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CHAPTER NO: 5
GRAVITATION
QUESTION/ ANSWERS
QUESTION: 1 Define force of gravity, force of gravitation and gravitational force.

FORCE

GRAVITY GRAVITATION

BETWEEN EARTH AND BETWEEN ORDINARY

OBJECT OBJECTS

ANSWER:
FORCE OF GRAVITY:
It is defined as, “the downward force with which the Earth attracts every body
towards its centre is called force of gravity”.
Normally, at the surface or near the surface of earth, force of gravity is equal to
weight of the body i.e
F = W = mg
FORCE OF GRAVITATION:
It is defined as, “The attractive force between any two bodies in the universe is
known as force of gravitation”.
It is denoted by “Fg”.
MATHEMATICALLY:
If “m1” and “m2” are two masses and the distance between their centres is “r” then,
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
F= 𝑟2
Where “G” is gravitational constant and its value is 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2.
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION:
It is defined as, “the acceleration produced in a body due to earth’s gravity is called
gravitational acceleration or acceleration due to gravity”.
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It is denoted by “g” and its value is constant on the surface of earth or near the
surface of earth, i.e 9.8 m/s2. For the sack of simplicity we take “g = 10 m/s 2”
Where as, on the surface of moon it’s value decreases “six times” which is 1.63m/s2.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORCE OF GRAVITY AND GRAVITATION:
The attractive force applied by earth on an object is called force of gravity, while
the attractive force between any two bodies is called force of gravitation. So every
gravitational force is not force of gravity but every force of gravity (between earth and ball,
between earth and stone) is a gravitational force.
Q.2 State and explain the law of universal Gravitation. Also show that the law obey Newton’s
third law of motion?
MIND MAP

GRAVITATION LAW

ATTRACTIVE FROCE 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 −2

1 𝐺𝑚1𝑚2
F ∝ 𝑚1 𝑚2 , F ∝ 𝑟 2 F=
𝑟2

ANSWER:
Newton expressed the force of attraction between different bodies in the universe in the
form of law universal gravitation.
STATEMENT:
“Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is directly proportional
to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of magnitude of the
distance between their centres”.
SIRECTION:
The direction of this force is along the line joining the centres.
DIAGRAM:

𝑚1 F r -F 𝑚2

Consider two spherical bodies of masses “m 1” and “m2” separated by distance “r” as shown in
fig.
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The force acting on body “B” due to body “A” is ‘F’ whereas, the force acting on body “A” due to
body ‘B’ is “ – F”. therefore we can say that the force acting on the two bodies due to
gravitational force is an example of Newton’s third law of motion ( Action and Reaction
Mathematically:
Force ∝ Product of masses
→ (1 )
F  m1m2 ⎯⎯
Force ∝ 1/square of the distance
1
F →(2)
⎯⎯
r2
Combining both the relations:
𝑚 1 𝑚2
F∝ 𝑟2

m1m2
F = constant
r2
Gm1m2
F=
r2
This is the mathematical form of law of universal gravitation,
Where “G” is constant of proportionality and is known as gravitational constant.
VALUE OF “G”
The value of gravitational constant “G” is G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2 . It does not depends on the
medium between the two bodies. It is a universal constant.
UNIT OF “G”:
The unit of “G” from the formula is 𝑁𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 .
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD:
It is defined as, “the region or space in which the gravitational force can be experienced”.
Forces like,
• Gravitational force
• Electromagnetic force and Nuclear force.
• Work with “action at a distance”.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION AND UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION:
The force exerted on mass m2 due to mass m1 is F12. Also the force exerted on mass m1 due
to mass m2 is F21. Both these forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Therefore, we can say that the forces acting on two bodies due to gravitational force is the
example of action and reaction forces.

F12 = −F21 --------------------(I)

EXAMPLE:
Earth pulls on the moon and the moon pulls the earth with a force of equal magnitude at
earth’s surface. Earth pulls down on a 1.0 kg mass with a force of magnitude 9.8 N and the
1.0 kg mass pulls upward on earth with a force of magnitude 9.8N.
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INVERSE SQUARE FORCE:

The gravitational force is an inverse square force. It decreases by a factor of 4 when the
distance increases by a factor of 2, it decreases by a factor of 9 when the distance increases
by a factor of 3 and so on. Graph 5.1 is a plot of the magnitude the gravitational force as a
function of the distance.
GRAPH:

QUESTION NO: 3 By using law of universal gravitation determine the mass of the earth (M E).

MASS OF EARTH

𝑔 𝑟𝐸2 𝑚𝐸 = 6.0181 × 1024 𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝐸 =
𝐺

MASS OF THE EARTH:

We can determine mass of the earth with the help of law of universal gravitation.
EXPLANATION:
Let an object of mass “m0” be placed on the surface of earth of mass ME. The distance
between the center of the body and the earth is nearly equal to the radius of earth r E.
The gravitational force between “m0” and “mE” is given as:

The force with which the earth attracts a body towards its centre is given by
𝐺𝑚𝐸 𝑚0
F= 𝑟2
𝐸
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As we know that at or near the surface of earth Force of gravity is equal to the weight of the
body.
Therefore,
→ ( 2)
FG = W = m0g ⎯⎯
Putting value of “F” in eq. (1) we have
𝐺𝑚𝐸 𝑚0
𝑚0 𝑔 =
𝑟𝐸2

𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑔=
𝑟𝐸2
Multiplying both sides by”rE2”

𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑟𝐸2 x 𝑔 = x 𝑟𝐸2
𝑟𝐸2
𝑔𝑟𝐸2 = 𝐺𝑚𝐸
Dividing both sides “G”
𝑔 𝑟𝐸2 𝐺𝑚𝐸
=
𝐺 𝐺
grE2
mE = → ( 3)
⎯⎯
G
This is the formula through which we can find mass of the earth.

DIAGRAM:

Object

Earth

HERE:
g = 9.8m/s2
rE = 6.4 106 m
G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
Putting the values in equation (3)
( )
2
9.8  6.4  106
mE =
6.67  10−11
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(9,8)(40 × 1012
𝑚𝐸 =
6.67 × 10−11
401.408 × 1012
𝑚𝐸 =
6.67 × 10−11
401.408 × 1012 × 1011
𝑚𝐸 =
6.67
401.408 × 1023
𝑚𝐸 =
6.67
𝑚𝐸 = 60.181 × 1023
𝑚𝐸 = 6.0181 × 101 × 1023
𝑚𝐸 = 6.0181 × 1023+1 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝐸 = 6.0181 × 1024 𝑘𝑔

ANSWER:
Mass of the earth is approximately “𝑚𝐸 = 6.0181 × 1024 𝑘g”

QUESTION NO: 4 what is gravitational field and gravitational field strength. Show that weight
of object change with location?
MIND MAP

GRAVITATIONAL

FIELD STRENGTH

FORCE REGION g=F/m

ANSWER:
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD:
It is defined as “The space or region around the earth or planet or a body (material object)
in which another body be attracted when it is brought to that region is called gravitational
field.
EXAMPLES:
I) Gravitational field of earth.
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II) Gravitational field of sun.

III) Gravitational field of electron, protons.
EXPALNATION:
Newton presented his law of universal gravitation in which he described the
gravitational force between any two bodies in the universe. He also presented the force in
mathematical terms. He was unable to explain how bodies apply force on each other without
physical contact. Later scientist created the theory of field to explain how gravity and other forces
operates. According to this theory “Mass create gravitational field in space such as (charge create
electric field while magnet create magnetic field). Gravitational force is interaction between the
gravitational fields created by two different masses.
Gravitational field strength:
It is defined as.
“The physical quantity which shows the strength of gravitational field at a particular
point inside the field is called gravitational field strength.
“OR”
The gravitational force exerted per unit mass in a gravitational field is called gravitational
field strength.
Earth’s gravitational field can be described by the gravitational field strength (g).
The value of “g” is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted on a unit mass
at that point.
MATHEMATICALLY:
Fg = W
Fg = mg
Fg
g= → (1 )
⎯⎯
m
N m
Unit of g= . or 2
Kg s
EXPLANATION:
Consider an object free to accelerate and acted by gravitational force. From Newton 2 nd
Law of motion.
F = ma-------------- (A)
Also
𝐹
𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔 ---------------------- (B)
Thus from the comparison of equation (A) and (B) the of “g” at any point is equal to value of
“acceleration due to gravity”.
FOR EXAMPLE:
On surface of earth a body of mass 1kg, experience a force of 9.8N.
g= 9.8N/kg
Also g= 9.8 m/s2
Gravitational field strength and acceleration due to gravity are equivalent but not the same.
When you hang an object with spring scale you are measuring gravitational field strength
because mass is at rest, so there is no measurable acceleration.
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Weight changes with location:

Weight is defined as “ it is the magnitude of force of gravity which mass-times free fall acceleration.
Also
“ weight is the mass-times gravitational field strength.
Consider an object of mass mo placed on surface of earth. Let mE be the mass of the earth and rE
is the distance between their centers. The gravitational force between the tennis ball and
Earth is as follows:
Gm0mE
Fg = -------------(1)
rE2
The gravitational field strength Fg by Newton's second law is
F= W= m0 g ----------------(2)
Comparing equation 1 and equation 2 we get
𝐺𝑚𝐸 𝑚0
𝑚0 g =
(𝑟𝐸 )2
Therefore
𝐺𝑚
g = 𝑟 2𝐸 -------------(3)
𝐸
Inserting the known values of
mE = 6 x 1024 kg
and rE = 6.4 x 106 m
along with G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2,
𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 x 10−11 N𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 kg(6 × 1024 𝑘𝑔)
g=
(6.4 × 106 𝑚)2
m
g = 9.77
s2
Or g = 9.8m/s2
Equation (3) shows that the value of 'g' does not depend upon the mass of
the body. This means that light and heavy bodies should fall towards the centre of
the earth with the same acceleration. This equation also shows that gravitational
field strength depends only on mass of earth “mE” and radius of earth 'r. As earth is not a
perfect sphere, and there are mountains and trenches so our distance from Earth's center
varies as we change location, so our weight also varies. On the surface of any planet, the
value of g, as well as our weight, will depend on the planet's mass and radius.

QUESTION NO: 5 How the value of “g” changing by going to higher altitudes? Explain with the
help of formula.
MIND MAP
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VALUE OF "g"

𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑔= g = 9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑟𝐸2

g𝑟𝐸 2
g∝
1
,g∝𝑟
1 𝑔ℎ =
(𝑟𝐸 +ℎ)2 𝐸
2 (𝑟𝐸 + ℎ)2

ANSWER:
VARIATION OF “g” WITH ALTITUDE:
As the formula of “g” at the earth surface is,
𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑔= 2
𝑟𝐸
This equation shows that “g” doesn’t depend on mass of the body. This means that
light and heavy bodies should fall towards the centre of earth with the same acceleration.
However, the value of “g” at a given place depends upon the distance from centre
of earth. Greater the distance (height) from the centre of earth smaller will be the value of
“g” because from the equation “g” and distance (height) from the centre of earth are in
inverse square relation.
VARIATION OF “g” AT HEIGHT (h):

SUPPOSITION:
Suppose a body of mass “mo” is at a height above the surface of earth. Here the
force of attraction between the earth and the body is given by;
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
F = 𝐸2 0 -----------------(I)
𝑟
FROM FIGURE:
r = rE + h
Putting value of “r” in eq (I):
𝐺𝑚𝐸 𝑚0
F = (𝑟 +ℎ) 2 ------------------(II)
𝐸
As we know that the force of gravity is equal to the weight of the body. So,
F = Wh = mogh
Putting the value of “F” in equation (II)
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𝐺𝑚𝐸 𝑚0
𝑚0 𝑔ℎ =
(𝑟𝐸 + ℎ)2
Dividing both sides by “mo”
𝑚0 𝑔ℎ 𝐺𝑚𝐸 𝑚0
=
𝑚𝑜 𝑚0 (𝑟𝐸 + ℎ)2
𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑔ℎ = (𝑟 +ℎ)2 ----------------(III)
𝐸
As we know that from universal law of gravitation
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
F = 𝑟 𝐸2 0 ---------------(IV)
𝐸
Again use equation
F = W = mo g
Putting value of “F” in eq.(IV)
𝐺𝑚𝐸 𝑚0
𝑚0 g =
𝑟𝐸 2
“mo” and “mo” cancel on both sides, so we get
𝐺𝑚𝐸
g=
𝑟𝐸 2
Multiplying “𝑟𝐸 2 " both sides, we get
g𝑟𝐸 2 = 𝐺𝑚𝐸 ---------------(V)

Putting eq (V) in eq.(III)

So,
g𝑟𝐸 2
𝑔ℎ =
(𝑟𝐸 + ℎ)2

This is the equation through which we can find the value of “g” at height “h”.
This equation shows that the value of “g” decrease as the altitude increases, that’s why
the value of “g” at poles is greater than the equator. The reason is that the earth is not is
not perfect sphere, its equator radius is greater than the radius of the pole.

QUESTION NO: 6
What is satellite? What are its types?
MIND MAP
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SATELITE
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
SATELLITE SATELLITE

ORBITING EARTH, ORBITING PURPOSELY.

MOON INTERNIT

ANSWER:
SATELITE:
It is defined as,
“ A naturally occurring or man made object that orbits another object larger than
itself by force of gravity is called satellite”.
There are two main types of satellites.
I) Natural Satellites.
II) Artificial satellites.
I) NATURAL SATELLITE:
It is defined as,
“ A Natural body orbiting another body so larger that centre of mass is well in the
large body is called Natural satellite of the body.
EXAMPLE:
in solar system six of the major planets possess natural satellites. These natural satellites
are termed as Moons. Earth has one moon while some other planets have more than one
moons.
(II) ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE:
It is defined as,
“Any object purposely placed into orbit of earth or other planets, stars or sun are
termed as artificial satellites”.
First artificial satellite was launched in 1957 since then thousands of satellites have been
launched for
i) Internet.
ii) Mobile phones.
iii) T.V communication.
iv) Weather.
v) Military purposes.
vi) Navigation.
vii) Scientific study.
Artificial satellites are man made objects. They are put into orbit by moving it to high altitude
and then accelerating it to a sufficient high tangential speed with the use of rockets.
QUESTION NO: 7
Derive a formula for the orbital speed of an artificial satellite?
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MIND MAP
ORBITAL SPEED OF ARTIFICIAL
SATELLITE
GmE
v=
r 𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑣=
𝑟𝐸 + ℎ

ORBITING
PURPOSELY.

ANSWER:
SATELLITE. (ARTIFICIAL):
DEFINITION:
“ Any object purposely placed into orbit of earth or other planet, stars or sun are
termed as artificial satellites”
SUPPOSITION:
Suppose a satellite of mass “ms” is travelling with speed “v” in a circular orbit of radius “r”
measured from the earth’s centre.
The gravitation force between earth and satellite is given by
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑟𝐸2 𝑠 ---------------(I)
This gravitational force provides necessary centripetal force to satellite i.e
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑟 ------------------------(II)
But according to the condition we have,
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝑔
Putting values;
𝑚𝑣 2 𝐺𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝑠
=
𝑟 𝑟2
2
𝑣 𝐺𝑚𝐸
= 2
𝑟 𝑟

Multiplying “r” both sides

𝑟 × 𝑣 2 𝐺𝑚𝐸 × 𝑟
=
𝑟 𝑟2
𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑣2 =
𝑟
Taking square root
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𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑣=√
𝑟
If satellite is at height “h” from earth surface then
𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑣=√ − − − − − − − −(∗)
𝑟𝐸 + ℎ
Equation * shows that orbital speed of satellite depends upon the mass of the earth and
distance from the centre of the earth to the centre of mass of satellite and does not depend upon
the mass of the satellite. Which means that for particular distance from the centre of the earth,
all the satellite should have the same speed irrespective of the size of the satellite.
SPEED OF GEOSATIONARY COMMUNICATION SATELLITE:
Geostationary communication satellites are place in a circular orbit that is at height
3.59 × 107 𝑚 or 35.9 × 106 𝑚 above the surface of earth.
Their orbital speed can be calculated as,
𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑣=√
𝑟𝐸 + ℎ
mE = 6 x 1024 kg
rE = 6.4 x 106 m
G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
ℎ = 35.9 × 106 𝑚
Putting these values in equation *
6.673 × 10−11 × 6 × 1024
𝑣=√
6.4 × 106 + 35.9 × 106
Take 106 common from denominator
40.038 × 10−11+24
𝑣=√
(6.4 + 35.9)106

40.038 × 10−11+24−6
𝑣=√
42.3

40.038 × 107
𝑣=√
42.3
𝑣 = √0.9465 x 107
𝑣 = √9.465 x 106
𝑣 = 3.07 x 103 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑣 = 3.07 𝑘𝑚⁄𝑠
So the speed of geostationary satellite at height “h’ from earth surface should be
𝑣 = 3.07 𝑘𝑚⁄𝑠
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This equation can also be used to measure velocity of any planet or celestial objects moving in a
circular path.
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CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
QUESTION NO.1.
If there is an attractive force between all objects, why don’t we feel ourselves gravitating towards
near by massive buildings?
MIND MAP
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
DON'T FEEL 𝐹=
𝑟2

ATTRACTIVE FORCE

VERY WEAK BETWEEN m1 ,m2 G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2

ANSWER.
STATEMENT:

Yes we not feel Gravitating ourselves towards the massive buildings because of weak attractive
force.

EXPLANATION:
According to Newton’s law of Universal gravitation every object in universe attracts every
other object with a force which is given by,
Gm1m2
F= ----------------(i)
r2
Let “m1” be the mass of nearby building “m2” is my mass and “r” is the distance between
me and massive building such that
m1 = 70,000 kg, m2 = 80 kg
r = 1 m, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 × 10−11 (70000)(80)
𝐹=
(1)2
3735200 × 10−11
𝐹=
1
𝐹 = 3735200 × 10−11 𝑁
OR
𝐹 = 0.00037352𝑁
Here the magnitude of force of attraction between me and massive building is very small. That’s
why we do not feel it but it is present always and between all objects having mass.
CONCLUSION:
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From the above discussion we conclude that, we not feel Gravitating ourselves towards the massive
buildings because of weak attractive force.

QUESTION NO: 2
Does the sum exerts a larger force on the earth than that exerted on the Sun by the earth? Explain?
MIND MAP

OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION EQUAL IN MAGNITUDE

SUN FORCE

ACTION REACTION LAW EARTH FORCE

ANSWER:
STATEMENT:
“No the sun does not exerts large force on earth than that exerted on the sun by the earth because
of Newton’ 3rd law of motion”.
EXPLANATION:
According to Newton’s third law of motion “action and reaction are same in magnitude but
opposite in direction”.
It means that both the sun and earth exert the same force on each other. Let “F 1” be the
force exerted on sun by the earth and “F2” is the force exerted on earth by the sun, then
MATHEMATICALLY:
𝐺𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝑠
𝐹1 =𝐹2 = 𝑟2
OR Fs = −FE

F2
Sun
F F1 F1 r F2 Earth

GmsmE
Also force exerted by Sun on earth = +
r2
Gm m
And force exerted by earth on Sun = − E2 S
r
Both the forces are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction.
CONCLUSION:
No the sun does not exerts large force on earth than that exerted on the sun by the earth because
of Newton’ 3rd law of motion

QUESTION NO: 3
What is the importance of gravitational constant “G”? Why is it difficult to calculate?
MIND MAP
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𝑔𝑟𝐸2
G= G= 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁𝑚2 𝐾𝑔−2
𝑚𝐸
GRAVITATIONAL
CONSTANT "G"
VERY SMALL VALUE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

ANSWER:
STATEMENR:
“ Gravitational constant is important in calculation of gravitational force and calculation
is difficult due to so small value”.
EXPLANATION:
The gravitational constant also known as Newton’s constant denoted by “G” is an empirical
physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Newton’s law of
universal gravitation and Einstein general theory of relativity, it relate the gravity to the
masses and separation of particles. It’s value is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2.
“G” is quite difficult to measure because gravity is much weaker than other
Fundamental forces and an experimental apparatus cannot be separated from
gravitational influence. So a very sensitive device is required to calculate it. That’s why it
is difficult to calculate “G” under normal condition.
CONCLUSION:
From the above discussion we conclude that Gravitational constant is important in calculation of
gravitational force and calculation is difficult due to so small value.
QUESTION NO: 4
If earth some how expanded to a larger radius, with no change in mass, how would your
weight be affected? How would it be affected if earth instead Shrunk ?

MIND MAP

EXPAND CONTRACT

EARTH RADIUS

WEIGHT DECREASES WEIGHT DECREASE

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ANSWER.
STATEMENT:
“Our weight decrease when the earth radius expanded and increases when the earth radius
shrunk if the mass of earth constant”.
EXPLANATION:
Increasing radius of earth will decreases our weight, while decreasing radius will increase
our weight. Weight of a body having mass “m” is given by,
W = mg
As mass of a body remains constant so changing value of gravitational acceleration “g”
will change of a body. The value of “g” is given by,
𝑮𝑴
𝒈 = 𝑹𝟐𝑬
𝑬
It means that “g” is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of earth. And weight
is related to gravity,
W = mg
W = constt g
Wg
FIRST CASE “RE” INCREASES:
So, if earth expands to a larger radius its “g” will decreases will decrease and hence weight
of the body also decrease.
SECOND CASE “RE” DECREASES:
In this case if earth shrinks to a smaller radius, the value of “g” will increase and will
increase the weight of the body. As we know that due to rotation of earth about its own axis,
the equatorial radius is larger than the polar radius. Because of this the value of “g” is larger
at poles, than at equator.
CONCLUSION:
From the above discussion we conclude that our weight decrease when the earth radius expanded
and increases when the earth radius shrunk if the mass of earth constant.
QUESTION NO:5
What would happen to your weight on earth if the mass of the earth doubled but its
radius stayed the same?
MIND MAP

RADIUS SAME

WEIGHT DOUBLE W ∝ ME
DOUBLES MASS
ANSWER:
STATEMENT:
“The weight of our body become double if mass of earth doubles and radius stay the same”.
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EXPLANATION:
According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation, we have the weight is given by

𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝒎
𝑭=𝑾=
𝑹𝟐𝑬
Now keeping “m”, “RE” and “G” constant then
W ∝ ME
So, here weight of the body is directly proportional to the mass of the earth “M E”. Therefore the
weight of the body become doubles if radius stay the same.
MATHEMATICALLY:
Let at “ME”
𝑮𝑴
W = mg and 𝒈 = 𝑹𝟐𝑬
𝑬
If mass is doubled i.e.
Me = 2Me
Then W′ = mg′
While radius is constant:
𝑮[𝟐𝑴𝑬 ]
𝒈′ = 𝑹𝟐𝑬

𝑮[𝟐𝑴𝑬]
𝒈′ = = 2g
𝑹𝟐𝑬
Now weight of an object because doubled i.e.
W = m (2g )
W′ = 2mg
W = 2W
Hence weight become double.
CONCLUSION:
From the above discussion we conclude that the weight of our body become double if mass of
earth doubles and radius stay the same.
Q.6. Why lighter and heavier objects falls at the same rate toward the earth?

MIND MAP
 20

HEAVIER, LIGHTE OBJECS MASS INDEPENDENT

ACCELERATION
"g"
𝐺𝑀𝐸
FALLING RATE SAME 𝑔=
𝑅𝐸2

ANSWER:
STATEMENT:
“The lighter and heavier objects falls at the same rate towards the earth because value of
acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the object if it falls from the same height”.
EXPALNATION:
Lighter and heavier objects falls at the same rate towards the earth. We know that:
𝑮𝑴𝑬
𝒈=
𝑹𝟐𝑬
For free falling objects, the only force acting is gravity which act at a constant rate bring a change in
velocity of 9.8 m/s after every second (1s) which causes a constant acceleration 9.8 m/s2, mean the
magnitude of velocity of free falling object after every one second increases by 9.8 m/s which causes
a constant acceleration 9.8 m/s2. This means that the same force will act on a falling ball as acts on
feather. In the absence of air resistance both (ball and feather) will fall at the same speed.
CONCLUSION:
From the above discussion we conclude that both heavy and light object will falls at the
same rate.

Q.7. The value of “g” changes with location on earth, however we take some value of “g” as 9.8m/s2 for
ordinary calculations. Why?
MID MAP

LOCATION CHANGES INSIGFICIANT CHANGE

VALUE OF "g"

g = 9.8 m/s2 IGNORED

ANSWER:
STATEMENT:
“
 21

The value of “g” changes with location on earth, means that “g” is position or location dependent, but this
change in value of “g” is very small.
EXPLANATION:
As we know that earth revolves around itself, causes bulging of earth are equator which leads to
an increase equatorial radius as compared to radius.
𝑮𝑴𝑬
𝒈=
𝑹𝟐𝑬
So, changing radius changes “g”. For simplicity we are taking the mean value of “g” is equal to 9.8 m/s 2 in
ordinary calculations.
The second reason is that different parts of earth are at different height from sea level which also effect
value of “g”. At mount Everest or Murree, the value of “g” is small as compared to Karachi. Such
change is very small which can be ignored.
CONCLUSION:
The change value of “g” with location is very small, which can be ignored.

Q.8. Moon is attached by earth, why it does not fall on earth?

MIND MAP

EQUAL FORCE CENTRIPETAL FORCE

MOON DOSEN'T
FALL
OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

ANSWER:
SATEMENT:
Yes the moon is attracted by earth but it does not falls due to Centripetal and
Centrifugal forces.
EXPLANATION:
Moon is a natural satellite of earth and revolves around the earth in a circular orbit with a tangential
velocity “v” as shown in figure.
 22

Due to this velocity the moon always tries to move away from the circular orbit. However, the gravitational
attraction between moon and earth compels the moon to revolve in a circular orbit. The moon is
under two forces named centripetal force (keep the moon in a circular orbit) and centrifugal force,
(tries to move away the moon from the circular orbit). So, the centrifugal force does not allow the
moon to fall toward the earth and keeps the moon to move in a circular orbit.
CONCLUSION:
From the above discussion we conclude that the moon is attracted by earth but it does not falls due
to Centripetal and Centrifugal forces.
Q.9. Why for same height, larger and smaller satellite must have same orbital speeds?

MIND MAP

𝐺𝑀𝐸 LARGER, SMALLER

V=
𝑟𝐸 +ℎ OBJECTS

SATELLITE

ORBITAL SPEED SAME HEIGHT SAME

ANSWER:
STATEMENT:
“For same height the larger and smaller satellite must have the same orbital speed because
orbital speed is independent of mass”.
EXPLANATION:
ORBITAL SPEED:
A critical speed of a satellite in order to keep moving around the earth at a specific height
is called orbital speed.

Orbital speed for a satellite is given as;

𝐺𝑚𝐸
𝑣=√
𝑟
OR
GMe
V= → (1)
⎯⎯
Re + h
 23

It is clear from equation (1) that orbital speed is independent of mass of satellite. But only
depend on distance from earth, which means that larger and smaller satellite for the same
height must have same orbital speed.
CONCLUSION:
Form the above discussion we conclude that orbital is independent of mass, so at
same height the larger and smaller satellite must have the same speed,
 24

EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Two masses are separated by a distance r. If both masses are doubled, the force of interaction
between the two masses changes by a factor
2 * 4  ½  ¼
2. The radius of earth RE is:
 9.8m  6.67×10-11m  6 ×1024m * 6.4×106 m
3. The S.I. Unit for gravitational constant “G” is:
 N Kg2 * Nm2 kg-2  Nm2 kg2  Nm2kg
4. What is the mass on planet Mercury of an object that weighs 784 N on the earth’s surface?
* 80.0 kg  118 kg  784 kg More information
5. An object is orbiting a planet with orbital speed v, if the radius is same and mass is increased 4 times,
by what factor orbital speed will change:
* 2  4  ½  ¼
6. The value of ‘g’ at the surface of the moon is:
 9.8ms2 * 1.63ms-2  4.9ms-2  8.9 ms2
7. The value of ‘g’ ________ with altitude:
 increases * decreases □ gets zero  remains the same
8. When a body is moved from sea level to the top of a mountain, there is change in the body’s:
 Mass * weight  both mass and weight  None of them
9. The value of ‘g’ at equator is:
 same as at poles  larger than at poles * smaller than at poles  none of them
 25

EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE NO:5.1:
Suppose you have mass of 40 kg and a 45 kg person is sitting on a bench close to
you, such that the distance between centers of you and the person is 0.5 m. Estimate the
magnitude of the gravitational force you exert on that person.
DATA:
GIVEN:
Mass (m1) = 40kg
Mass (m2) = 45kg
Distance, r = 0.5 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg2
REQUIRED:
Gravitational force, Fg =?
SOLUTION + FORMULA
CalculationsS
By Newton's law of universal gravitation
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹𝑔 =
𝑟2
Putting values,
6.67 x 10−11 N𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 ) 40kg x 45kg
𝐹𝑔 =
(0.5𝑚)2
6.67 x 10−11 N𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 ) 1800(𝑘𝑔)2
𝐹𝑔 =
0.25𝑚2
𝐹𝑔 = 4.8 x 10−7 N
ANSWER:
Gravitational force between m1 and m2, 𝐹𝑔 = 4.8 x 10−7 N
Example 5.2:
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Radius of Jupiter is 7.15 x 107 m, the
acceleration due to gravity on Jupiter 24.7 N/kg. Calculate
the mass of Jupiter.
DATA:
GIVEN:
Radius of Jupiter = Rj = 7.15 x 107 m
Acceleration due gravity at Jupiter, gJ =24.7 N/ kg
Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
REQUIRED :
Mass of Jupiter, mj =?
FORMULA + SOLUTION
 26

The mass of a planet or star can be calculated by using equation;

gjr2
mj =
G
24.7 N/ kg( 7.15 x 107m)2
mj =
6.67 x 10−11Nm2 kg−2
OR
24.7 x 5.11 x 1015 N/ kgm2
mj =
6.67 x 10−11Nm2 kg−2
OR
mj = 1.891 x 1016+11 kg
mj = 1.891 x 1028 kg
ANSWER:
mj = 1.891 x 1028 kg
The mass of the Jupiter is about 300 times the mass of earth.
Examples 5.3:
What is the free fall acceleration at the surface of the sun? As mass of sun 1.99 x1030 kg
and having radius of 6.96 x 108 m.

DATA:
Given:
Radius of Sun, rs = 6.96 x 108 m
Mass of Sun, ms = 1.99 x 1030 kg
Gravitational constant = G= 6.67x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
REQUIRED:
Free fall acceleration at sun gs =?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
The value of “g” at sun’s surface can be calculated by equation
𝐺𝑚𝑠
𝑔 =
𝑟𝑠 2
Putting values
 27

6.67 x 10−11N𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 x 1.99 x 1030𝑘𝑔

𝑔 =
(6.96 x 108 𝑚)2

6.67 x 10−11 x 1.99 x 1030 N𝑚2𝑘𝑔−2 𝑘𝑔

𝑔 =
(48.4416 x 1016 𝑚2
Therefore
𝑔 = 274 ms-2
ANSWER:
The value of “g” on surface on sun is “𝑔 = 274 ms-2”.
Conclusion: Hence, the value of "g" at Sun surface is about 30 time that of earth, because the
mass of sun is million times more than the mass of the earth.

Example. 5.4:
A meteoroid (a chunk of rock) is at 4.4 x107 m from the Earth. What is the value of free fall
acceleration "g at this point due to Earth.
DATA:
GIVEN:
Radius earth, rE = 6.4 x 106 m
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
Height, h= 4.4 x 107 m
REQUIRED:
Free-fall Acceleration at given height = gh=?
FORMULA + SOLUTION
The value of "gh" at height “h” can be calculated by using equation,
𝑔 𝑟𝐸 2
𝑔ℎ =
(𝑟𝐸 + ℎ)2
9.8𝑚𝑠 −2 x ( 6.4 x 106 𝑚)2
𝑔ℎ =
(6.4 x 106 𝑚 + 44 x 106 𝑚)2
OR
9.8 x 4.1 x 1013 𝑚2 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑔ℎ =
(6.4x 106 𝑚 + 44 x 106 𝑚)2
Take “(106)2 common from denominator, so
 28

9.8 x 4.1 x 1013 𝑚2 𝑚𝑠 −2

𝑔ℎ =
(6.4 𝑚 + 44 𝑚)2 (106 )2
40.1 x 1013 𝑚2 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑔ℎ =
(50.4 𝑚)2 1012
40.1 x 1013 𝑚2 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑔ℎ =
2,540.1 𝑚2 x 1012
40.1 x 1013 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑔ℎ =
2.5401 x 103 x 1012
40.1 x 1013 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑔ℎ =
2.5401 x 1015
𝑔ℎ = 0.16 ms-2
ANSWER:
The value of “g” at this height is𝑔ℎ = 0.16 ms-2
Examples 5.5:
The mass of sun is 1.99 x 1030 kg and the radius of the earth's orbit around the sun is 1.5x
1011 m from this. Calculate the orbital speed of the Earth.
DATA:
GIVEN:
Radius, r= 1.5 x 1011 m
Mass of sun, ms = 1.99 x 1030 kg
Gravitational constant, G = 6.673 x 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
REQUIRED:
Orbital speed of satellite = V=?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
The orbital speed is

𝐺𝑚𝑆
𝑣=√
𝑟

6.67x 1.99 x 10−11+30 N𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 𝑘𝑔

𝑣=√
1.5 x 1011𝑚

13.273x 1019 x 10−11 𝑚2 𝑠 −2

𝑣=√
1.5
 29

13.273x 1019−11 𝑚2 𝑠 −2
𝑣=√
1.5

13.273x 108𝑚2 𝑠 −2
𝑣=√
1.5

Therefore
V = 3.0 x 104 m/s
OR v = 30 km/s
ANSWER:
The orbital speed of earth is “v = 30 km/s”.
 30

ASSIGNMENTS
ASSIGNMENT 5.1: Gravitational force on moon:
The mass of earth is 6×1024Kg and that of moon is 7.4×1022 Kg. If the distance between the
earth and the moon is 3.84×105Km calculate the force exerted by the earth on the moon.
DATA:
GIVEN:
Mass of earth, Me = 6  1024 Kg
Mass of moon, Mm = 7.4 1022 Kg
Distance, r = 3.84  105 Km
Distance, r = 3.84  108 m
Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
REQUIRED:
Gravitational force between earth and moon, FG = ?
FORMULA + SOLUTION :
Using formula of law of universal gravitation:
GMe mm
FG =
r2
Putting values

294.148×10−11+24+22
𝐹𝐺 = 14.745×1016
𝐹𝐺 = 19.9 × 1019
OR 𝐹𝐺 = 20 × 1019
OR FG = 2 1020 N
ANSWER:
Gravitational force between earth and moon, FG = 2 1020 N
ASSIGNMENT 5.2: Mass of Moon
If radius of the moon is 1.7  106 m , and have acceleration due to gravity on its surface is
1.6m/s2. Calculate the mass of the moon.
DATA:
GIVEN:
Radius of moon, rm = 1.74 106 m
Gravitational acceleration on moon, gm = 1.6m/s2
Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
REQUIRED:
Mass of moon, mm = ?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
Consider a body of mass (m) is placed on the surface of moon. Mass of the moon is (M m).
distance between centre of moon and the body is r,
Using law of universal gravitation
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑟𝑚2 --------→(I)
 31

As we know that;
Fg = w = mg
Putting values in eq.I
𝐺𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝑚𝑔 =
𝑟2
Dividing both sides by “m”
𝑔𝑚 𝐺𝑚𝑚 𝑚
= 2
𝑚 𝑟 xm
𝐺𝑚𝑚
𝑔=
𝑟2
Multiplying both sides by “r2”
𝐺𝑚𝑚 x 𝑟 2
𝑔 x 𝑟2 =
𝑟2
2
𝑔𝑟 = 𝐺𝑚𝑚

Dividing both sides by “G”

𝑔𝑟 2 𝐺𝑚𝑚
=
𝐺 G

𝑔𝑟 2
𝑚𝑚 =
𝐺
Putting values
( )
2
1.6  1.74  106
mm =
6.67  10−11
1.6  3.02  1012
mm =
6.67  10−11
4.84
mm =  1012+11
6.673
mm = 0.7259  1023
mm = 7.31022 Kg
ANSWER:
The mas of moon is mm = 7.31022 Kg
ASSIGNMENT 5.3: Free fall at moon.
An astronaut of mass 65.0Kg weighting (637N on earth) is walking on the surface of moon,
which has mean radius of 1.7×106m and mass of 7.35×1022 Kg. What is the weight of the
astronaut on moon? What is the free fall acceleration at the surface of the moon?
DATA:
GIVEN:
mass of astronaut, (m) = 65 kg
weight of astronaut on earth, WE = 637N
mass of moon, mm = 7.351022 Kg
Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
REQUIRED:
 32

a) weight of astronaut on moon, Wm = ?

b) gravitational acceleration on moon, g m = ?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
(a) WEIGHT ON MOON
Using law of universal gravitation
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑟𝑚2 --------→(I)
As we know that;
Fg = w = mg
Putting values in eq. I
𝐺𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝑊 =
𝑟2
Putting values
(6.67 x 10−11)(7.35 x 1022 ) 65
𝑤=
(1.74 x 106)2
(6.67 x7.35 x65) 10−11 1022
𝑤=
(1.74)2 x (106 )2
3186.59 x 10−11+22
𝑤=
(3.0276 x 1012 )

𝑤 = 1052.5 x 1011 x 10−12

𝑤 = 1052.5 x 10−1
𝑤 = 105.25 𝑁
(b) GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g):
Using law of universal gravitation
𝐺𝑚 𝑚
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑟𝑚2 --------→(I)
As we know that;
Fg = w = mg
Putting values in eq. I
𝐺𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝑚𝑔 =
𝑟2
Dividing both sides by “m”
𝑔𝑚 𝐺𝑚𝑚 𝑚
= 2
𝑚 𝑟 xm
𝐺𝑚𝑚
𝑔=
𝑟2

Putting values
6.67  10−11  7.37  1022
g=
(1.74 10 )
2
6

(6.67 x7.35 ) 10−11 1022

𝑔=
(1.74)2 x (106 )2
 33

49.02 x 10−11+22
𝑔=
(3.0276 x 1012 )

= 16.2 x 1011 x 10−12

𝑔 = 16.2 x 10−1

g = 1.62m/s2
ANSWER:
(a) weight of astronaut on earth, (w) = 105.25 N
(b) gravitational acceleration on moon, g = 9.8 m/s 2

ASSIGNMENT 5.4. Value of “g” at specific height.

Calculate the value of “g” at 1000Km and 35900Km above the earth surface.
DATA:
GIVEN:
Height, h1 = 1000 km = 1000 x 103 m = 1 x 106 m
Height, h2 = 35900 km = 35900 x 103 m = 35.9 x 106 m
Radius of earth, R e = 6.4  106 m
Mass of earth, Me = 6  1024 Kg
Gravitational constant, G = 6.6310−11 Nm2 /Kg2
REQUIRED:
(I) Gravitational acceleration at height 1, (gh1) =?
(II) Gravitational acceleration at height 2, (gh2) =?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
As value of “g” at specific height is given as:
GMe
gh =
(Re + h)
2

So at height h1
GMe
g h1 =
( R e + h1 )
2

6.67  10−11  6.0  1024

g h1 =
6.4  106 + 106
gh1 = 0.7312101 m/s2
gh1 = 7.3m/s2
b. Value of “g” at height h2.
GMe
g h2 =
( R e + h2 )
2

6.67  10−11  6.0  1024

g h2 =
(6.4  106 + 35.9  106 )
 34

40.03 1013
g h2 =
( 42.310 )
2
6

40.03  1013
g h2 =
1789.2  1012
g h2 = 0.022 101
gh2 = 0.22m/s2
ANSWER:
(I) Gravitational acceleration at height 1, gh1 = 7.3m/s2
(II) Gravitational acceleration at height 2, gh2 = 0.22m/s2
ASSIGNMENT 5.5. Orbital speed of a satellite.
If a satellite orbits the earth at 2000Km above sea level, how fast must the orbiting satellite
travel to maintain a circular orbit.
DATA:
GIVEN”
Height of satellite from earth, h = 2000km = 2 106 m
Radius of earth, R e = 6.4  106 m
Mass of earth, Me = 6  1024 Kg
Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
REQUIRED:
Orbital speed, V = ?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
As we know that;
GMe
V=
(Re + h)
Putting values
6.67  10−11  6  1024
V=
6.4  106 + 2  106
40.03  1013
V=
8.4  106
V = 4.766  107
v = √47.66 × 106
v = 6.890 x 103 m/s
v = 6890 m/s
ANSWER:
Orbital speed of satellite, (v) = 6890 m/s
 35

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
PROBLEM.1.
Pluto’s moon Charon is unusually large considering pluto’s size; giving them the character of
a double planet. Their masses are 1.25×1022Kg and 1.9×1021Kg, and their average distance
from one another, is 1.96×104km. What is the gravitational force between them?
DATA:
GIVEN:
Mass of pluto, m1 = 1.251022 Kg
Mass of moon (Charon), m2 = 1.91021 Kg
Distance between pluto and its moon, r = 1.96  104 Km = 1.96  107 m
Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
REQUIRED:
Gravitational force between pluto and its moon, Fg =?
FORMULA + SOLUTION
Using law of universal gravitation:
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹𝑔 =
𝑟2
(6.67 x 10 )(1.25x 1022 ) 1.9 x 1021
−11
𝐹𝑔 =
(1.74 x 106 )2
15.84 x 10−11+22+21
𝐹𝑔 =
3.82 x1014
15.84 x 1032
𝐹𝑔 =
3.82 x1014
15.84 x 1032 x10−14
𝐹𝑔 =
3.82
𝐹𝑔 = 15.84 x 1018𝑁
ANSWER:
Gravitational force between pluto and its moon, 𝐹𝑔 = 15.84 x 1018𝑁
PROBLEM.2.
The mass of mars is 6.4 1023 Kg and having radius 3.4  106 m . Calculate gravitational field
strength “g” on mars surface.
DATA:
GIVEN:
Mass of mars, 𝑚𝑚 = 6.4 × 1023𝑘𝑔
Radius of mars, 𝑟𝑚 = 3.4 × 106 𝑚
Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
REQUIRED:
Gravitational field strength, g = ?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
Using equation for gravitational field strength in case of earth.
𝐺𝑚
𝑔 = 𝑟2𝐸
𝐸
 36

Using equation for gravitational field strength in case of mars.

𝐺𝑚𝑚
𝑔=
𝑟𝑚2
Putting values
(6.67 x 10−11 )(6.2x 1023 )
𝑔=
(3.4 x 106)2
(42.688 x 10−11+23 )
𝑔=
(11.56 x1012 )
(42.688 x 10−11+23−12 )
𝑔=
11.56
g = 3.692m / s2
ANSWER:
Gravitational field strength on surface of mars, g = 3.692m / s2
PROBLEM.3.
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the only moon in the solar system known to have a
substantial atmosphere. Find the acceleration due to gravity on titans surface, given that its
mass is 1.35×1018 Kg and its radius is 2570Km.
GIVEN:
Mass of titan 𝑚 𝑇 = 1.35 × 1018 𝑘𝑔
Radius of titan 𝑟𝑇 = 2750 𝑘𝑚
𝑟𝑇 = 2750 × 103𝑚
𝑟𝑇 = 2.75 × 106 𝑚
Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
REQUIRED:
Acceleration due to gravity, g=?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:

𝐺𝑚𝑡
𝑔=
𝑟𝑡2
Putting values
6.67  10−11  1.35 1018
g=
(2.57 10 )
2
6

9.009  1018−11
g=
6.6  1012
g = 1.36 10−5 m/s2

ANSWER:

Acceleration due to gravity on Titan surface is g = 1.36 10−5 m/s2

 37

PROBLEM.4:
At which altitude above earth’s surface would the gravitational acceleration be 4.9m/s 2.
GIVEN:
Mass of earth 𝑚𝐸 = 6 × 1024 𝑘𝑔

Radius of earth 𝑟𝐸 = 6.4 × 106 𝑚

Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2

Gravitational acceleration (g)= 4.9 m/s2
REQUIRED:
Height from earth surface, h=?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
As we know that gravity at height is given by the equation:
Gme
gh =
(Re + h)
2

gh ( Re + h ) = GMe
2

Taking square root both side:

g h ( R e + h ) = GMe
2

(Re + h) g h = GMe
GMe
Re + h =
gh
GMe
h= − Re
gh
Putting values
6.67  10−11  6.0  1024
h= − 6.4  106
4.9
40.038
h=  10−11+24 − 6.4  106 m
4.9
h = 81.711012 − 6.4 106 m
= 9.04  106 m − 6.4  106 m
h = ( 9.04 − 6.4)106 m
h = 2.64  106 m
ANSWER:
At height 2.63 x 106 m, the acceleration due to gravity is 4.9 m/s2.
PROBLEM.5.
Assume that orbits earth 225 Km above its surface. Given that the mass of earth is
Me = 6  1024 Kg and the radius of earth is 6.4  106 m . What is the satellite orbital speed?
DATA:
GIVEN:
 38

Mass of earth 𝑚𝐸 = 6 × 1024 𝑘𝑔

Radius of earth 𝑟𝐸 = 6.4 × 106 𝑚

Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2

Height of satellite from earth surface, (h) = 225 km
(h) = 225 x 103m
(h) = 0.225 x 106m
REQUIRED:
Orbital speed of satellite =V =?
FORMULA + SOLUTION:
As we know that orbital speed at height (h) from earth surface is given by,
Gme
V= → (1 )
⎯⎯
( re + h )
Putting values in equation (1)
6.67  10−11  6.0  1024
V=
(
6.4  106 + 0.225  106 )
Take “106” common from denominator
40.038 × 10−11+24
v=√
(6.4 + 0.225) × 106

40.038 × 1013−6
v=√
6.625

40.038 × 107
v=√
6.625
v = √6.043 × 107
v = √60.43 × 106
v = 7.77 × 103 𝑚
v = 7.77 × 𝑘𝑚
ANSWER:
Speed of satellite at 225 km from earth surface is 7.77 km.
PROBLEM. 6.
The distance from the center of earth to center of moon is 3.8×10 8m. Mass of earth is 6 x
1024 kg. What is the orbital speed of moon?
Given:
Distance between earth and moon (r =rE + h) = 3.8 × 108 𝑚
Mass of earth 𝑚𝐸 = 6 × 1024 𝑘𝑔

Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2

Required:
 39

Orbital speed of satellite V=?

Solution:
Using equation for orbital speed of satellite.
𝐺𝑚𝐸
v=√
𝑟

putting values
6.67  10−11  6.0  1024
V=
3.8  108

40.038 × 10−11+24
v=√
3.8 × 108

40.038 × 1013−8
v=√
3.8
v = √10.53 × 105

v = √105.3 × 104
v = 10.26 x 102 m/s
OR
v = 1.026 x 103 m/s
v = 1.026 km/s

ANSWER:
Orbital speed of moon around the earth is, v = 1.026 km/s
PROBLEM.7:
The Hubble space telescope orbits earth Me = 6  1024 Kg with an orbital speed of
7.6 103 m/s . Calculate its altitude above the earth’s surface.
GIVEN:
Radius of earth re = 6.4  106 m
Mass of earth me = 6  1024 Kg
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 10−11 Nm2 /Kg2
Orbital speed of Hubble telescope, V = 7.6 103 m/s
REQUIRED:
Height of Hubble telescope from earth surface (h) =?
SOLUTION:
Orbital speed of satellite is used because Hubble telescope acts like an artificial satellite of
earth, when it revolves around the earth.
As we know that orbital speed at certain height is given as:
 40

Gme
V=
re + h
Taking square both sides:
2
 gme 
V =
2
 r + h 
 e 
gme
V2 =
re + h
Gm
re + h = 2 e
V
Gme
h = 2 − re
V
Putting values
6.67  10−11  6.0  1024
h= − 6.4  106
(7.6 10 )
2
3

6.67  10−11  6.0  1024

h= − 6.4  106
(
(7.6)2  106 )
40.038  10 13
h= − 6.4  106
57.76  106

h = 0.6932 107 − 6.4  106

h = 0.6932107 − 6.4  106
Take “106 ” common
h = (6.932 − 6.4)  106
h = 0.532 106
h = 532 103
h = 532Km
ANSWER:
Height of Hubble telescope from earth surface h = 532Km

Chap#5 GRAVITATION Mcq ‘s

 41

1:…………predicted about artificial satellite about 300years ago.

O Galileo . . . . O Newton O Einstein O faraday
2:Unit of gravitational field strength
ON ON/kg O m O Nm
3:Distance of moon from earth
HiO 38,000 km O 3,80,000km O 3,000,000km O 30,000km
4:Speed of GPs satellite is
O 7.9km/s O 3.87 km/s O 5.6km/s O 5.0km/s
5:If the distance between two masses is half then the force of gravitation becomes.
O one fourth O four times O doubled O Half
6:In system international value of G is
O 6.4*10 -6Nm 2/kg 2
O 6.4*10 -11
Nm 2/kg 2 O 6.67*10 -11
Nm 2/kg 2 O 6.67*10 -11
Nm2/kg2
7:Radius of earth is
O 6.4*10 6km O 6.4*10 6 m O 6*10 6m O 6*10 6
km
8:The SI unit of gravitational force is
O Nm 2/kg 2 O Newton O m/s O both a&b
9:What will be the value of given the mass of earth becomes four times
O no change O four times O one fourth O doubled
10:The mass of earth is approximately
24
O 6.4*10 kg O 6.0 *10 -24kg O6.4*10 -24
kg O5500*10-24 kg
11:As we go up the value of G becomes
O unchanged O increases O decreases doubled
12:The force which pulled the object towards the center of the circle is known as
O frictional O coulomb O centripetal O Gravitational
13:When an object is at a height equal to the radius of earth Above the surface of earth what will be
the value of gh .
O 4g O 2g O g/2 O g/4
14:what is not true about g
O gis different at different places O greater at poles
 42

O gis less at poles O g decreases as we go higher

15: If the weight of an object on the surface of earth is W . Its weight on the surface of moon is
O 6W OW/6 O w/4 O W/8
16:On mountain our weight ……………as compared to the weight on surface of earth.
O equal O less O greater O none
17:If the mass of both the bodies is 1kg and distance between their centre is 1m then the
gravitational force will be equal to.
OG O g Ov O none
18:A satellite is revolving around earth in a circular orbit .If the radius of orbit is increased from R
to 2R. What will be its velocity.
O √2v O v2 Ov/2 O v/√2
19:An artificial satellite keeps on revolving around the earth in different orbits with uniform speed
due to.
O Gravitational force O frictional force
O coulomb force O Electromagnetic force
20:Relative velocity of Geo stationary satellite with respect to earth is
O 7.9km/s O 11.2km/s O 9.8 km/s O zero
21:If the rocket is fired vertically with a speed if………….it will start revolving around the earth.
O 8m/s O8km/s O 9.8m/s O 11.2km/s
22:Height of geostationary satellite above the surface of earth is
O 1000km O3600km O36000km O 42,300km
23:Gravitational force on the surface of earth is equal to…….
OG Og OW O all of them
24:weight of the body of mass10 kg on the moon.
O 160N O16N O 1.62N O none.
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