What you will learn …. ?
What is scattering ?
Types of scattering
Raleigh scattering
Geometric Scattering
Mie Scattering
Lapse Rate
Pressure variation with height
Earth Heat Emission
Albedo
What is scattering?
To cause to separate and go in different directions.
To distribute loosely by or as if by sprinkling; strew.
Physics To deflect (radiation or particles).
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Total scattering of visible light
D/ λ Particles Size D ( µm) Type Phenomeno
n
<1 Air molecules 0.0001 to Rayleigh Blue Sky, red
0.001 sunsets
Aerosols (smog) 0.01 to 1.0 Mie Brown smog
≈1
>1 Cloud droplets 10 to 100 Geometric White clouds
Type of scattering
The scattering of electromagnetic radiation by
particles with dimensions much smaller than
the wavelength of the radiation
The theory reduces to Rayleigh scattering for
small particles, and to geometric scattering for
large particles. Unfortunately, smog particles
are of middle size, so no simplification of Mie
theory is possible.
When the particles are relatively large (like
cloud droplets) light reflects from them
according to geometric optics. Because all
wavelengths are reflected equally, clouds looks
white when illuminated by white sunlight.
Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh scattering
The ratio of scattered intensity of radiation Iscat to the incident radiation intensity
I0 (S) is
Air refractive index
a = 1.59 x 10-23 kg
I scat a − ( nair − 1) 2
S= = 1 − exp − x
I0 ρλ 4
Air density x is the path length of
light through the air
Air refractive index
incident reflection
θ1 θ1
refraction
θ2
x is the path length of
light through the air
Lapse Rate
When an air parcel moves to an
environment of lower pressure
(without heat exchange with
surrounding air) its volume increases.
Vertical displacements of air are the
major cause of adiabatic temperature
changes.
The rate at which temperature
decreases in a rising, expanding air
parcel is called the adiabatic lapse
rate.
Lapse Rate
The decrease of temperature with height is known as Lapse Rate. The types of
lapse rates are environmental Lapse Rate and Process (or dry) Lapse Rate.
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
An air parcel that rises adiabatically with no cloud formation (dry)
experiences a temperature change given by
vertical thickness
sensible heat (in J)
g ∆QH
∆T = − ∆Z +
Cp mair C p
Cp (dry)=1004.67 Jkg-1K-1
mass of air
Thus, the dry adiabatic lapse rate for a rising air parcel Γd = 9.8 K / km
For wet (or environmental) lapse rate, Γ d = 6.5K / km
Lapse Rate
In terms of pressure (P)
Rd / CP Rd / CP
∆T ∆P T2 P2
= Or =
T P T1 P1
Rd = 287.053 JK −1 kg −1 = 0.287053 kPa K −1 m3 kg −1 gas constant for dry air.
Where the pressure
P= ρ Rd T
Pressure variation with height
−(Mg/ RT)h
P=Pe
o
M=28.8x10−3 kgmol−1
g =9.8ms−2
R=8.314Jmol−1K−1
T =273K
5 −1.24x10−4h
∴ P=1.01x10 (pa)e (12)
Earth Heat Emission
Earth Heat Emission
The wavelength of the peak emission is given by Wien’s law :
2897 µ mK
λmax = (in µ m)
T ( inK )
The total emission of heat from earth is given by (power of four equation) :
( )
E = σ T 4 = 5.67 x 10−8 Wm −2 K −4 T 4 ( K ) (15)
In general
aλ + rλ + tλ = 1
absorbtivity
transmissivity
reflectivity
And hence
Eλ inco min g = Eλ absorbed + Eλ reflected + Eλ transmitted
Albedo
The ratio of total reflected rays to total incident rays is called Albedo
α
Surface
Snow, Fresh 75-95
Snow, old 35-75
Soil (dark) 6–8
(light) 16-18
Granite 12-18
Cloud, thin 20-65
Road, asphalt 5-15
Concrete 15-37
Cotton 20-22
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pg
Grass 26
Water, Sea 5-20
Summary
I scat a − (nair − 1) 2
S= = 1 − exp − x
I0 ρλ 4
Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Rd / CP
g ∆QH ∆T ∆P
Rd / CP
T2 P2
∆T = − ∆Z + Also = Or =
Cp mair C p T P T1 P1
Pressure variation with height
mg h
5 −1.24×10 −4 h
P = Po e RT
Pa Also P = 1.01×10 Pa e
Wien’s law
2897 µ mK
λmax = (in µ m)
T ( inK )
Total emission of heat from earth
(
E = σT 4 = 5.67 ×10 −8 wm −2 k −4 T 4 (k ) )