9
50
= .
9
π a sin θ Z π 2 ¯a sin θ
r ¯¯
Z Z
(v) r d r dθ = dθ
0 0 0 2 ¯0
a2 π
Z
= sin2 θ dθ
2 0
a2 π 1 − cos 2θ
Z µ ¶
= dθ
2 0 2
¸ ¯π
a2 sin 2θ ¯¯
·
= θ−
4 2 ¯
0
π a2
= .
4
Ï
2. Evaluate x y d x d y over the region bounded by y2 = x and the lines y = 0 and x + y = 2.

Solution
The area of region is bounded between y2 = x and the lines y = 0 and x + y = 2. Substituting
x = 2 − y in y2 = x, we have
y2 = 2 − y ⇒ y2 + y − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( y − 1)( y + 2) = 0 ⇒ y = 1 or y = −2.
The region of integration is above y = 0. Therefore, the line x + y = 2 intersects the curve
y2 = x at (1, 1). Therefore, the region of integration is

Figure 1

Page: 2 of 24
 That is n ¯p o
R = ( x, y)¯ y < x < 2 − y, 0 < y < 1 .
¯

Hence, the given integral is

Ï Z 1 Z 2− y
x y dx d y = p
x y dx d y
R 0 y
¸ ¯2− y
1 x2 ¯¯
Z ·
= y dy
0 2 ¯p y
1 1 £
Z
y (2 − y)2 − y d y
¤
=
2 0
1 1 £
Z
y 4 + y2 − 4 y − y d y
¤
=
2 0
1 1£
Z
4 y + y3 − 5 y2 d y
¤
=
2 0
¸ ¯1
1 y4 y3 ¯¯
·
2
= 2y + −5×
2 4 3 ¯0
1 1 1
· ¸
= 2+ −5×
2 4 3
1 24 + 3 − 20
µ ¶
= ×
2 12
1 7
µ ¶
= ×
2 12
7
= .
24

x2 y2
Ï
3. Evaluate x3 y d x d y over the region for which x, y are each ≥ 0 and + = 1.
a2 b 2
Solution
x2 y2
We have 2 + 2 = 1. Substituting y = 0, we get x = ±a and solving the equation of ellipse for
a bs
x2
y, we get y = ± b 1 − 2 .
a
Therefore, the region of integration (first quadrant of ellipse) is defined by
 s 
 ¯ 2
x 
R = ( x, y) 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b 1 − 2 .
¯
 a 
Pictorially, it is defined in Figure 14.

Figure 2

Page: 3 of 24
 r
2
Ï Z a Z b 1− x2
3 a
x y dx d y = x3 y d x d y
R 0 0
r
2
a 2 ¸b 1− x 2
y
Z ·
a
= x3 dx
0 2 0
2
s
a x3 2  x2 
Z
= b 1 − 2 dx
0 2 a

b 2 x3 ¡ 2
a
Z
a − x2 d x
¢
= 2
0 2a
b2 a ¡ 2 3
Z
a x − x5 d x
¢
= 2
2a 0
¸a
b2 2x
4
x6 b 2 a6 a6 a4 b 2 2
· · ¸
= 2 a − = 2 − =
2a 4 6 0 2a 4 6 2 24
4 2
a b
=
24

4. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate

p
Z a Z 2a− x Z 4a Z 2pax 1 2− x2 x
Z Z
(i) x y d y d x, (ii) x y d y d x and (iii) p d y d x.
0 x2 /a 0 x2 /4a 0 x x2 + y2

x2
Solution (i) Here, we are given the region bounded by the curves y = , y = 2 a − x, x = 0
a
and x = a. Pictorially, it is defined in the following Figure.

Figure 3

After the changing the order of integration, we have

R = R1 + R2
where
n ¯ p o
R 1 = ( x, y)¯0 < x < a y, 0 < y < a and
n ¯ o
R 2 = ( x, y)¯0 < x < 2a − y, a < y < 2a .
Therefore, we have
Z a Z 2a− x p
Z 1 Z ay Z 2a Z 2a− y
x y d y dx = x y dx d y + x y dx d y
0 x2 /a 0 0 a 0

(ii) From the limits of integration, it is clear that first the integration is to be performed
x2 p
w.r.t. y, which varies from y = to y = 2 ax, and then w.r.t. x, which varies from
4a

Page: 4 of 24
 x = 0 to x = 4a. Thus, we have to first integrate along the vertical strip PQ which
x2
extends from a point P on the parabola y = (i.e. x2 = 4a y) to the point Q on the
p 4 a
parabola y = 2 ax (i.e. y2 = 4ax). Then the strip slides from O to A (4a, 4a), the point
of intersection of the two parabolas.
To change the order of integration, divide the region of integration OP AQO (see Figure
23) into horizontal strips P ′ Q ′ which extend from P ′ on the parabola y2 = 4ax i.e.,
y2 p
x= to Q ′ on the parabola x2 = 4a y, i.e. x = 2 a y. Then this strip slides from O to
4a
A (4a, 4a), i.e., y varies from 0 to 4a.

Figure 4

Therefore,
p p
Z 4a Z 2 ax Z 4a Z 2 ay
x y d y dx = x y d x d y.
0 x2 /4a 0 y2 /4a
p
(iii) Here, y = 2 − x2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 2, y = x, x = 1 and x = 0. Therefore, the point of intersection
of x2 + y2 = 2 and y = x are
x2 + y2 = 2 ⇒ x2 + x2 = 2 ⇒ 2 x2 = 2 ⇒ x2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±1.
Therefore, the points of intersections of the curve x2 + y2 = 2 and the straight line y = x
are (1, 1) and (−1, −1). The region of integration defined in the given integral is given in
Figure 7(a) and the region after the change of order of integration is given in Figure
7(b).

Figure 5

After the changing the order of integration, we have

R = R1 + R2
where
n ¯ o
R 1 = ( x, y) 0 < x < y, 0 < y < 1 and
¯

Page: 5 of 24
 n ¯ q p o
2
R 2 = ( x, y) 0 < x < 2 − y , 1 < y < 2 .
¯

Therefore, we have
Z 1 Z p2− x2 Z 1Z y Z p2 Z p2− y2
x x x
p d y dx = p dx d y + p d x d y.
0 x x2 + y2 0 0 x2 + y2 1 0 x2 + y2
Evaluate the integrals in problems 4(i), 4(ii) and 4(iii).

5. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y2 = 4 − x and y2 = x by double integration.

Solution
The region of integration is bounded by the parabolas y2 = 4 − x and y2 = x. Solving the
equations, we have
p
y2 = 4 − x ⇒ x = 4 − x ⇒ 2 x = 4 ⇒ x = 2. ∴ y2 = 2 ⇒ y = ± 2.
¡ p ¢ ¡ p ¢
Therefore, the points of intersections are 2, 2 and 2, − 2 .

Figure 6

Therefore, the region of integration is

n ¯ 2 2
p p o
R = ( x, y) y < x < 4 − y , − 2 < y < 2 .
¯

Therefore, the area of the region R is

Ï
A= dx d y
R
p
Z 2 Z 4− y2
= p dx d y
− 2 y2
Z p2 Z 4− y2
=4 dx d y
0 2
p ¯4− y2
Z 2 ¯
=4 [ x]¯¯ dy
0 2
p
Z 2
4 − y2 − 2 d y
£ ¤
=4
0
¸ ¯p2
y3 ¯¯
·
= 4 2y −
3 ¯0
" ¡p ¢3 #
p 2
= 4 2 2−
3
p 4
= 4 2×
3

Page: 6 of 24
 p
16 2
= .
3
Ï
6. Evaluate d x d y over the region bounded by y2 = x and x2 + y2 = 2 x in the first quadrant.

Solution
The system
x = y2 and x2 + y2 = 2 x
is readily solved by substitution. We have
0 = x2 + y2 − 2 x
= x2 + x − 2 x
= x2 − x
= x( x − 1).
Hence, x ∈ {0, 1} and the full solution set is
( x, y) ∈ {(0, 0), (1, −1), (1, 1)}.
That is

Figure 7

In the first quadrant, the area of interest is expressed as

Z x=1 Z y=p2x− x2 Z x=1 p
p
p d y dx = 2 x − x2 − x d x
x=0 y= x x=0
Z x=1 p Z x=1
p
= 1 − (1 − x)2 d x − x dx
x=0 x=0
Z u=1 p ¸1
2
·
= 1 − u2 d u − x3/2
u=0 3 x=0
Z π/2 p
2
= 1 − sin2 θ cos θ dθ −
θ =0 3
Z π/2
2
= cos2 θ dθ −
θ =0 3
Z π/2
1 + cos 2θ 2
= dθ −
θ =0 2 3
¸π/2
θ sin 2θ 2
·
= + −
2 4 θ =0 3
³π ´ 2
= +0−0+0 −
4 3
π 2
= − .
4 3

Page: 7 of 24
7. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 2 x + 1 and the lines x − y = 1.

Solution
The given curve is y2 = 2 x + 1 and the line x − y = 1.
1
µ ¶
2 2
On completing the square, the curve y = 2 x + 1 can be rewritten as ( y − 0) = 2 x + .
2
1
µ ¶
This clearly shows that the curve is a parabola with vertex A − , 0 . Hence, the points of
2
intersection of the curve y2 = 2 x + 1 and the line x = y + 1 are B(4, 3) and C (0, −1).

Figure 8

The region of integration is defined as

n ¯ y2 − 1 o
R = ( x, y)¯ < x < 1 + y, −1 < y < 3 .
2
Hence, the required area is
Ï Z 3 Z 1+ y
dx d y = y2 −1
d y dx
R −1 2
Z 3
¯1 + y
¯
= [ x]¯¯ 2 d x
−1 y −1
2

y2 − 1
Z 3 · ¸
= 1+ y− dx
−1 2
1 3 £
Z
2 + 2 y − y2 + 1 d x
¤
=
2 −1
1 3 £
Z
3 + 2 y − y2 d x
¤
=
2 −1
¸ ¯3
1 y3 ¯¯
·
2
= 3y + y −
2 3 ¯−1
1 1
· ¸
= (9 + 3) + (9 − 1) − (27 + 1)
2 3
1 60 − 28
µ ¶
= ×
2 3
16
= .
3

8. By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate

Z 2a Z p2ax− x2 Z a Z p a2 − x2
¡ 2 2
¢ d y dx
(i) x + y d y d x and (ii) p p .
0 0 0 ax− x 2
a − x2 − y2
2

Page: 8 of 24
 p
Z 2a Z 2ax− x2
x2 + y2 d y d x.
¡ ¢
Solution (i) The given integral is
0
p 0
The region of integration is y = 2ax − x2 ⇒ x2 + y2 − 2ax = 0 ⇒ ( x − a)2 + y2 = a2 ,
y = 0, x = 2a and x = 0.
Let r = a cos θ and y = r sin θ . Therefore, we have r 2 = 2ar cos θ ⇒ r = 2a cos θ . Therefore,
we have the region of integration in cartesian and polar coordinates

Figure 9

That is in cartesian coordinates (refer Figure 9(a)), we have

n ¯ p o
R = ( x, y)¯0 < x < 2a, 0 < y < 2ax − x2
and the same region in polar coordinates (refer Figure 9(b)), we have
n πo
R = ( r, θ )¯0 < r < 2a cos θ , 0 < θ <
¯
.
2
Therefore, the value of the integral is
Z 2a Z p2ax− x2 Z π/2 Z 2a cos θ
¡ 2 2
¡ 2
r cos2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ r d r dθ
¢ ¢
x + y d y dx =
0 0 0 0
Z π/2 Z 2a cos θ
= r 3 d r dθ
0 0
π/2 ¸¯2a cos θ
r 4 ¯¯
Z ·
= dθ
0 4 ¯0
1 π/2
Z
= (2a cos θ )4 dθ
4 0
Z π/2
1 2
= × 16a cos4 θ dθ
4 0
3 1 π
= 4 a2 × × × (by reduction formula)
4 2 2
3πa2
= .
4
p
Z a Z a2 − x2 d y dx
(ii) The given integral is p p . The region of integration is bounded
0 ax− x2 a 2 − x 2 − y2
p ³ a ´2 a2 p
by the curves y = ax − x2 ⇒ x2 + y2 − ax = 0 ⇒ x − + y2 = , y = a2 − x2 ⇒
2 4
x2 + y2 = a2 , x = 0 and x = a.
Let r = a cos θ and y = r sin θ . Therefore, we have r 2 cos2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = ar cos θ ⇒ r =
a cos θ and r 2 cos2 θ + r 2 sin2 θ = a2 ⇒ r = a. Therefore, we have the region of integration
in cartesian and polar coordinates

Page: 9 of 24
 Figure 10

That is in cartesian coordinates (refer Figure 10(a)), we have

n ¯ p p o
R = ( x, y)¯0 < x < a, 2ax − x2 < y < a2 − x2
and the same region in polar coordinates (refer Figure 10(b)), we have
n πo
R = ( r, θ )¯a cos θ < r < a, 0 < θ <
¯
.
2
Therefore, the value of the integral is
Z a Z p a2 − x2 Z π/2 Z a
d y dx r d r dθ
p p = p
2 2 2
0 ax− x 2
a −x − y 0 a cos θ a2 − r 2 cos2 θ − r 2 sin2 θ
Z π/2 Z a
r d r dθ
= p
0 a cos θ a2 − r 2
" ¢3/2 #¯¯a
1 π/2 a2 − r 2
Z ¡
= dθ
¯
¯
2 0 −3/2
a cos θ
¯
1 π/2 3
Z
= a cos3 θ dθ
3 0
1 2 a3
= ×
3 3
2 a3
= .
9

xy
Ï
9. By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate p d x d y over the region R in the
R x2 + y2
first quadrant bounded by the circles x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + y2 = 4a2 .

Solution
xy
Ï
The given integral is p d x d y. Let r = a cos θ and y = r sin θ . Therefore, we have
R x2 + y2
r = a ⇒ r = 2 a.

Figure 11

Page: 10 of 24
 Therefore, we have the region of integration in cartesian and polar coordinates. That is in
cartesian coordinates (refer Figure 11(a)), we have
n ¯ p p o
R = ( x, y)¯a < x < 2a, a2 − x2 < y < 4a2 − x2
and the same region in polar coordinates (refer Figure 11(b)), we have
n πo
R = ( r, θ )¯a < r < 2a, 0 < θ <
¯
.
2
Therefore, the value of the integral is
xy r cos θ r sin θ
Ï Ï
p dx d y = p r d r dθ
2 2
R x +y R r 2 cos2 θ + sin2 θ
Z π/2 Z 2a
sin 2θ
= r2 d r dθ
0 a 2
· ¸¯2a ·
1 r 3 ¯¯ cos 2θ ¯¯π/2
¸¯
= −
2 3 ¯ a 2 ¯
0
1£
= − 8a3 − a3 [−1 − 1]
¤
6
7 a3
= .
3
Z ∞ Z ∞
2 2
10. By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate e−( x + y ) d x d y. Hence, evaluate
Z ∞ 0 0
− x2
e d x.
0

Solution
Let r = a cos θ and y = r sin θ . Therefore, we have
n πo
R = ( r, θ )¯0 < r < ∞, 0 < θ <
¯
.
2
Hence, we have
Z ∞Z ∞ Z π/2 Z ∞
−( x2 + y2 ) 2
e dx d y = e−r r d r dθ
0 0 0 0
µZ π/2 ¶ µZ ∞ µ 2 ¶¶
−r2 r
= dθ e d
0 0 2
2 ¯∞
" #¯
π e−r ¯
= ¯
2 −2 ¯
0
π
=
¶ 4
π
µZ ∞ ¶ µZ ∞
2 2
e− x d x e− y d y =
0 0 4
¶2
π
µZ ∞
2
e− x d x =
0 4
p
π
Z ∞
2
e− x d x = .
0 2

11. Find the area of the cardioids (i) r = a(1 + sin θ ) and (ii) r = a(1 + cos θ ) by double integration.

Solution (i) The graph of the cardioid r = a(1 + sin θ ) is given in the following figure.

Page: 11 of 24
 Figure 12

Therefore, the region of integration is given by

n π 3π o
R = ( r, θ )¯0 < r < a(1 + sin θ ), − < θ <
¯
.
2 2
Required area is
Ï
A= r d r dθ
R
Z π/2 Z a(1+sin θ)
=2 r d r dθ
−π/2 0
π/2 ¸ ¯a(1+sin θ)
r 2 ¯¯
Z ·
=2 dθ
−π/2 2 ¯0
Z π/2
= a2 (1 + sin θ )2 dθ
−π/2
Z π/2
= a2 1 + sin2 θ + 2 sin θ dθ
¡ ¢
−π/2
Z π/2 µ
1 − cos 2θ
¶
2
=a 1+ + 2 sin θ dθ
−π/2 2
Z π/2 µ
3 cos 2θ
¶
2
=a − + 2 sin θ dθ
−π/2 2 2
¶ ¯π/2
2 3θ sin 2θ
·
− 2 cos θ ¯¯
¯
=a −
2 4 −π/2
3π a 2
= .
2
(ii) The graph of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ ) is given in the following figure.

Figure 13

Page: 12 of 24
 Therefore, the region of integration is given by
n o
R = ( r, θ ) 0 < r < a(1 + cos θ ), 0 < θ < 2π .
¯
¯

Required area is
Ï
A= r d r dθ
R
Z π Z a(1+cos θ)
=2 r d r dθ
0 0
π ¸ ¯a(1+cos θ)
r 2 ¯¯
Z ·
=2 dθ
0 2 ¯0
Z π
2
=a (1 + cos θ )2 dθ
0
Z π θ
2
=a 4 cos2 dθ
0 2
Z π/2 µ
θ
¶
2 2
=a 4 cos t (2d t) using = t
0 2
3 1 π
= 8 a2 × × ×
4 2 2
3π a 2
= .
2

12. Find the area that lies inside the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ ) and outside the circle r = a by
double integration.

Solution
The graph of the area that lies inside the cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ ) and outside the circle r = a
is given in the following figure.

Figure 14

Therefore, the region of integration is given by

n π πo
R = ( r, θ )¯a < r < a(1 + cos θ ), − < θ <
¯
.
2 2
Required area is
Ï
A= r d r dθ
R
Z π/2 Z a(1+cos θ)
= r d r dθ
−π/2 a
Z π/2 Z a(1+cos θ)
=2 r d r dθ
0 a

Page: 13 of 24
 π/2 ¸ ¯a(1+cos θ)
r 2 ¯¯
Z ·
=2 dθ
0 2 ¯a
Z π/2
a2 (1 + cos θ )2 − a2 dθ
£ ¤
=
0
Z π/2
2
1 + cos2 θ + 2 cos θ − 1 dθ
£ ¤
=a
0
Z π/2 ·
1 + cos 2θ
¸
2
=a + 2 cos θ dθ
0 2
¸ ¯π/2
2 θ sin 2θ
·
+ 2 sin θ ¯¯
¯
=a +
2 4 0
hπ i
2
=a +2
4
a2
= (π + 8).
4
13. Find the area common to the circles r = a cos θ and r = a sin θ .
Solution
The graph of the area common to the circles r = a cos θ and r = a sin θ is given in the following
figure.

Figure 15

Therefore, the region of integration is given by

R = R + R′
where
n πo n π πo
R = ( r, θ )¯0 < r < a sin θ , 0 < θ < and R ′ = ( r, θ )¯0 < r < a cos θ , < θ <
¯ ¯
.
4 4 2
Required area is
Ï Ï
A= r d r dθ + r d r dθ
ÏR R′

=2 r d r dθ
R
Z π/4 Z a sin θ
=2 r d r dθ
0 0
π/4 · r 2 ¸ ¯a sin θ
Z ¯
=2 ¯ dθ
0 2 ¯0
Z π/4
= a2 sin2 θ dθ
0

Page: 14 of 24
 Z π/4 · 1 − cos 2θ ¸
2
=a dθ
0 2
¸ ¯π/4
2 θ sin 2θ ¯¯
·
=a −
2 4 ¯
0
2 π 1
· ¸
=a −
8 4
a2
= (π − 2).
8
Z ln 2 Z x Z x+ln y Z a Z a− x Z a− x− y
x+ y+ z
14. Evaluate (i) e d z d y d x and (ii) x2 d z d y d x.
0 0 0 0 0 0

ln 2 x x+ln y ln 2 x £ z ¤ ¯ x+ln y
Z Z Z Z Z ¯
x+ y+ z x+ y
Solution (i) e dz d y dx = e e ¯¯ d y dx
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z ln 2 Z x h i
= e x+ y e x+ln y − 1 d y d x
0 0
Z ln 2 Z x h i
= e2x+ y+ln y − e x+ y d y d x
0 0
Z ln 2 Z x
ye2x+ y − e x+ y d y d x
£ ¤
=
0 0
ln 2 ¤ ¯x
Z ¯
£ 2x y y x+ y ¯
= e ( ye − e ) − e ¯ dx
0 0
Z ln 2
e2x ( xe x − e x + 1) − e2x − e x
£ ¡ ¢¤
= dx
0
Z ln 2
xe3x − e3x + e2x − e2x + e x d x
£ ¤
=
0
¸ ¯ln 2
xe3x e3x e3x
·
x ¯
¯
= − − +e ¯
3 9 3 0
· 3x 3x ¸ ¯ln 2
xe 4e
+ e x ¯¯
¯
= −
3 9 0
ln 2 e3 ln 2 4 e3 ln 2 4
= − + + eln 2 − 1
3 9 9
8 ln 2 4 4
= − ×8+2+ −1
3 9 9
24 ln 2 − 19
= .
9
(ii)
Z a Z a− x Z a− x− y Z a Z a− x
¯ a− x− y
2 2
¯
x dz d y dx = x [ z]¯¯ d y dx
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z a Z a− x
= x2 (a − x − y) d y d x
0 0
a 2 ¯¯a− x
2 (a − x − y) ¯
Z
= x dx
0 −2 ¯
0
1 a 2
Z
= x ( a − x )2 d x
2 0
1 a 2¡ 2
Z
x a + x2 − 2ax d x
¢
=
2 0
¸ ¯a
1 a2 x3 x5 x4 ¯¯
·
= + − 2a
2 3 5 4 ¯0

Page: 15 of 24
 a5 1 1 1
· ¸
= + −
2 3 5 2
a5
= .
60

dx d y dz
Ñ
15. Evaluate 3
, where R is the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and
R ( x + y + z + 1)
x + y + z = 1.

Solution
The following Figure shows the solid tetrahedron R and its projection D on the x y−plane.

Figure 16: The solid R has a projection D on the x y−plane

We can describe the solid region of tetrahedron as

© ª
R = ( x, y, z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x − y .
Hence, the triple integral is
Z 1 Z 1− x Z 1− x− y
dx d y dz dz d y dx
Ñ
3
=
R ( x + y + z + 1) 0 0 0 ( x + y + z + 1)3
¸ ¯1− x− y
(1 + x + y + z)−2 ¯¯
Z 1 Z 1− x ·
= d y dx
0 0 −2 ¯
0
1 1 1− x 1 1
Z Z · ¸
= − d y dx
2 0 0 (1 + x + y)2 4
¸ ¯1− x
1 1 (1 + x + y)−1 y ¯¯
Z ·
= − dx
2 0 −1 4 ¯0
1 1 1 1 1− x
Z · ¸
= − + − dx
2 0 2 1+ x 4
¸ ¯1
1 x (1 − x)2 ¯¯ 1 1 1
· · ¸
= − + ln(1 + x) + ¯ = 2 − 2 + ln(2) − 8
2 2 8 0
1
= (8 ln 2 − 5).
16

16π
Ñ
x2 + y2 d x d y d z =
¡ ¢
16. Prove that , where R is the solid bounded by the surfaces
R 3
x2 + y2 = 2 z and the plane z = 2.

Solution
The following Figure shows the region R .

Page: 16 of 24
 Figure 17

We can describe the solid region of tetrahedron as

x2 + y2
½ p p ¾
2
R = ( x, y, z) | − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, − 4 − x ≤ y ≤ 4 − x , 2 ≤z≤2 .
2
Hence, the triple integral is
Ñ Z 2 Z p4− x2 Z 2
¡ 2
x + y2 d x d y d z =
¡ 2
x + y2 d z d y d x
¢ ¢
p x 2 + y2
R −2 − 4− x2 2
p ¯2
Z 2 Z 4− x2
2 2
¡ ¢¯
= p x + y [ z]¯¯ 2 2 d y d x
−2 − 4− x2 x +y
2
p
Z 2 Z 4− x2¡ 2
µ
x2 + y2
¶
2
¢
= p x + y 2− d y dx
−2 − 4− x2 2
Z Z p4− x2 h
1 2 ¢2 i
4 x2 + y2 − x2 + y2
¡ ¢ ¡
= p d y d x.
2 −2 − 4− x2
Let x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ . So, we have d x d y = r d r dθ . Also, we have 0 < r < 2 and
0 < θ < 2π. Therefore, the integral is written as
Z Z p4− x2 h
1 2
Ñ
2 2
¡ 2 2
¢ ¡ 2 2
¢ ¡ 2 ¢ i
x + y dx d y dz = p 4 x +y − x +y d y dx
R 2 −2 − 4− x2
1 2π 2 £ 2
Z Z
4 r − r 4 r d r dθ
¤
=
2 0 0
¯2π · ¸ ¯2
1 ¯ 4 r 6 ¯¯
= [θ ]¯
¯
r −
2 0 6 ¯0
26
· ¸
= π 24 −
6
16π
= .
3
Ñ
¡ 2 ¢m
17. Evaluate the integral x + y2 + z2 d x d y d z, m > 0 taken over the volume enclosed
R
by the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
Solution
The spherical coordinates are given by x = r sin φ cos θ , y = r sin φ sin θ , z = r cos φ and the
Jacobian is
∂( x, y, z)
¢ = − r 2 sin φ.
∂ r, φ, θ
¡

Since 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, we have sin φ ≥ 0. Therefore,

¯ ∂( x, y, z) ¯ ¯ 2
¯ ¯
2
¯ ∂ r, θ , φ¢ ¯ = − r sin φ = r sin φ.
¯
¯ ¡ ¯ ¯ ¯

Page: 17 of 24
 The region R is
R = ( r, φ, θ ) ¯ 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
© ¯ ª

Hence, the given integral is written as

Ñ
¡ 2 ¢m
Z 2π Z π Z 1¡ ¢m
x + y2 + z 2 d x d y d z = r2 r 2 sin φ d r dφ dθ
R 0 0 0
¸ ¯1 ¯2 π
2m+3 ¯π
r
·
θ φ
¯ ¯ ¯
= ¯ [ ]¯ [− cos ]¯
2m + 3 ¯ ¯ ¯
0 0 0
4π
= , 2 m + 3 > 0.
2m + 3
Ñ
18. Evaluate the integral ( x + y + z) d x d y d z taken over the region bounded by the surfaces
R
x2 + y2 = a2 and z = 0 and z = h.

Solution
The following Figure shows the region R .

Figure 18

Hence, the region R is defined as

n ¯ p p o
R = ( x, y, z)¯ − a < x < a, − a2 − x2 < y < a2 − x2 , 0 < z < h .
Therefore, the required integral is
p
Ñ Z a Z a2 − x2 Z h
( x + y + z) d x d y d z = p ( x + y + z) d z d y d x
R − a − a2 − x2 0
p ¸ ¯h
Z a Z a2 − x2
z2 ¯¯
·
= p ( x + y) z + d y dx
−a − a2 − x2 2 ¯0
p
Z a Z a2 − x2 ·
h2
¸
= p ( x + y) h + d y dx
−a − a2 − x2 2
p
1
Z a Z a2 − x2
2 x + h2 + 2 h y d y d x
£¡ ¢ ¤
= p
2 −a − a2 − x2
a
¯p a 2 − x 2
1
Z
2 x + h2 y + h y2 ¯¯ p
£¡ ¢ ¤¯
= dx
2 −a − a2 − x2
1 a h ¡
Z i
¢p
= 2 2 x + h2 a2 − x2 d x
2 −a
Z ap µ Z a p ¶
2 2 2 2 2
= 2h a − x dx ∵ 2x a − x dx = 0
0 −a
a2 ³ ´¸ ¯¯a
2 x −1 x
· p
= 2h 2
a −x +2 sin ¯
2 2 a ¯0

Page: 18 of 24
 π h2 a2
= .
2
19. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4 and the planes y + z = 4, z = 0.
Solution
The following Figure shows the region R .

Figure 19

Hence, the region R is defined as

n ¯ p p o
R = ( x, y, z)¯ − 2 < x < 2, − 4 − x2 < y < 4 − x2 , 0 < z < 4 − y .
Therefore, the required volume of the solid is
Ñ
V= dx d y dz
R
p
Z 2 Z 4− x2 Z 4− y
= p dz d y dx
−2 − 4− x2 0
Z 2 Z p4− x2 ¯4− y
¯
= p [ z]¯¯ d y dx
−2 − 4− x 2
0
p
Z 2 Z 4− x2
= p (4 − y) d y d x
−2 − 4− x2
p à Z p !
Z 2 Z 4− x2 4− x2
=4 p d y dx ∵ p y dy = 0
−2 − 4− x 2 − 4− x2

= 4 × Area of the circle of radius 2

= 4 × π(2)2
= 16π.
x y z
20. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate planes and + + = 1.
a b c
Solution
The following Figure shows the region R .

Figure 20

Page: 19 of 24
 Hence, the region R is defined as
n ¯ ³ x´ ³ x y´ o
R = ( x, y, z) 0 < x < a, 0 < y < b 1 − , 0 < z < c 1 − −
¯ .
a a b
Therefore, the required volume of the solid is
Ñ
V= dx d y dz
R
Z a Z b(1− x ) Z c(1− x − y )
a a b
= dz d y dx
0 0 0
Z a Z b(1− x ) ¯ c(1− x − y )
a ¯ a b
= [ z]¯¯ d y dx
0 0 0
Z b(1− x ) ³
a x y´
Z
a
= c 1− − d y dx
0 0 a b
¸ ¯b 1− x
y2 ¯¯ ( a )
Z a ·³
x´
=c 1− y− dx
0 a 2 b ¯0
Z a ·³
x´ ³ x´ 1 2³ x ´2
¸
=c 1− b 1− − b 1− dx
0 a a 2b a
bc a ³ x ´2
Z
= 1− dx
2 0 a
x 3 ¯a
¡ ¢
bc 1 − a ¯¯
=
2 −3/a ¯0
abc
= .
6

21. Find by triple integration, the volume of the paraboloid of revolution x2 + y2 = 4 z cut off by
the plane z = 4.

Solution
Solve the problem using the concept in Problem 16.
Ï
¢n/2
x y x2 + y2
¡
22. By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate d x d y over the positive
R
quadrant of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 , supposing n + 3 > 0.

Solution
π ∂( x, y)
Let x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ , 0 < r < a, 0 < θ < . Therefore, we have = r . Hence, the
2 ∂( r, θ )
given integral can be written as
Ï Z π/2 Z a
¢n/2 ¢n/2
x y x2 + y2 r cos θ r sin θ ( r cos θ )2 + ( r sin θ )2 r d r dθ
¡ ¡
dx d y =
R 0 0
Z π/2
sin 2θ
Z a
= dθ r n+3 d r
0 2 0
¸ ¯π/2 · n+4 ¸ ¯a
1 − cos 2θ ¯ r
·
¯ ¯
= × ¯
2 2 ¯ n+4 ¯ 0 0
a n+4
= .
n+4
Z a Z p
a2 − x2 Z pa2 − x2 − y2
23. Evaluate x yz d z d y d x, by transforming to spherical polar coordi-
0 0 0
nates.

Solution
The spherical coordinates are given by x = r sin φ cos θ , y = r sin φ sin θ , z = r cos φ and

Page: 20 of 24
 ¯ ∂( x, y, z) ¯
¯ ¯
2
¯ ∂ r, θ , φ¢ ¯ = r sin φ. The region R of integration defined here is the positive octant of
¯ ¡ ¯

the sphere and is given as

n π πo
R = ( r, φ, θ ) ¯ 0 ≤ r ≤ a, 0 ≤ φ ≤ , 0 ≤ θ ≤
¯
2 2
Hence, the required integral is
Z a Z π/2 Z π/2
¯ ∂( x, y, z) ¯
Ñ ¯ ¯
x yz d x d y d z = ( r sin φ cos θ )( r sin φ sin θ )( r cos φ) ¯ ¡
¯ ¢ ¯¯ dθ dφ d r
R 0 0 0 ∂ r, θ , φ
Z a Z π/2 Z π/2
= r 3 sin θ cos θ sin2 φ cos φ( r 2 sin φ) dθ dφ d r
0 0 0
Z a Z π/2 Z π/2
5
= r dr sin θ cos θ dθ sin3 φ cos φ dφ
0 0 0
Z a Z π/2 Z π/2
= r5 dr sin θ d(sin θ ) sin3 φd(sin φ)
0 0 0
6 ¸ ¯¯a ¸ ¯π/2 ·
2 ¸ ¯π/2
r ¯ sin θ ¯¯ sin4 φ ¯¯
· ·
=
6 ¯0 2 ¯
0 4 ¯
0
a6 1 1
= · ·
6 2 4
a6
=
48
Ñ q
24. Evaluate a2 − x2 − y2 − z2 d xd yd z, taken over the volume of the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 by transforming to spherical polar coordinates.

Solution
The spherical coordinates are given by x = r sin φ cos θ , y = r sin φ sin θ , z = r cos φ and
¯ ∂( x, y, z) ¯
¯ ¯
2
¯ ∂ r, θ , φ¢ ¯ = r sin φ. The region R of integration defined here is the positive octant of
¯ ¡ ¯

the sphere and is given as

R = ( r, φ, θ ) ¯ 0 ≤ r ≤ a, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
© ¯ ª

Hence, the required integral is

Ñ q Z a Z 2π Z π p
a2 − r 2 r 2 sin φ dφdθ d r
¡ ¢
2 2 2 2
a − x − y − z d xd yd z =
0 0 0
Z a p Z 2π Z π
2
= r 2 2
a − r dr dθ sin φ dφ
0 0 0
Z a p
= 4π r 2 a2 − r 2 d r.
0
Let r = a sin t. So, we have d r = a cos t d t. When r = 0, we have t = 0 and when r = a, we have
π
t = . Therefore, we have
2 Ñ q Z a p
a2 − x2 − y2 − z2 d xd yd z = 4π r 2 a2 − r 2 d r
0
Z π/2 p
= 4π a2 sin2 t a2 − a2 sin2 t (a cos t d t)
0
Z π/2
4
= 4π a sin2 t cos2 t d t)
0
4 1 1 π
= 4π a × × ×
4 2 2
π2 a 4
= .
4

Page: 21 of 24
 Ñ
x2 + y2 + z2 d x d y d z, taken over the volume of the space bounded by
¡ ¢
25. Evaluate
x2 + y2 = a2 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 by transforming to cylindrical polar coordinates.
Solution
∂( x, y, z)
Let r = a cos θ , y = r sin θ and z = z. Therefore, we have = r.
∂( r, θ , z)
n o
R = ( r, θ )¯0 < r < a, 0 < θ < 2π, 0 < z < 1 .
¯

Hence, we have
Ñ Z a Z 2π Z 1¡
2 2 2
r 2 + z 2 r d z dθ d r
¡ ¢ ¢
x + y + z dx d y dz =
0 0 0
2π ¶ ¯1
a z3 ¯¯
Z Z µ
2
= r z+ r dθ d r
0 0 3 ¯0
Z a Z 2π ³
r´
= r3 + dθ d r
0 0 3
Z a³ Z 2π
3 r´
= r + dr dθ
0 3 0
µ 4 ¶ ¯a
r 2 ¯¯
µ 4
r a a2
¶
= 2π + = 2π +
4 6 ¯0 4 6
µ 2
a 1
¶
= π a2 + .
2 3
Ï
26. Evaluate the integral x y d x d y, where R is the region bounded by the hyperbolas
R
x2 − y2 = a2 and x2 − y2 = b , and the circles x2 + y2 = c2 and x2 + y2 = d 2 (0 < a < b < c < d ).
2

Solution
Let x2 − y2 = u and x2 + y2 = v. Then we have
¯ ∂u ∂u ¯
¯ ¯ ¯
∂( u, v) ¯¯ ∂ x ∂ y ¯¯ ¯¯2 x −2 y¯¯
¯
=¯ ¯= = 8 x y.
∂( x, y) ¯¯ ∂v ∂v ¯¯ ¯2 x 2 y ¯
∂x ∂y
1 ∂( x, y)
∴ . =
∂( u, v) 8 x y
After the transformation, the region R becomes the rectangle R ′ between u = a2 , u = b2 , v = c2
and v = d 2 . The region R and R ′ are shown in the following figure.

Figure 21

Therefore, we have
¯ ∂( x, y) ¯
Ï Ï ¯ ¯
x y dx d y = xy¯
¯ ¯ d u dv
R R ∂( u, v) ¯

Page: 22 of 24
 1
Ï
= xy d u dv
R 8x y
1
Ï
= d u dv
8 R
1
= × Area of the rectangle
8
1¡
= b 2 − a2 d 2 − c 2 .
¢¡ ¢
8
Z 1 Z xq
27. Evaluate x2 + y2 d x d y by means of the transformation x = u and y = uv.
0 0

Solution
Given that x = u and y = uv. Therefore,
¯ ∂x ∂x ¯
¯ ¯
∂( x, y) ¯¯ ∂u ∂v ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯¯1 0 ¯¯
=¯ ¯=¯ = u.
∂( u, v) ¯¯ ∂ y ∂ y ¯¯ v u¯
∂u ∂v
Here, we are given the region R that y = x, y = 0, x = 1 and x = 0. In the given region R , x
varies from 0 to 1 while y varies from 0 to x. Since u = x, so u varies from 0 to 1. Similarly,
since 0 ≤ y = uv ≤ x = u, so v varies from 0 to 1. Thus
Z 1 Z xq Z 1 Z 1p
2 2
x + y dx d y = u 2 + u 2 v2 u d u d v
0 0 0 0
Z 1 Z 1p
2
= u du 1 + v2 d v
0 0
3 ¸ ¯¯1 ¸ ¯1
u ¯ vp 1
· ·
−1
¯
= 2
1 + v + sinh v ¯¯
3 ¯ 2 2
· 0 0
1 1 1
¸
= p + sinh−1 1 .
3 2 2
Ñ
¢n/2
x yz x2 + y2 + z2
¡
28. Prove that d x d y d z over the positive octant of the sphere
R
k n+6
x2 + y2 + z2 = k2 has the value , supposing that n + 6 > 0.
8( n + 6)
µ 2
x y2 z 2
Ñ ¶
Deduce the value of x yz 2 + 2 + 2 d x d y d z over the positive octant of the ellipsoid
R a b c
2 2 2
x y z
2
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
Solution
The spherical coordinates are given by x = r sin φ cos θ , y = r sin φ sin θ , z = r cos φ and
¯ ∂( x, y, z) ¯
¯ ¯
2
¯ ∂ r, θ , φ¢ ¯ = r sin φ. The region R of integration defined here is the positive octant of
¯ ¡ ¯

the sphere and is given as

n π πo
R = ( r, φ, θ ) ¯ 0 ≤ r ≤ k, 0 ≤ φ ≤ , 0 ≤ θ ≤
¯
.
2 2
Hence, the required integral is
Ñ Z k Z π/2 Z π/2
2 n/2
¡ 2 2
( r sin φ cos θ )( r sin φ sin θ )( r cos φ) r n r 2 sin φ dθ dφ d r
¢
x yz x + y + z dx d y dz =
R 0 0 0
Z k Z π/2 Z π/2
n+5 3
= r dr sin φ cos φ dφ cos θ sin θ dθ
0 0 0
¸ ¯k Z
n+6 π/2 π/2
r sin 2θ
· Z
sin3 φd(sin φ) dθ
¯
= ¯
n+6 ¯ 0 0 0 2

Page: 23 of 24
 ¸ ¯π/2 · ¸ ¯π/2
k n+6 sin4 θ ¯¯ cos 2θ ¯¯
·
= −
n+6 4 ¯
0 4 ¯
0
k n+6
= .
8( n + 6)
x y z x2 y2 z2
Let = u, = v and = w. Therefore, 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 ⇒ u2 + v2 + w2 = 1. We have d x = ad u,
a b c a b c
d y = bdv and d z = cdw. Therefore, we have
µ 2
x y2 z2
Ñ ¶ Ñ
(au)( bv)( cw) u2 + v2 + w2 ad u bdv cdw
¡ ¢
x yz 2 + 2 + 2 d x d y d z =
R a b c R′
Ñ
2 2 2
uvw u2 + v2 + w2 d u dv dw
¡ ¢
=a b c
R′
· n+6 ¸
k
= a2 b 2 c 2
8( n + 6) k=1, n=2
a2 b 2 c 2
= .
64

−End −

Page: 24 of 24