FILTRATION
- In this process, the insoluble matter is separated from the liquid with the aid of a porous material
(e.g. filter paper), while allowing the liquid to pass through it.
- The separated liquid is called the filtrate, while the separated materials are called the residue.
DECANTATION
- The solids are allowed to settle in the container before the liquid (called decantate) is slowly and
carefully poured off, leaving the residue in the container.
CENTRIFUGATION
- this is the process in which a heterogeneous mixture is spun in a machine.
- This spinning causes an outward force, called centrifugal force, to the mixture, causing the residue to
settle.
- AFTER THE PROCESS, the liquid, or the centrifugate, can be removed by simple decantation.
- Blood is a fluid consisting of cells and other particles scattered throughout liquid called plasma.
- BY EMPLOYING CENTRIFUGATION, these scattered materials settle at the bottom, allowing them
to be separated from the plasma.
MAGNETIC SEPARATION
- this involves the use of a magnet to remove selected metals; like iron, nickel, and cobalt from a
mixture. However, metals like gold, silver, and aluminum are not attracted.
- If you have a mixture of iron filings and sand, the filings will cling to the magnet leaving the sand
unattracted.
MANUAL SEPARATION
- There are mixtures consisting of substances that are relatively big enough to be separated by
manually picking them.
SIFTING
- This is the process in which a mixture is placed in a screen or a woven material that allows separation
of smaller particles from the bigger granules.
- This practice is done in the kitchen whenever one wants to sift flour to remove unwanted particles.
SEPARATION USING “SEPARATORY FUNNEL”
- A separatory funnel is an apparatus used to separate liquids that do not mix (immiscible liquids).
- The liquid with the higher density is at the lower layer while the liquid with lower density floats.
- To release the lower layer, the stopper and
the stopcock are opened until only the upper
layer remains inside the separatory funnel.
- Oil and water are immiscible with each other. They can be separated using a separatory funnel. Inside
this apparatus, water is at the lower layer because it has higher density than oil.
DISTILLATION
- this is the process in which a liquid is heated in a vessel to become a gas, then this gas is condensed
into liquid upon passing through a cooling tube called a condenser.
- This process is done to separate homogeneous liquid mixtures, as well as solid-liquid mixtures.
- The liquid that comes out from the condenser is called the distillate, while the mixture remaining in
the vessel is called pot residue.
SUBLIMATION
- this is the process in which a solid substance is allowed to sublime, and the evolved gas is deposited on
a cool surface (such as the base of a flask containing ice or cold water).
- Substances that readily sublime can be separated from a mixture through this method. A good
example is iodine with sand.
- Upon heating, iodine sublimes and deposited on the cooled vessel while the sand remains at the
bottom of the container.
EVAPORATION
- This method involves heating of a mixture in an evaporating dish to cause removal of the liquid
substance.
- An example that be subjected to evaporation is a homogeneous mixture of water and table salt.
Through this method, water can be removed while leaving salt in the dish.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
- this is a method in which substances in a solution can be separated by loading the solution on a
material that stays in place (stationary phase) and allowing a liquid or gas (mobile phase) to carry the
substances.
- As the mobile phase moves along the stationary phase, the loaded substances move at different speed,
resulting in separation.
- Chromatography can be employed to separate plant pigments, which contain different colored
substances.