113-1 普通植物學

Week 1 – Course Introduction

園藝學系 林宣佑 助理教授

2024.09.11 1
Part 1. Course Policies

2
 Classroom rules
• No roll call, but….
• If you would like to take a
leave, e.g. sick leave (病假),
personal leave (事假), and
menstrual leave (生理假)
please submit your requests
at 學生請假系統
Classroom rules
• You can take a nap..
only if you don’t snore
• You can eat..
only if you share food with
everyone
• You can drink..
• Share new ideas and challenge
me
• Any special needs?
 Course Description
• 認識植物之基本構造、生理、發育及遺
傳，並介紹植物的多樣性

<[Link]
 Grading Criteria
111學年度普植總成績分布
• Mid-term (50%) 100

• Final (50%) 90
80
• Attendance ? 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
<[Link]
0
0~59 60~69 70~79 80~89 90~100
 Instructors
• 農藝系 • 土環系
• 陳建德 副教授 • 楊秋忠 院士、國家講座教授
• 植物生理、農業生態、作物解剖學 • 土壤環境微生物與生態領域
 Instructors
• 生物化學研究所 • 水保系
• 唐涵 助理教授 • 宋國彰 副教授
• 植物幹細胞再生之機制、苔蘚幹 • 植生工程、森
細胞研究之應用潛力、植物細胞 林生態、物種
機械力感知機制 間的交互作用、
魚眼攝影、植
物分佈模式、
物種保育
Instructors

• 森林系
• 曾喜育 教授
• 森林生態學、榕果生物學、植物
分類學、民俗植物學、授粉生態
學、植物物候學
 課程代碼: 1148 (園藝、農藝和生技學程) 課程代碼: 1043 (昆蟲、植病和土環系)
Week Date Instructor Topic Instructor Topic
1 9/11 Introduction (Ch. 1-2) Introduction (Ch. 1-2)
2 9/18 林宣佑 Cells (Ch. 4-5) Cells (Ch. 4-5)
3 9/25 Tissues and stems (Ch. 6) Tissues and stems (Ch. 6)
宋國彰
4 10/2 Roots and leaves (Ch. 7-8) Roots and leaves (Ch. 7-8)
5 10/9 陳建德 Flower, fruits and seeds (Ch. 10) Flower, fruits and seeds (Ch. 10)
6 10/16 Structure of woody plants (Ch. 9) Structure of woody plants (Ch. 9)
7 10/23 Energy metabolism: photosynthesis (I) (Ch. 11)
8 10/30 Energy metabolism: respiration (Ch. 12)
楊秋忠
Transport processes (Ch. 13)
9 11/6
Soils and mineral nutrition (Ch. 14)
10 11/12 林宣佑 Mid-term (18：30~20：00) 宋國彰 Mid-term (18：30~20：00)
The origin of eukaryotic cells (Ch.20)
10 11/13 Development and morphogenesis (Ch.15) Nonvascular Plants (Ch. 21)
宋國彰
唐涵 Vascular Plants (Ch. 22)
11 11/20 Genes and the genetic basis (Ch. 16) Seed plants I and II (Ch. 23-24)
12 11/27 Genetics and evolution (Ch. 17-18) Classification and systematics (Ch. 19)
The origin of eukaryotic cells (Ch.20)
Ethnobotany (Ch. 3)
13 12/4 Nonvascular Plants (Ch. 21) 曾喜育
宋國彰 Population and ecosystems(Ch. 25)
Vascular Plants (Ch. 22)
14 12/11 Seed plants I and II (Ch. 23-24) Populations and biomes (Ch. 26-27)
Classification and systematics (Ch. 19)
15 12/18 Development and morphogenesis (Ch. 15 )
Ethnobotany (Ch. 3)
曾喜育 唐涵
Population and ecosystems(Ch. 25) Genes and the genetic basis (Ch.16)
16 12/25
Populations and biomes (Ch. 26-27) Genetics and evolution (Ch. 17-18 )
17 1/1 元旦放假
18 1/8 林宣佑 Exam (09：10~11：00) 宋國彰 Exam (09：10~11：00) 10
 Attendance and Make-up Policy
• Students are encouraged to attend every class.
• Late assignments will be graded for
documented emergencies and prior approvals
of leaves.
• Requirements for make-up exams are
consistent with university policies that can be
found at: Office of Academic Affairs.
• Briefly, official, maternity, serious disease, funeral
leave (limited to direct blood relative or spouse) = <[Link]

100% grade of make-up exam

• Other leaves : if the make-up exam > 60pts , 80% of
grade will be counted as the final grade.
課程助教
• 園藝系碩三 李萱
• Email: verano101184@[Link]
• 園藝系碩二 田于璇
• Email: corgi01301103@[Link]

• Office: 園藝系H407

12
教科書
• Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology (7th
ed.). James D. Mauseth. Jones&Bartlett Learning.
• ISBN: 978-1-284-15735-2
• 請各班班代統計數量，下課後告訴助教
• 定價: $1850, 團體價(>15本): $1570

13
Email禮節
有簡短主旨
簡短自介+事由

列出多時段讓老師選擇

準備好必要文件
14
Email禮節-請避免….
主旨當內文寫

非正式名稱

你是誰?

15
為什麼要學科學
• 分辨誰在騙人
• 以下轉自國立中山大學顏聖紘老師臉書貼文

16
Part 2. Introduction to Plants
and Botany

17
Plants, like most animals, are
multicellular eukaryotes

Archaea Fungi Animals

Bacteria

Plants

Common ancestors
Photo credits: Public Health Image Library; NASA; © Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service; tom donald
 Plants are diverse

Ferns Grasses
Broad-
Flowering leafed
Plants plants

Club mosses Seed Plants Cone-

bearing
plants
Vascular Plants
Plants have evolved
Mosses
the ability to thrive in
Liverworts diverse land habitats
Land Green algae
Plants

Images courtesy tom donald

Plants make us happy

People at work
who can see
plants report
significantly
greater job
satisfaction than
those who can’t.

Dravigne, A., Waliczek, T.M., Lineberger, R.D., Zajicek, J.M. (2008) The effect of live plants and window views of green
spaces on employee perceptions of job satisfaction. HortScience 43: 183–187. Photo credit: tom donald
 Plants are amazing Largest organism (> 100m)

living organisms

Largest flower (~ 1m)

Longest living (~ 5000 years)

Photo credits: ma_suska; Bradluke22; Stan Shebs

 We could not live without plants

•Plants produce most of the

oxygen we breathe.

•Plants produce most of the

chemically stored energy we
consume as food and burn for
fuel.

•Plants produce an amazing

assortment of useful
chemicals.
We can’t live without oxygen!

NO oxygen
Joseph Priestley
recognized that an
animal’s breathing
“injured” air. An animal
X
X kept in a sealed
container would
eventually pass out.
 We can’t live without oxygen!

Oxygen
produced
Priestley also recognized
that plants have the ability to
“restore” the air. We now
know that they produce
oxygen as a by-product of
photosynthesis.
Plants fix carbon dioxide into energy- rich
molecules we animals can use as food

CO2
Plants convert CO2
gas into sugars
through the process
of photosynthesis.
Plants can produce an amazing
assortment of chemicals

CO2
vitamin A

vanillin vitamin C

caffeine

morphine
Why study plants?

To help conserve
endangered plants and
threatened environments

To learn more about the

natural world

To better harness the

abilities of plants to provide
us with food, medicines,
and energy
Photo credit: tom donald
 Plants in our daily life?

<[Link]
%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E6%96%B0%E9%AE%AE%E9%9B%A8%E4%BE%86%E8%8F%87%E3%80%81%E6%83%
85%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%BC%E6%B7%9A%E3%80%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%9C%A8-100371133132>
<[Link]
28
Plants, like most animals, are
multicellular eukaryotes

Archaea Fungi Animals

Bacteria

Plants

Common ancestors
Photo credits: Public Health Image Library; NASA; © Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service; tom donald
 Plants are diverse

Ferns Grasses
Broad-
Flowering leafed
Plants plants

Club mosses Seed Plants Cone-

bearing
plants
Vascular Plants
Plants have evolved
Mosses
the ability to thrive in
Liverworts diverse land habitats
Land Green algae
Plants

Images courtesy tom donald

 Plants

 Most have green leaves, stems, roots, and flowers, although there are
exceptions.

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Conifers (gymnosperms) do not produce flowers.
 Mosses lack true leaves, stems, and roots, and neither mosses nor ferns produce
flowers.

© James D. Mauseth
© James D. Mauseth
FIGURE 1-4 Of all terrestrial plants, mosses have
FIGURE 1-2 Conifers, like this spruce (Picea), the least in common with flowering plants. They
produce seeds in cones; the conifers, together have structures called “leaves” and “stems,”
with the flowering plants and a few other groups, but these are not the same as in flowering plants.
are known as seed plants. They have no roots at all.
 Plants (3 of 4)

 Fungi were once considered plants but are now excluded.

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Similar to plants in that they are immobile and produce spores
 Not considered plants because they differ in biochemistry and
genetics
Courtesy of C. Mims, University of Georgia

FIGURE 1-5 Fungi such as (A) mushrooms and (B) brackets are not <[Link]

considered to be plants.
Plants (4 of 4)

 Green Algae: Are they plants?

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Yes, they have similar biochemistry and cell structure.
 No, their genetics, anatomy and reproduction differ.

FIGURE 1-6 These green algae do not look much

like plants, but many aspects of their biochemistry
and cellular organization are very similar to those of
plants. Some green algae were the ancestors of
land plants; although not considered to be true
plants, they are obviously closely related to plants.

© James D. Mauseth
Using Concepts to Understand Plants (1 of 8)

 A few fundamental concepts will make plant biology more easily

understood.

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Plant metabolism is based on the principles of chemistry and
physics.
 All the principles you learn in your chemistry or physics classes
are completely valid for plants.
Using Concepts to Understand Plants (2 of 8)

 Plants must have a means of storing and using information.

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Genes are the primary means of storing this information.

FIGURE 1-10 This bean seed is

developing into a bean plant,
guided by genetic information it
inherited from its parents.
© James D. Mauseth
Using Concepts to Understand Plants (3 of 8)

 Plants reproduce, passing

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
their genes and
information on to their
descendants.
 Seeds contain
information from their
parents.
 Offspring and parents
resemble each other.

<[Link]
locus-phenotypic-trait-genetics-polygene-png/vLLKnxm3>
Using Concepts to Understand Plants (4 of 8)

 Genes, and the information they contain, can change.

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Plants copy genes during reproduction.
 These changes cause differences in offspring.
 Over time, a gradual evolution occurs.

FIGURE 1-11 (A) A plant produces numerous offspring, many of which

resemble it strongly (B). Mutations may occur that cause, for instance,
leaves to be malformed and poorly shaped for photosynthesis (C); most
or all these mutants die and do not reproduce. The normal plants
continue to reproduce (B) and (D), but another mutation may occur that
causes the leaves to be larger and more efficient at photosynthesis (E).
These may grow and reproduce so well that they crowd out the original
parental types, and the plant population finally contains only the type
with large leaves (F) and (G).
 Using Concepts to Understand Plants (5 of 8)

 Plants must survive in their own

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
environment.
 They must be adapted to their
environment.
 Plants more suited to their
environment reproduce more
successfully and produce more
offspring.
 The presence of other organisms
may be detrimental, beneficial,
or neutral. <[Link]
to-the-future-molecular-plant/>
Using Concepts to Understand Plants (6 of 8)

 Plants are highly

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
integrated organisms.
 The structure and
metabolism of one
part tend to impact
the rest of the plant.
 An adaptation in
one area is often
balanced by changes
in another.

<[Link]
 Using Concepts to Understand Plants (7 of 8)

 An individual plant is the temporary

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
result of the interaction of genes and
environment.
 The way a plant interacts with its
environment is guided by genetic
information that has slowly evolved
over thousands of years.
 The genetic pool of the species
exists beyond the phenotype
represented by a single specimen. <[Link]
遺傳資源 (genetic resources)
• 保存在自然或田間可供人類利用生物體所具有的遺
傳特性 (Frankel, 1968)
• 基因庫
• Gene pool: 一物種所有之基因之總稱
• Gene bank: 一物種所有種原之總稱

41
<[Link]
 天擇/育種
馴化的重要性 +
栽培管理

<[Link]

42
馴化的重要性
• 植物與人類的共同演化
• 社會意義 (Langile et al., 2014)
• 人類學 + 植物遺傳學 These seeds can walk! - The Green Planet

43
 馴化降低遺傳變異

“Changes in crop plants as a result of artificial selection”

by Sushma Naithani and OSU OERU is licensed under CC Loss of gene pool during crop domestication due to
BY 4.0. artificial selection. “Loss of gene pool” by Sushma
Naithani and OSU OERU is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
<[Link]
44
Using Concepts to Understand Plants (8 of 8)

 Plants do not have a purpose or decision-making capacity.

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Anthropomorphism and teleology should be avoided.
 Anthropomorphism(擬人論): applying human
characteristics to non-human organisms or things
 Teleology(目的論): the assumption that processes or
structures have a purpose
Part 3. Origin and Evolution of
Plants

46
Origin and Evolution of Plants

 Organisms were originally simple; they gradually increased in complexity through

evolution by natural selection.

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
FIGURE 1-8 (A) This aspen forest in Michigan does not
have a dense canopy, but it intercepts so much light that
few plants survive in the shade. The herb is the bracken
fern Pteridium aquilinum.
Courtesy of R. Fulginiti, University of Texas, Austin
 Origin of Plants

 Life on Earth began about 3.5 billion years ago

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
with prokaryotes (bacteria and archaeans).
 Prokaryotes lack nuclei.
 Photosynthesis arose 2.8 billion years ago in
a cyanobacterium.
 Organelles evolved, facilitating division of labor
and specialization.
 DNA became located in its own organelle,
the cell nucleus.
 Eukaryotes (plants, fungi, animals, algae)
have nuclei and other membrane-bound
organelles.
 FIGURE 1-13 The earliest cells were simple,
but over hundreds of millions of years they
became more complex metabolically.
 Origin of Plants

 Eukaryotes diversified, some Where Did Eukaryotic Cells Come From? - A Journey Into

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
Endosymbiotic Theory
gaining mitochondria and
some gaining chloroplasts (via
endosymbiosis).
 Those with mitochondria
evolved into protozoans,
fungi, and animals.
 Those with mitochondria
and chloroplasts evolved
into plants and algae.
Origin of Plants

 Early plants resembled green algae.

 They lost many algal features and gained features suitable for

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
life on land through natural selection.
 Not all organisms evolve at the same rate.
 Features that seem relatively unchanged are relictual (孑遺的),
or plesiomorphic features .
Origin of Plants

 Flowering plants evolved 100–120 million years ago.

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Several features characteristic of this group evolved at this
time.
 Flowers
 Simple, flat,
broad leaves
 Wood

FIGURE 1-9 The pink flowers pushing out of the

sand constitute almost the entire plant body of this
parasitic plant called sandfood (Pholisma arenaria).
© James D. Mauseth
Origin of Plants

 Some modern groups have derived (apomorphic) features (裔徵).

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Features
that evolved from an ancestral feature
 Modern secondary chemical compounds are an examples.

FIGURE 1-14 This is Gazania splendens in

the aster family. It has many derived
features, especially the bitter, toxic
chemicals(iridoid compounds) in its leaves;
© James D. Mauseth
Plants Versus the Study of Plants

 Some aspects of biological knowledge are universally valid.

 Metabolic processes

Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. [Link]
 Reproduction
 Heredity
 Many details are particular to the set of plants or organisms being
studied.
 To study plants, we attempt to create a model of reality, but our
body of knowledge is both incomplete and inaccurate.
Questions?
Suggestions? 54
<[Link]