Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing
every day
Thus, the batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can he increased
greatly
Thus, this project report is based on practical
analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is
decreased, we can increase the potential
difference across it, and hence make it more
reliable
•Objective: -
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.
Apparatus: -
A Potentiometer a battery (battery eliminator)
two-way keys, a rheostat of low resistance, a
galvanometer a high resistance, an ammeter, a
cell, a Jockey a set square connecting wires, water
bath, thermometer(0-100°C), burner tripod stand,
wire gauge
Theory: -
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions The
internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the distance between the
electrodes is inversely proportional to facing
surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte is inversely proportional to
concentration of electrolyte. The internal
resistance of a cell is given by
r=(l1-l2) R/l1
where 1, 1, are the balancing lengths without
resistance and with resistance (shunt),
respectively and R is the shunt resistance in
parallel with the given cell
PROCEDURE
Step 1.
Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of
connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box
4 Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see
that e.m.f. and see that e.m.f. of the battery is
more than that of given cell otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained (EE).
5. Take maximum current from the battery
making rheostat resistance small
6. To test the corrections of the connections.
(Insert the plug in the key K and note the
ammeter reading Take out 2000-ohm resistance
plug from resistance box. Place the jokey first at
the end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If
the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite
direction in the two cases the connections are
correct)
7. Without inserting the plug in the key & adjust
the rheostat so that a noll point is obtained on
the 4th wire of potentiometer
8 Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position
in resistance box and by slightly adjusting the
jockey near the previous obtained position of
null point, obtain null point position accurately,
using a set square.
[Link] the balancing length, between the
point and the end P of the wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the
resistance box R.B. introduce plugs in the key K,
as well as in key K., Take out small resistance (1-5
12) from the resistance box R connected in
parallel with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer
wire and obtain null point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in
R.B. and if necessary, make further adjustment
for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length, from end P.
14. Remove the plug kays at K, and K. Wait for
some time and for the same value of current (as
shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13.
15. Repeat the observations for different values
of R repeating each observation twice.
16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by
using the above relation for r
Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the
electrodes on internal resistances keeping the
other factors constant, vary separation between
electrodes and measure internal resistance in
each case.
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of
electrolyte on internal resistance by keeping
other factors constant Keep primary cells in
water both to heat the electrolyte. Determine
the internal resistance at various temperatures
Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of
electrolyte on internal resistance by Keeping the
other factors constant, decrease concentration of
electrolyte by adding the distilled water and
determine internal resistance of cell in each case.
DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION
Sl. Ammeter Pos. Shunt
No. Reading of (cm) resistance
null r=(l1-l2) R/l1
(A) point (ohm)
With Without R(ohm)
R(l1) R(l2)
1.
2.
3.
Table of effect of separation between electrodes
Table for effect for temperature
Sl. Temperature
T (C) L1 L2 Resistance
R (ohm)
r=(l1-l2) R/l1 Tr
No.
(ohm) (ohmk)
1.
2.
3.
Conclusions: -
1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant
and is equal to E Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped
in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolyte
5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte
•Precautions: -
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells El
and E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at
the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant
for a particular set of observation. If necessary,
adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than
the e.m.f. s of the either of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be
taken out from resistance box before the jockey is
moved along the wire.
8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than
that of the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter
reading should remain constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only,
while finding the null point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null
point lies on last wire of the potentiometer.
12. Cell should not the disturbed during
experiment.
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the
potentiometer wire.
•Sources of error: -
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross-section and material density throughout its
length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.