P.I.
100 Indios
SLM 1: LESSON 2 - people having pure blood Filipino
which ruled by the Spaniards.
THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT
SOCIAL STRUCTURE DURING THE
During the Spanish Regime, INDIOS
SPANISH REVOLUTION
(parehong Pilipino ang magulang at ang
sanggol ay ipinanganak sa Pilipinas) are
those natives of the Philippines and
inhabitants with Spanish bloods either
called Peninsulares (sa Espanya
ipinanganak ang sanggol at parehong
Kastila ang mga magulang), Insulares
(parehong Kastila ang mga magulang
pero ipinanganak sa Pilipinas ang THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
sanggol) , Creoles (binubuo ng dalawa o AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT
higit pang lahi at ipinanganak sa Jose Rizal
Pilipinas).
- grew up in the 19th cnetury, an age of
Peninsulares vast changes in Europe, Spain, and the
- full Spanish Blood who were born in Philippines.
Spain and settled in the country 19th Century
occupied the highest class in the society
and the positions in the Philippine - period of the glory and power of Spain
Government. They built their community and spread in many parts of the globe.
inside the Intramuros and enjoyed all Social Scientists considered the 19th
the privileges in the country. century as the birth of modern life as
Insulares well as the birth of many nation-states
around the globe.
- Spaniars born in the Philippines where
they are belonging in the second class. It is the birth of modernity precipitated
by 3 great revolutions around the
Creoles world:
- mixture of the Spanish and the 1. Industrial Revolution in England
natives.
- an economic revolution which new breed of influential and
started with the invention of the steam wealthy Filipino middle class. This
engine and resulted in the use of class is composed of Spanish and
equipment in the manufacturing sector Chinese Mestizos that gain a
in the series of Europe. position of power in the Filipino
community.
- a process of change from an
agrarian and handicraft economy to one iii. Machinery was established that
dominated by industry and machine has a great use for farming.
manufacturing.
2. French Revolution in France
- a period of political and social
upheaval and radical change in the
history of France during which the
French Governmental structure was
transformed from absolute monarchy
with feudal privileges for the rich and
- started in the west that had a clergy to a more democratic
consequence to the Philippines government based on the principles of
economy. It took place between the citizenship and inalienable rights.
middle of the 18th century and the
middle of 19th century that might be
called an “agricultural revolution”.
The new economic system created
opportunities to encourage Spain in
1834 to open the Philippine economy to
world commerce.
The French Revolution effect reached
the Spain in the 19th century. Spain
THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL experiences a turbulent century of
REVOLUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES political disturbances during this era
which included a numerous change in
i. New ports and cities were built. parliament and constitution.
ii. Foreign industry increased
rapidly. According to Agoncillo
(1990), it resulted in the rise of a
ideas from America borne by ships and
men from foreign ports began to reach
the country and influenced illusttrados.
3. American Revolution THE CHURCH IN THE 19TH CENTURY
- political upheaval during the last The Catholic Church in Europe was the
half of the 18th century in which the 13 most powerful institution in Europe.
colonies of North America overthrew
The union of the Church and State has
the rule of British Empire and rejected
identified the church with the monarchy
the British monarchy to make the US of
and aristocracy since the middle ages.
America a sovereign nation.
- the colonies first rejected the The French saw the church as a threat to
authority of British Parliament the newly formed Republican state, and
Government without representation Bismarck of Germany also saw it as a
and form self-governing independent threat to the unified German Empire.
states.
In Spain, the liberals considered the
- gives the world the idea that church as an enemy of reforms.
colonized people/country can gain their
independence form their colonizers.
Indirectly, the American Revolution had,
in a way, inspired Filipino reformists like
Rizal to aspire for freedom and
independence.
When Spain opened the Philippines to
World Trade in the 19th century, liberal
Anti-clericalism MISSIONARY STRATEGIES
- historical movement that opposes 1. Spread the gospel using the local
religious institutional power and languages: Ilocano, Pangasinan,
influence in public and political life. Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano,
Ilonggo, Cebuano-Bisaya, Waray
2. Bajo de la Campana: churches built in
FRAILOCRACY (RULE OF THE FRIARS)
the towns and people required to live
The friars (Augustinians, Dominicans, near them
and Franciscans) controlled the
3. Prohibited Animistic Practices:
religious and educational life of the
ancient altars and icons destroyed, and
Philippines, and later in the 19th century,
native priests captured and banished or
they came to acquire tremendous
killed
political power, influence, and riches.
4. Introduced Catholic Rituals and
Celebrations: mass, baptism, confessin,
anointing of sick, fiestas, Christmas, Holy
Week
According to Zaide (1999), the friars is
the real ruler not the elected
“gobernadorcillo.”
DIVIDING THE COUNTRY INTO THE FIVE The friars were the supervisor of the
MISSIONARY ORDERS local elections, the inspector of the
1. Augustinians: Central and Southern schools, the arbiters of morals, and the
Luzon, Ilocos, Cebu and Panay censors of books and stage shows.
2. Franciscans: Bicol
3. Jesuits: the Visayas, except Cebu and THE BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Panay The strengthening power of the friars in
4. Dominicans: Northern Luzon, except the 19th century has encouraged the
Ilocos nationalist to double their efforts to win
the people in their side.
5. Augustinian Recollects: Northern
Mindanao
● The effect of this event made a
contact with the outside world,
broadened the people’s minds, and
made conscious of the evils of
Spain’s colonial administration.
The 19th century saw the flowering of
2. The Rise of an Enlighted Middle Class
the national spirit stimulated by the
following inflluences: ● From the enlightened middle class
came the leading intellectuals of the
1. The Opening of the Philippines to
country and the patriots of the
World Trade
propaganda movement who stirred
● It was Europe adopting a more the Philippines into a revolution, like
liberal commercial policy. Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
Jose Ma. Panganiban, Mariono
● They permit foreign firms to do
Ponce, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Luna
business in Manila.
Brothers (Antonio and Juan) and Dr.
● In 1809, the first English Firm was Pedro A. Paterno.
established in the city.
● Manila was opened to foreign trade
● By 1859, there were 15 international which brought prosperity to the
firms in Manila, of which 7 were Filipinos and Chinese mestizo
English, 3 of American, 2 French, 2 resulting to the existence of middle
Swiss, and 1 German. class.
● In 1834, Manila officially opened to 3. The Spanish Revolution of 1868
World Trade.
● The revolution broke out in Cadiz,
● The opening of the World brought Spain against the autocratic rule of
Material Progress in the different Queen Isabella II. It is led by two
areas in the Philippines where able generals - Serrano and Prim.
agricultural products become in
● The triumph of liberalism in Spain
demand and brought prosperity in
echoed in their colonies across the
the provincial elite and this
sea. Colonial officials with the
development made them capable of
democratic views were sent to
sending their children to universities
Manila, and the Filipinos soon
in Manila and in Spain.
enjoyed the blessings denied to them
before like religious toleration, and exile of Spain’s legitimate monarch,
freedom of assembly, freedom of Ferdinand VII, in 1808.
speech, and freedom of the press.
Its controversial restriction of
aristocratic and clerical privileges
encouraged and strengthened liberal
political arguments and emphasized the
THE LACK OF REPRESENTATIVE OF THE function and rights of local and
FILIPINOS IN THE SPANISH CORTES provincial governments in making
decisions for themselves, opposing
One of the political reforms of Rizal was
traditional elites.
the asking of the permission to have a
representation of the Filipinos in the The central idea behind the constitution
Spanish Cortes. was that sovereignty resided in the
nation, which alone had the right to
For Rizal, having a representative in the
establish fundamental laws. Its makers
Spanish Cortes could be the way to have
hoped ro correct the abuses of absolute
laws that would protect the interest of
monarchy without rejecting traditional
the Filipinos and could elevate their
features of Spanish Law.
situation under the law.
4. The Opening of the Suez Canal
● The opening of the Suez Canal on
November 17, 1869 greatly affected
the course of the Philippine History.
● The opening of the Suez Canal in
Egypt, one of the most important
CONSTITUTION OF 1812 or also known artificial sea-level waterways in the
as “Cadiz Constitution” world, paved the way for the
Philippines’ direct commercial
The Political Constitution of the Spanish
relations with Spain instead of via
Monarchy, promulgated on 18 March
Mexico.
1812 by the Cortes of Cadiz, defined
Spanish and Spanish-American liberalism
for the early nineteenth century.
Manila Galleon. Spanish sailing vessel
It was a response to the constitutional that made an annual round trip (one
crisis caused by the forced abdication vessel per year) across the Pacific
between Manila, in the Philippines, and
Acapulco, in present Mexico.
During the heyday of the Galleon Trade,
Manila became on of the world’s great
ports, serving as a focus for trade
between China and Europe.
RESULTS OF THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ
CANAL:
a. Philippines became closer to Europe
and Spain;
b. European travelers come to our
The canal was built by Ferdinand de country;
Lesseps, a Frenchmen that connects the
c. Exodus of liberal ideas from Europe
Red Sea and Mediterranean linking
to the Philippines; and
Europe and Orient closer.
d. More Educated and young Filipinos
The Suez Canal was often called the
were able to study abroad.
“crossroads of Europe, Africa and Asia”
because the route was used to transport
goods to and from all three continents.
INFLUX OF LIBERAL IDEAS
It shortened the sailing period between
The ships that came to the open ports of
Barcelona and Manila.
the Philippines via the Suez Canal carried
with them men of liberal ideas from
America and Europe.
Burgos and his compatriots agitated for
the Filipinization of the parishes.
- abolished flogging as a
punishment
They brought newspaper and books that THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872
contained the rational thoughts of
Montesquieu, Rousseau, Locke, Stuart, Rafael de Izquierdo
Mill, Jefferson, Madison, as well as the
democratic ideologies of the American
and French Republics: liberty, religious
freedom, democracy, human rights such
as suffrage, freedom of speech, press
and form associations and assemblies.
General Carlos Maria De La Torre
- replaced Gov. De La Torre.
● On January 20, 1872, 200 Filipinos
employed at the Cavite Arsenal,
staged a revolt against the Spanish
Government.
● They cancelled the benefits enjoyed
by the Filipino soldiers in Cavite like
the exemption in tribute and personal
services resulted to the unrest of the
- new general of Manila after the laborers in the Cavite Arsenal.
fall of Queen Isabela II. ● About 200 Filipino soldiers and
- throughout his 2 years of term, workers in Fort San Felipe mutinied,
he eliminated the censorship of the under the leadership of Sgt.
press and fostered free discussion of Fernando La Madrid; caused by
political problems, which right was Izquierdo’s abolition of the exemption
guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. of the Filipino workers from polo and
Because of the liberal policy, Father paying tributes; mutineers were able
to kill the fort commander and some Father Jose P. Burgos
soldiers; mutiny leaders and
- youngest among the three and a
participants were arrested and shot
friend of Paciano (brother of Rizal). He
to death.
became the leader of the secularization
movement after the death of the father
of secularization, Father Pedro Palaez,
THE MARTYRDOM OF THE GOMBURZA
and he is the head priest of Manila
On February 17, 1872, Father Jose Cathedral. He wrote essays which
Apolonio Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and contradicts to the Regular or Spanish
Jacinto Zamora together with their co- Clergy and his writings and active
accused Zaldua, were escorted under leadership made him part of the list of
heavy guard from Fort Santiago to the Spanish priests.
Luneta.
They were charged of sedition and
rebellion due to the false testimony of
Francisco Zaldua (former Bicolano
soldier and was bribed by the Spanish
prosecutors to implicate them as the
masterminds of the mutiny).
Father Mariano Gomez Father Meliton Martinez
- head priest of Bacoor, the second
richest parish in Cavite in terms of the
tributes collected. He helped the Filipino
to have voice in Rome for the issue of
secularization movement. He helped the
Cavite and Batangas for the issue of
tribe.
Father Jacinto Zamora - liberal archbishop of Manila
during the execution of GOMBURZA
- head priest of Marikina, he was
also part of the secularization movement - refused to defrock the three
and supported the struggle of Filipino priests
priest for equality and opportunity to
lead a church.
- ordered the continuous tolling of
bells during the execution.