Unit 1.

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Chapter 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1.1 Graph Exponential Functions

Key Concept

x y

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Basic Examples
1. Graph
a)    b)    c)   
x y x y x y

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

x y

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept
2. Transformation of Functions
Common Transformation Rules

     ⇒           

y=-f(X) : reflection over x-axis
1. Reflection
y=f(-x) : reflection over y-axis

y=Af(x)
2. Vertical |A|>1 vertical stretch by |A|
Stretch/Shrink |A|<1 vertical shrink by |A|
If A<0 -> ①Reflection then ②Vertical Stretch/Shrink

y=f(1/Bx)
3. Horizontal horizontal shrink by   
Stretch/Shrink horizontal stretch by   
If B<0 -> ①Reflection then ②Stretch/Shrink

1)        : Horizontal Shift (left / right)

4. Translation
2)        : Vertical Shift (up/down)

Table
x y      

=>

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1. Graph
a)    

->

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

2. Graph

 
a)    

->

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

3. Graph
a)       

->

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


    
General form :    

1.

   

a)       
Table

->

Graph

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

b)

Table

->

Graph

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

c)

Table

->

Graph

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

d)

Table

->

Graph

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

Problem Solving
1.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

2.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

3.

4.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

Problem Solving
1.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

3 Solve Linear Systems Algebraically

Key Concept

Basic Examples

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

6.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

6. Application of Exponential Functions

               

Modeling
equation <=> interpretation
a : initial
  

 
  
b times / every c units of x <=>        =>      or    


rate of growth(or decay)=r

half-life : In radioactivity, the interval of time required for one-half of the atomic material of
a radioactive to decay

 
      <=> c : half-life

rate of decay=r

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1.
Determine the exponential function with initial value = 1200, increasing rate of 8% per year.

2.
Suppose a culture of 100 bacteria is put into a petri dish and the culture doubles every hour.
Predict when the number of bacteria will be 350,000

3.
Suppose a culture of 100 bacteria is put into a petri dish and the culture triples every 8
hours. Predict when the number of bacteria will be 350,000

4.
Suppose the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 300 years and there are 5g
present initially. Find the time when there will be a 1g of the substance remaining.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

5.
a) Find the a formula of exponential growth model passes (21,150) and (28, 300)

b) Find the a formula of exponential growth model passes (10,200) and (15, 400)

c) Find the a formula of exponential growth model passes (9,32) and (12,64)

d) Find the a formula of exponential growth model passes (15,60) and (20,40)

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Half Life Style Question.

1. Given : initial=7g and half-life=35 years then

a) find the equation.

b) find the rate of decay.

c) find the amount after 100 years.

d) when the amount will be 1g

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


 
2. Given :       y:mg x:hrs

a) find the initial

b) find the half-life

c) find the rate of decay

d) find the amount after 2 days.

e) when the amount will be 1 mg

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

3. Given two points (10,30) and (15,20) x: days y:kg

a) find the equation   

b) find the initial

c) find the rate of decay

d) find the half-life

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

1) Population Growth
                    

    

        ln  

Example 1.
Suppose a culture of 100 bacteria is put into a petri dish. After 8 hours, the number of
bacteria is 450. Assume that the number of bacteria can be modeled by the following function
   , where t is the number of hours since the bacteria is put into the dish.
a) Find the function.

b) Predict when the number of bacteria will be 35,000

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

example2.

Scientists use this process to help determine the age of fossils. All living creatures absorb
Carbon-14, a radioactive substance. After death, the Carbon-14 stops being absorbed and the
amount in the body begins to decay. When a bone is dug up centuries later, scientists measure
the amount of Carbon-14 remaining. They can then determine how long ago the animal was alive.
The half-life of Carbon-14 is 5730 years. This means that after 5730 years 50% of the
original amount remains.

a) What percentage would remain after another 5730 years? Another 5730 years?

b) Write an equation in the form    where y is the percent of Carbon-14 remaining after
x years have elapsed since the creature died. (Hint: The half-life gives you a point on the
curve so you can solve for k).

c) A bone found in western Wyoming is found to have 78% of its original Carbon-14.
Approximately how old is the bone?

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Example 3.

Suppose a culture of 250 bacteria is put into a petri dish. After 2 years, the number of
bacteria is 300. Assume that the number of bacteria can be modeled by the following function
   , where t is the number of hours since the bacteria is put into the dish.

a) Find the function.

b) Write an equation in form of   

c) Find the number of bacteria after 5 years

d) Predict when the number of bacteria will be 350,000

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

4 Evaluate Logarithms and Graph Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

Basic Examples

5.

Key Concept

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Basic Examples
6. Evaluate the logarithm
a) log

b) ln


c) log



d) log 


 
e) log 


f) log 



g) log

h) log 

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

Basic Examples
1.

2.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

x y

Domain
Range
x-int
y-int
Asymptote

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Basic Examples
2. Graph
a)   log b)   log c)   log
x y x y x y

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Log Function
A) Basic form :   log b>1
Graph Table

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Vertical Asymptote :

B) Basic form :   log 0<b<1

Graph Table

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Vertical Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Log Function
C) General form :    log     

Graph Table

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Vertical Asymptote :

D) General form :    log      

Graph Table

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Vertical Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


   log      


2. Graph
a)   log    

Parent transformed
x y x y

=>

Domain
Range
x-intercept(s)
y-intercept
Any asymptote

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

b)

Table

->

Graph

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

c)

Table

->

Graph

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

d)

Table

->

Graph

Domain :
Range :
X-intercept :
Y-intercept :
Asymptote :

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept
1) log  log  log

2) log   log  log

3) log    log

Basic Examples
1.

4. expand the expression.

  
a) log 



b) log 


    
c) log   




d) log   
    

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

e) log
   


   
f) log 


5. Condense the expression.

a) log  log  log  log


b)  ln  ln  ln


c) log   log  log   log

d)   log    log

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept

6.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

6 Solve Exponential and Logarithmic Equation

Key Concept
1)    ⇒ 
2) log  log  ⇒ 
log ln
3)    ⇒   log    
log ln
4) log   ⇒   

Basic Examples


4.    5.    6.   


7.     

8.        

9.      

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


10.    
  

11.

12.

13. solve log  log     

14.

15.

16.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

17.

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

2. Evaluate the logarithm

a) log

b) ln


c) log



d) log 


 
e) log 


f) log 



g) log

h) log 

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept


c. ln

 
d. ln  

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Key Concept
log
1)    ⇒   log  
log
2)    k>0
 
a)  ±   when n : even
b)    when n : odd


   k<0
 
a) Imaginary solution  ±   when n : even
 
b)   when n : odd
3) log   ⇒   

4)              
log
  log  

example)

1.   

2.       

3.         


4.        


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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

5. log  

6. log       


7.  ln        



8.  ln 
    


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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

4. Find inverse function.

Rule!!
1) Inverse function of exponential function
=>

D:
R:
2) Inverse function of logarithmic function
=>

D:
R:

a) find     when            state D & R.


   
b) find    when           state D & R.


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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


c) find     when      log    state D & R.



d) find     when      ln         state D & R.


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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

6. Solve the equation.


1)     





2) log     log


3)     





   
4)   


5)           

6) ln  ln      

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 Unit 1. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7) ln  ln      

8) log   log      

9) ln      ln      ln

10) log     log       

11) log  log      

Sung Kwang Kim (Mobile : 010-9961-0603) 51