Listen-speak-read – write
Sentence: Whenever we will find any sentence-ending punctuation (!, . & ?), the immediately preceding
part will be called a sentence.
1. I love you.
2. You hate me.
3. I love you but you hate me.
Clause: It is a part of a sentence that can also be used as a complete sentence.
IC: Clause + . = sentence
DC: Clause + . ≠ sentence
*adj/relative clause
*restrictive
*non-restrictive
*adv clause
*noun clause
1IC + 0DC = simple sentence
IC >1 + 0DC = compound sentence
IC≥1 + DC≥1 = complex sentence
Note: clause is the ultimate controller of a sentence. When a clause is reduced, it turns into a phrase.
Unfortunately, a phrase has no control over the structure of a sentence.
1 IC + adj phrase + adj phrase = simple
Linker: a linker links between two sentences.
Conjunction: it does the rest.
And, or, so, yet, but
As yet, nonetheless, nevertheless, consequently, as a result, however, moreover….
I love you. But/consequently, you hate me.
I love you. You, but/consequently, hate me.
I love you. You hate me, but/consequently.
1. I love you, but you hate me.
2. I love you; consequently, you hate me.
3. I love you; you, but/consequently, hate me.
4. I love you; you hate me, but/consequently.
I love you; you hate me.
I love you but – you hate me.
I love you – you hate me.
Suman – to learn English – went to him.
Complex sentence
Adj clause
Adj: it modifies a noun. It immediately precedes the noun that it modifies.
Noun: it generalizes any concept.
Adj clause: it is a clause that is used as an adj in a sentence given. In general, it modifies
a noun. It immediately follows the noun that it modifies, in general.
Noun Phrase: it is a combination of words that is used as a noun.
Suman teaches English at night. (Sub, obj & the object preposition)
Suman ----------------- teaches English ------------------ .
Suman teaches it.
A student of IBA teaches English.
He teaches a very difficult subject.
Smart Boy
Smart girl
Adj Clause
Suman who is a student of IBA teaches English that/which is an international language.
Suman whom I love much teaches English that/which I love much.
Suman whom I rely on teaches English that/which global business depends on.
Suman whose address I know teaches English whose history is really obscure.
*he is a student of IBA. **it is an international language.
*I love him much. **I love it much.
*I rely on him. **global business depends on it.
*I know his address. ** its history is really obscure.
I Know his address.
It was morning when my father came in.
*my father came in the morning.
It is Dhaka where my father live in.
*my father lives in Dhaka.
Who/whom/that/which/when/where
The Padma multipurpose bridge that/which will connect Dhaka to the southern territory of our
land that/which has been witnessing a vast history of negligence and poverty has been
inaugurated.
Ha ate rice of Barisal at night.
We saw an attack on the building.
*it will connect Dhaka to the southern territory of our land that/which has been witnessing a vast
history of negligence and poverty. ----------------------
It has been witnessing a vast history of negligence and poverty.
Suman who is a student of IBA that/which is a very prestigious institution teaches English.
He is a student of IBA that/which is a very prestigious institution.
It is a very prestigious institution.