Formulas & Conversion Factors

Miscellaneous Formulas
Power for AC Circuits

746 × output horsepower

Efficiency =
Input watts
Three-phase volts × amperes × power factor × 1.732
=
kilowatts 1000
Three-phase volt-amperes = volts × amperes × 1.732
Three-phase 746 × horsepower
=
amperes volts x amperes × power factor × 1.732
746 × horsepower
Three-phase efficiency =
volts × amperes × 1.732
volts × amperes × power factor
Single-phase kilowatts =
1000
746 × horsepower
Single-phase amperes =
volts × efficiency × power factor
746 × horsepower
Single-phase efficiency =
volts × amperes × power factor
input watts
Single-phase power factor =
volts × amperes
Horsepower volts × amperes × 1.732 × efficiency × power factor
=
(3 Ph) 746
Horsepower volts × amperes × efficiency × power factor
=
(1 Ph) 746
Power for DC Circuits
Watts = volts × amperes (W = EI)
Amperes = watts / volts (I = W/E)
volts × amperes × efficiency
Horsepower =
746

119
Formulas & Conversion Factors

Speed for AC Machinery

hertz x 120
Synchronous RPM =
poles
synchronous RPM - full-load RPM
Percent slip = x 100
synchronous RPM

Ohms Law
Ohms =volts/amperes (R = E/I)
Amperes =volts/ohms (I = E/R)
Volts = amperes × ohms (E = IR)

Motor Application
horsepower × 5250
Torque (lb.-ft.) =
RPM
torque × RPM
Horsepower =
5250

Motor Ramp Up Time (Seconds)

WK² × speed change
Seconds =
308 × average acceleration torque
[(FLT + BDT) / 2] + BDT + LRT
Average acceleration torque =
3
WK² = Inertia of rotor + inertia of load (lb.-ft.²)
FLT = Full Load Torque
LRT = Lock Rotor Torque
BDT = Breakdown Torque
WK² (load) × load RPM²
Load WK² at motor shaft =
Motor RPM²
HP × 321000
Shaft stress (PSI) =
RPM × shaft diameter³

120
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Change in Resistance Due to
Change in Temperature
K + Tc
Rc = R H
K + TH
K + TH
RH = Rc
K + Tc
K = 234.5 - Copper
= 236 - Aluminum
= 180 - Iron
= 218 - Steel
Rc = Cold resistance (OHMS)
RH = Hot resistance (OHMS)
Tc = Cold temp (°C)
TH = Hot temp (°C)

Vibration
D = 0.318 V/f D = displacement (inches peak-peak)
V = π(f) (D) V = velocity (inches per second peak)
A = 0.051(f)² (D) A = acceleration (g's peak)
A = 0.016(f) (V) f = frequency (cycles per second)

Volume of Liquid in Tank

Gallons = 5.875 × D² x H
D = tank diameter (ft.)
H = height of liquid (ft.)

Pumps
GPM × PSI × specific gravity
BPH =
1713 × efficiency of pump

BPH = GPM × FT × specific gravity

3960 × efficiency of pump

121
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Fans & Blowers
D (in) × RPM × π
Tip speed =
720
CFM × PSF
BPH =
33000 × efficiency of fan
CFM × PIW
BPH =
6344 × efficiency of fan
CFM × PSI
BPH =
229 × efficiency of fan
1 ft. of water = 0.433 PSI
1 PSI = 2.309 ft. of water
specific gravity of water = 1.0
Where:
BHP = brake horsepower
GPM= gallons per minute
FT = feet
PSI = pounds per square inch
PSIG = pounds per square inch gauge
PSF = pounds per square foot
PIW = inches of water gauge
Temperature
9
( )
°F = °C 5 +32
5
°C = (°F - 32)
9

122
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Conversion Factors
Multiply Length By To Obtain
Centimeters × 0.3937 = Inches
Fathoms × 6.0 = Feet
Feet × 12.0 = Inches
Feet × 0.3048 = Meters
Inches × 2.54 = Centimeters
Kilometers × 0.6214 = Miles
Meters × 3.281 = Feet
Meters × 39.37 = Inches
Meters × 1.094 = Yards
Miles × 5280.0 = Feet
Miles × 1.609 = Kilometers
Rods × 5.5 = Yards
Yards × 0.9144 = Meters
Multiply Area By To Obtain
Acres × 4047.0 = Square meters
Acres × 0.4047 = Hectares
Acres × 43560.0 = Square feet
Acres × 4840.0 = Square yards
Circular mils × 7.854 x 10-7 = Square inches
Circular mils × 0.7854 = Square mils
Hectares × 2.471 = Acres
Hectares × 1.076 x 105 = Square feet
Square centimeters × 0.155 = Square inches
Square feet × 144.0 = Square inches
Square feet × 0.0929 = Square meters
Square inches × 6.452 = Square centimeters
Square meters × 1.196 = Square yards
Square meters × 2.471 x 10-4 = Acres
Square miles × 640.0 = Acres
Square mils × 1.273 = Circular mils
Square yards × 0.8361 = Square meters
Multiply Volume By To Obtain
Cubic feet × 0.0283 = Cubic meters
Cubic feet × 7.481 = Gallons
Cubic inches × 0.5541 = Ounces (fluid)
Cubic meters × 35.31 = Cubic feet
Cubic meters × 1.308 = Cubic yards
Cubic yards × 0.7646 = Cubic meters
Gallons × 0.1337 = Cubic feet
Continued on next page

123
Formulas & Conversion Factors

Multiply By To Obtain
Gallons × 3.785 = Liters
Liters × 0.2642 = Gallons
Liters × 1.057 = Quarts (liquid)
Ounces (fluid) × 1.805 = Cubic inches
Quarts (fluid) × 0.9463 = Liters
Multiply Force & Weight By To Obtain
Grams × 0.0353 = Ounces
Kilograms × 2.205 = Pounds
Newtons × 0.2248 = Pounds (force)
Ounces × 28.35 = Grams
Pounds × 453.6 = Grams
Pounds (force) × 4.448 = Newton
Tons (short) × 907.2 = Kilograms
Tons (short) × 2000.0 = Pounds
Multiply Torque By To Obtain
Gram-centimeters × 0.0139 = Ounce-inches
Newton-meters × 0.7376 = Pound-feet
Newton-meters × 8.851 = Pound-inches
Ounce-inches × 71.95 = Gram-centimeters
Pound-feet × 1.3558 = Newton-meters
Pound-inches × 0.113 = Newton-meters
Multiply Energy or Work By To Obtain
BTU × 778.2 = Foot-pounds
BTU × 252.0 = Gram-calories
Multiply Power By To Obtain
BTU per hour × 0.293 = Watts
Horsepower × 33000.0 = Foot-pounds per minute
Horsepower × 550.0 = Foot-pounds per second
Multiply Power By To Obtain
Horsepower × 746.0 = Watts
Kilowatts × 1.341 = Horsepower
Multiply Plane Angle By To Obtain
Degrees × 0.0175 = Radians
Minutes × 0.01667 = Degrees
Minutes × 2.9 x 10-4 = Radians
Quadrants × 90.0 = Degrees
Quadrants × 1.5708 = Radians
Radians × 57.3 = Degrees
Seconds × 0.00028 = Degrees
Continued on next page

124
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Multiply By To Obtain
Atmosphere, standard × 101.35 = kPa
Bar × 100 = kPa
Barrel (42 US × 159 = L
gallons petroleum)
BTU (International × 1.055 = kJ
Table)
BTU/ft² × 11.36 = kJ/m²
BTU×ft/h×ft²×°F × 1.731 = W/(m×K)
BTU×in/h×ft²×°F 0.1442 = W/(m×K)
(thermal conductivity, k) ×
BTU/hr × 0.2931 = W
BTU/hr×ft² × 3.155 = W/m²
BTU/hr×ft²×°F (heat × 5.678 = W/(m²×K)
transfer coefficient, U)
BTU/lb × 2.326 = kJ/kg
BTU/lb×°F (specific
heat, cp) × 4.184 = kJ/(kg×K)
Bushel × 0.03524 = m³
Calorie, gram × 4.187 = J
Calorie, kilogram × 4.187 = kJ
(kilocalorie)
Centipoise, dynamic × 1.00 = mPa×s
viscosity,m
Centistokes, 1.00 = mm²/s
kinematic viscosity, v ×
Dyne/cm² × 0.100 = Pa
EDR hot water × 44.0 = W
(150 BTU/hr)
EDR steam × 70.3 = W
(240 BTU/hr)
Fuel Cost Comparison at 100% eff.
Cents per gallon × 0.0677 = $/GJ
(no. 2 fuel oil)
Cents per gallon × 0.0632 = $/GJ
(no. 6 fuel oil)
Cents per gallon × 0.113 = $/GJ
(propane)
Cents per kwh × 2.78 = $/GJ
Cents per therm × 0.0948 = $/GJ
Continued on next page

125
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Multiply By To Obtain
ft of water × 2.99 = kPa
ft of water per × 0.0981 = =
kPa/m
100 ft of pipe
ft² × 0.09290 = m²
ft²×h×°F/Btu (thermal × 0.176 = m²×K/W
resistance, R)
ft²/s, kinematic × 92 900 = mm²/s
viscosity, v
ft³ × 28.32 = L
ft³ × 0.02832 = m³
ft³/h, cfh × 7.866 = mL/s
ft³/min, CFM × 0.4719 = L/s
ft³/s, cfs × 28.32 = L/s
footcandle × 10.76 = lx
ft×lbf (torque or
× 1.36 = N×m
moment)
ft×lbf (work) × 1.36 = J
ft×lbf / lb (specific
× 2.99 = J/kg
energy)
ft×lbf / min (power) × 0.0226 = W
gallon, US (*231 in³) × 3.7854 = L
gph × 1.05 = mL/s
gpm × 0.0631 = L/s
gpm/ft² × 0.6791 = L/(s×m2)
gpm/ton refrigeration × 0.0179 = mL/J
grain (1/7000 lb) × 0.0648 = g
gr/gal × 17.1 = g/m³
Horsepower (boiler) × 9.81 = kW
Horsepower
(550 ft×lbf/s) × 0.746 = kW
Inch × 25.4 = mm
in of mercury (60°F) × 3.377 = kPa
in of water (60°F) × 248.8 = Pa
in/100 ft (thermal × 0.833 = mm/m
expansion)
in×lbf (torque or
× 113 = mN×m
moment)
in2 × 645 = mm2
Continued on next page

126
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Multiply By To Obtain
in³ (volume) × 16.4 = mL
in³/min (SCIM) × 0.273 = mL/s
in³ (section modulus) × 16 400 = mm³
in4 (section moment) × 416 200 = mm4
km/h × 0.278 = m/s
kWh × *3.60 = MJ
kW/1000 CFM × 2.12 = kJ/m³
kilopond (kg force) × 9.81 = N
kip (1000 lbf) × 4.45 = kN
kip/in2 (ksi) × 6.895 = MPa
Knots × 1.151 = mph
Litre × *0.001 = m³
Micron (mm) of × 133 = mPa
mercury (60°f)
Mile × 1.61 = km
Mile, nautical × 1.85 = km
ft/min, FPM × 0.00508 = m/s
ft/s, fps × 0.3048 = m/s
Mph × 1.61 = km/h
Mph × 0.447 = m/s
Mph × 0.8684 = knots
Millibar × *0.100 = kPa
mm of mercury (60°F) × 0.133 = kPa
mm of water (60°F) × 9.80 = Pa
Ounce (mass, × 28.35 = g
avoirdupois)
Ounce (force of × 0.278 = N
thrust)
Ounce (liquid, U.S.) × 29.6 = mL
Ounce (avoirdupois) × 7.49 = kg/m³
per gallon
Perm (permeance) × 57.45 = ng/(s×m2×Pa)
Perm inch × 1.46 = ng/(s×m×Pa)
(permeability)
Pint (liquid, U.S.) × 473 = mL
lb (mass) × 0.4536 = kg
Continued on next page

127
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Multiply By To Obtain
lb (mass) × 453.6 = g
lbƒ(force or thrust) × 4.45 = N
lb/ft (uniform load) × 1.49 = kg/m
lbm/(ft×h) (dynamic
× 0.413 = mPa×s
viscosity, m)
lbm/(ft×s) (dynamic × 1490 = mPa×s
viscosity, m)
lbƒs/ft² (dynamic
× 47 880 = mPa×s
viscosity, m)
lb/min × 0.00756 = kg/s
lb/h × 0.126 = g/s
lb/h (steam at 212°F) × 0.284 = kW
lbƒ/ft² × 47.9 = Pa
lb/ft² × 4.88 = kg/m2
lb/ft³ (density, p) × 16.0 = kg/m³
lb/gallon × 120 = kg/m³
ppm (by mass) × *1.00 = mg/kg
psi × 6.895 = kPa
Quart (liquid, US) × 0.946 = L
Square (100 ft²) × 9.29 = m2
Tablespoon (approx.) × 15 = mL
Teaspoon (approx.) × 5 = mL
Therm (100,000 Btu) × 105.5 = MJ
Ton, short (2000 lb) × 0.907 = mg; t (tonne)
Ton, refrigeration × 3.517 = kW
(12,000 BTU/hr)
Torr (1 mm Hg at 0°C) × 133 = Pa
Watt per square foot × 10.8 = W/m2
yd × 0.9144 = m
yd2 × 0.836 = m2
yd³ × 0.7646 = m³
Pounds are U.S.
Gallons & Quarts are U.S.
* Conversion factor is exact.

128
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Area & Circumference of Circles
Diameter Circumference
Area (sq. in.) Area (sq. ft.)
(inches) (feet)
1 0.7854 0.0054 0.2618
2 3.142 0.0218 0.5236
3 7.069 0.0491 0.7854
4 12.57 0.0873 1.047
5 19.63 0.1364 1.309
6 28.27 0.1964 1.571
7 38.48 0.2673 1.833
8 50.27 0.3491 2.094
9 63.62 0.4418 2.356
10 78.54 0.5454 2.618
11 95.03 0.6600 2.880
12 113.1 0.7854 3.142
13 132.7 0.9218 3.403
14 153.9 1.069 3.665
15 176.7 1.227 3.927
16 201.0 1.396 4.189
17 227.0 1.576 4.451
18 254.7 1.767 4.712
19 283.5 1.969 4.974
20 314.2 2.182 5.236
21 346.3 2.405 5.498
22 380.1 2.640 5.760
23 415.5 2.885 6.021
24 452.4 3.142 6.283
25 490.9 3.409 6.545
26 530.9 3.687 6.807
27 572.5 3.976 7.069
28 615.7 4.276 7.330
29 660.5 4.587 7.592
30 706.8 4.909 7.854
31 754.7 5.241 8.116
32 804.2 5.585 8.378
33 855.3 5.940 8.639
34 907.9 6.305 8.901
35 962.1 6.681 9.163
36 1017.8 7.069 9.425
37 1075.2 7.467 9.686
38 1134.1 7.876 9.948
Continued on next page

129
Formulas & Conversion Factors

Diameter Circumference
Area (sq. in.) Area (sq. ft.)
(inches) (feet)
39 1194.5 8.296 10.210
40 1256.6 8.727 10.47
41 1320.2 9.168 10.73
42 1385.4 9.621 10.99
43 1452.2 10.08 11.26
44 1520.5 10.56 11.52
45 1590.4 11.04 11.78
46 1661.9 11.54 12.04
47 1734.9 12.05 12.30
48 1809.5 12.57 12.57
49 1885.7 13.09 12.83
50 1963.5 13.64 13.09
51 2043 14.19 13.35
52 2124 14.75 13.61
53 2206 15.32 13.88
54 2290 15.90 14.14
55 2376 16.50 14.40
56 2463 17.10 14.66
57 2552 17.72 14.92
58 2642 18.35 15.18
59 2734 18.99 15.45
60 2827 19.63 15.71
61 2922 20.29 15.97
62 3019 20.97 16.23
63 3117 21.65 16.49
64 3217 22.34 16.76
65 3318 23.04 17.02
66 3421 23.76 17.28
67 3526 24.48 17.54
68 3632 25.22 17.80
69 3739 25.97 18.06
70 3848 26.73 18.33
71 3959 27.49 18.59
72 4072 28.27 18.85
73 4185 29.07 19.11
74 4301 29.87 19.37
75 4418 30.68 19.63
76 4536 31.50 19.90
Continued on next page

130
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Area & Circumference of Circles (cont.)
Diameter Circumference
Area (sq. in.) Area (sq. ft.)
(inches) (feet)
77 4657 32.34 20.16
78 4778 33.18 20.42
79 4902 34.04 20.68
80 5027 34.91 20.94
81 5153 35.78 21.21
82 5281 36.67 21.47
83 5411 37.57 21.73
84 5542 38.48 21.99
85 5675 39.41 22.25
86 5809 40.34 22.51
87 5945 41.28 22.78
88 6082 42.24 23.04
89 6221 43.20 23.30
90 6362 44.18 23.56
91 6504 45.17 23.82
92 6648 46.16 24.09
93 6793 47.17 24.35
94 6940 48.19 24.61
95 7088 49.22 24.87
96 7238 50.27 25.13
97 7390 51.32 25.39
98 7543 52.38 25.66
99 7698 53.46 25.92
100 7855 54.54 26.18

Circle Formulas
π x d(in)²
Area (square inches) = π x r(in)² =
4
π x r(in)² π x d(in)²
Area (square feet) = =
144 576
π × d(in)
Circumference (feet) =
12
Where:
d = Diameter
r = Radius

131
Formulas & Conversion Factors
Fractions of an Inch
Decimal and Metric Equivalents
Inches Inches Inches Inches
mm mm
Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal
1/64 0.01562 0.397 33/64 0.51562 13.097
1/32 0.03125 0.794 17/32 0.53125 13.494
3/64 0.04688 1.191 35/64 0.54688 13.891
1/16 0.06250 1.588 9/16 0.56250 14.288
5/64 0.07812 1.984 37/64 0.57812 14.684
3/32 0.09375 2.381 19/32 0.59375 15.081
7/64 0.10938 2.778 39.64 0.60938 15.478
1/8 0.12500 3.175 5/8 0.62500 15.875
9/64 0.14062 3.572 41/64 0.64062 16.272
5/32 0.15625 3.969 21/32 0.65625 16.669
11/64 0.17188 4.366 43/64 0.67188 17.066
3/16 0.18750 4.763 11/16 0.68750 17.463
13/64 0.20312 5.159 45/64 0.70312 17.859
7/32 0.21875 5.556 23/32 0.71875 18.256
15/64 0.23438 5.953 47/64 0.73438 18.653
1/4 0.25000 6.350 3/4 0.75000 19.050
17/64 0.26562 6.747 49/64 0.76562 19.447
9/32 0.28125 7.144 25/32 0.78125 19.844
19/64 0.29688 7.541 51/64 0.79688 20.241
5/16 0.31250 7.938 13/16 0.81250 20.638
21/64 0.32812 8.334 53/64 0.82812 21.034
11/32 0.34375 8.731 27.32 0.84375 21.431
23/64 0.35938 9.128 55/64 0.85938 21.828
3/8 0.37500 9.525 7/8 0.87500 22.225
25/64 0.39062 9.922 57/64 0.89062 22.622
13/32 0.40625 10.319 29/32 0.90625 23.019
27/64 0.42188 10.716 59/64 0.92188 23.416
7/16 0.43750 11.113 15/16 0.93750 23.813
29/64 0.45312 11.509 61/64 0.95312 24.209
15/32 0.46875 11.906 31/32 0.96875 24.606
31/64 0.48438 12.303 63/64 0.98438 25.004
1/2 0.50000 12.700 1/1 1.00000 25.400

132
 Pyschrometric Chart
Formulas & Conversion Factors
15.
133

0
50

Humidity Ratio (W) - Pounds moisture per pound dry air

Vol
ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No.1 A
IR .028 60

.
RY

CU
Normal Temperature
D 45
.026
Barometric Pressure: 29.921 Inches of Summary F

FT
O .024
Copyright 1992
D 80° 55

per
F
U 40 °
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration N 80° .022
- We

LB
PO E
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. tB
R ulb
R3 U Tem .020

dry
PE 5 AT
p

90
ER 50
.018
TU

air
B 30 P 70°
-
EM

14.
.016

%
h) T

70
(
N 45

5
Y .014
LP 25 I O
A AT 60° 50
% .012
TH R

14.
EN 20 TU .010 40
SA 50°

0
.008
15 30%

13.
40° ity .006
umid 35

5
tive H
Rela
13.

.004
10%
12.

.002
5

30
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Reduced from ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 Dry Bulb Temp F°