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Science syllabus content:

Unit 1: Chemical Reaction.

Lesson 1: Chemical Combination Summery. 3

Lesson 1: Chemical Combination Exercise. 6

Lesson 2: Chemical Compounds Summery. 12

Lesson 2: Chemical Compound Exercise. 15

Lesson 3: Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions Summery. 20

Lesson 3: Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions Exercise. 22

Unit 2: Force and Motion.

Lesson 1: Fundamental Forces in Nature Summery. 27

Lesson 1: Fundamental Forces in Nature Exercise. 29

Lesson 2: Accompanied Forces to Motion Summery. 34

Lesson 2: Accompanied Forces to Motion Exercise. 36

Lesson 3: Motion Summery. 39

Lesson 3: Motion Exercise. 41

Unit 3: Earth and Universe.

Lesson 1: The Celestial Bodies Summery. 45
Lesson 1: The Celestial Bodies Exercise. 47

Lesson 2: The Earth Summery. 51

Lesson 2: The Earth Exercise. 53

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Lesson 3: Rocks and Minerals Summery. 58

Lesson 3: Rocks and Minerals Exercise. 60

Final Examination 64

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 Unit 1 Lesson 1

Chemical Combination
Matter is composed of molecules and each molecule consists
of very smaller units called atoms.
The number of known elements up till now is 118 elements.

Elements can be classified according to their

properties and electronic structure into:

1) Metals:
They are the elements which have less than four electrons in the outermost shell
and have luster, they are good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and
ductile.
2) Nonmetals:
They are the elements which have more than four electrons in the outermost shell
and have no luster, they are bad conductors of heat and electricity (except
graphite), not malleable or ductile.

3) Noble (inert) gases:

They are the elements which don't participate in any chemical reaction in ordinary
conditions due to the completeness of their outermost energy levels with
electrons.
Ion: It is the atom of an element which loses or gains an electron or more during
the chemical reaction.

3
Positive ion: It is an atom of a metallic element that loses an electron or more
during the chemical reaction.

Na (neutral atom) Na + (sodium positive ion)

Negative ion: It is an atom of a nonmetallic element that gains an electron or
more during the chemical reaction.

O (neutral atom) O -2 (oxygen negative ion)

Chemical bonds

1 - Ionic bond
It is a bond that is resulted from the electrical attraction between
a positive ion and a negative ion. (Ex: NaCl & MgO)

2 - Covalent bond: It is a bond that is resulted among the atoms of non-

metals through sharing of each atom with a number of electrons to complete the
outer electron shell of each of them.

Types of covalent bonds

4
1) Single covalent bond (-)
It is a chemical bond which arises between two nonmetal atoms by sharing of one
pair of electrons, where each atom shares with one electron. [Ex.: H2 & H20)

2) Double covalent bond (=)

It is a chemical bond which arises between two nonmetal atoms by sharing of two
pairs of electrons, where each atom shares with two electrons. [Ex.: O2]

3) Triple covalent bond (≡)

It is a chemical bond which arises between two nonmetal atoms by sharing of
three pairs of electrons, where each atom shares with three electrons. [Ex.: N2]

5
 Unit 1 Lesson 1

Chemical Combination Exercise

1) Choose the correct answer:
1. The number of known elements up till now is…………………. elements.
a.92
b.118
c.121
d.211
2. When an atom of an element loses one electron or more, it changes into…………
a. a negative ion.
b. a positive ion.
c. a neutral atom.
d. no correct answer.
3. Which of the following figures represents the structure of sodium ion?
Fig. (…………)

4. When an atom is changed into an ion, the ………………… is changed.

a. number of protons
b. number of electrons
c. number of neutrons
d. mass number

6
5. During the chemical reaction, a magnesium atom (12Mg) loses its outer
electrons and changes into ………………………
a. Mg+
b. Mg-
c. Mg+2
d. Mg-2
6. All of nonmetals don't conduct electricity except……………..
a. bromine.
b. aluminium.
c. graphite.
d. nitrogen.
7. All the following are properties of inert gases except ……………………..
a. they don't participate in chemical reactions.
b. their outermost electron shells are completely filled.
c. they form negative ions.
d. their molecules consist of one single atom.
8. During the formation of a sodium chloride molecule, sodium atom ...…………
a. gains one electron from chlorine atom.
b. gives one electron to chlorine atom.
c. gains two electrons from chlorine atom.
d. gives two electrons to chlorine atom.
9. During the formation of a magnesium oxide molecule, oxygen atom changes
into ……………….
a. positive ion and carries one positive charge.
b. negative ion and carries one negative charge.

7
c. positive ion and carries two positive charges.
d. negative ion and carries two negative charges.
10. All of the following are examples of single covalent bonds except…………….
a. H2
b. HCl
c. N2
d. H2O
11. All of the following are covalent molecules except………….
a. H2O
b. MgO
c. HCl
d. O2

2) Write the scientific term:

1- Elements have luster, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and
ductile and they contain less than 4 electrons in outer most energy level.
(………………)
2- The only non-metal that exists in a liquid state. (………………)
3- An atom gives an electron or more during the chemical reaction. (………………)
4- An atom gains or loses an electron or more during the chemical reaction.
(………………)
5- An atom gains one electron or more during the chemical reaction. (………………)
6- An atom that doesn’t give or gain any electrons. (………………)
7- A bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a
negative ion. (………………)

8
8- A bond arises between two hydrogen atoms, where each atom shares with one
electron. (………………)
9- A bond resulting from the participation of each of the two atoms with three
electrons. (………………)

3) Complete the following statements:

1- The positive ion carries a number of positive charges ………….. the number of
given electrons.
2- During the chemical reaction, sodium atom Na ………….. one electron and
changes into ………….. ion.
3- The number of electrons in the outer shell of magnesium Mg atom is …………..
while that of magnesium ion is …………..
4- ………….. is the only liquid metal element, while ………….. is the only liquid non-
metal element.
5- The negative ion carries a number of negative charges equal to the number of
………….. electrons.
6- The chemical bond in magnesium oxide molecule is ………….., while bond in
oxygen molecule is …………..
7- The bond in hydrogen molecule is a ………….. bond while the bond in nitrogen
molecule is a ………….. bond.

4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

1. Metals tend to lose electrons and convert into negative ions. ( )
2. Sodium, magnesium and aluminium can form positive ions. ( )

9
3. In a positive ion, the number of electrons is greater than the number of
protons. ( )
4. The outermost energy level of sodium ion (Na+) has one electron. ( )
5. Carbon is the only nonmetal that conducts electricity. ( )
6. The molecules of noble gases are diatomic molecules. ( )
7. Ionic bond arises between two nonmetals. ( )
8. In a covalent bond, the two nonmetal atoms do not lose or gain electrons. ( )

5) Give Reason:
1- When an atom gives an electron or more, it becomes a positive ion.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- When an atom gains an electron or more, it becomes a negative ion.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- Nobel gases don’t participate in chemical reactions under ordinary state.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- The bond in a molecule of magnesium oxide is an ionic bond.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- The bond in water molecule is a single covalent bond.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6- The bond in nitrogen 7N is a triple covalent bond.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6) Write the electronic configuration for the

following atoms:
(11Na – 7N – 10Ne – 8O – 17Cl – 19K) Then answer the following questions:
1- The type of each element (metal – nonmetal – noble gas)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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2- The type of ion for each of them (positive – negative – no ions).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- Which element has no ability to form a bond?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

7) Two elements 19X– 17Z

1- Which one is a metal and which and which one is non-metal?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- What is the kind of bond formed between the two atoms of (Z)?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- Draw the bond formed between X and Z elements and mention the name of
the formed compound.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Unit 1 Lesson 2

Chemical Compounds
Valency: It is the number of electrons that an atom gains, loses or even
shares during a chemical reaction

Metallic element Valency

Lithium (Li)
Potassium (K)
Nonmetallic element Valency
Sodium (Na) Monovalent
Hydrogen(H)
Silver (Ag) (1)
Chlorine(Cl)
Copper I (Cu)
Bromine(Br) Monovalent
Calcium (Ca)
Iodine(I) (1)
Magnesium (Mg)
Fluorine(F)
Iron Il (Fe) (Ferrous)
Sulphur(S) Divalent
Lead (Pb) Divalent
Oxygen(O) (2)
Copper II (Cu) (2)
Nitrogen(N) Trivalent
Mercury (Hg)
Phosphorus(P) (3)
Zinc (Zn)
Sulphur(S) Tetravalent
Aluminium (Al)
Carbon(C) (4)
Gold (Au) Trivalent
Nitrogen(N) Pentavalent
Iron III (Fe)(Ferric) (3)
Phosphorus(P) (5)
Sulphur(S) Hexavalent
(6)

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Atomic Group:
It is a set of atoms of different elements joined together and behave like one atom
during a chemical reaction, having its own valency and it isn't existed solely
Atomic number Valency
Hydroxide (OH)-
Nitrate (NO3)-
Ammonium (NH4)+ Monovalent(1)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)-
Nitrite (NO2)-
Carbonate (CO3)-2
Sulphate (SO4)-2 Divalent (2)
Phosphate (PO4)-3 Trivalent (3)

Chemical formula:
It is a formula that represents the number and the type of atoms in a molecule.

How can you write a chemical formula for a

compound?
1-Write the name of the compound in words.
2-Write the symbol of each element or atomic group down to its name.
3-Write the valency of each element or atomic group.
4- Exchange the valencies. Magnesium Hydroxide
Mg OH
5- Simplify the valencies.
2 1
Ignore no.1 Mg (OH)2 Mg (OH) 2
1
Types of Compounds:
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1. Acids:
They are substances dissociated in water producing positive hydrogen ions H +
(Ex.: HCL –H2SO4- HNO3 )

2. Bases:
They are substances dissociated in water producing negative hydroxide ions(OH)-
(Ex.: NaOH — KOH - Ca(OH)2 )

3. Oxides:
They are compounds resulted from the combination between oxygen and an
element even though it is a metal or a nonmetal.
1) Metal oxides:
They are compounds produced from the combination of oxygen with a metal.
[Ex.: Na2O — CaO — Al2O3 ]
2) Nonmetal oxides:
They are compounds produced from the combination of oxygen with a nonmetal.
[Ex.: CO2 — SO3 ].

4. Salts:
They are compounds resulted from the combination of a positive metal ion (or a
positive atomic group) with a negative atomic group (or a negative nonmetal ion
except oxygen).

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 Unit 1 Lesson 2
Chemical Compounds Exercise
1) Choose the correct answer:
1. All of the following elements are divalent except …………………..
a. 12Mg
b. 7N
c. 8O
d. 16S
2. In trivalent elements, the outermost energy level contains …………..electrons.
a. (3) or (5)
b. (5) or (6)
c. (7) or (1)
d. (6) or (3)
3. The valency of copper in (Cu2O) is……………………………..
a. monovalent.
b. divalent.
c. trivalent.
d. tetravalent.
4. Which of the following is a trivalent atomic group?
a. Hydroxide.
b. Sulphate.
c. Ammonium.
d. Phosphate.
5. All of these atomic groups carry the same charge except ……………………….

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a. nitrite.
b. nitrate.
c. bicarbonate.
d. ammonium.
6. Each aluminium atom (13Al) combines with……………………atoms of chlorine (17Cl)
to form aluminium chloride molecule.
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five
[Link] ammonia molecule (NH3), the number 3 refers to the number of……………..
a. N & H atoms in one molecule.
b. H atoms in one molecule.
c. the valency of hydrogen.
d. N atoms in one molecule.
8. The salt that is formed on the combination of a positive atomic group with a
negative atomic group is……………………….
a. NH4CI
b. (NH4)2CO3
c. Na2SO4
d. NH4Br

2) Write the scientific term:

1- A set of atoms joined together, behave like one atom only, having a special
valency and can’t be existed solely. (………………)

16
2- Compound dissolved in water producing positive hydrogen ions. (………………)
3- Substances are dissociated in water producing negative hydroxide ions.
(………………)
4- Compounds resulted from the combination between oxygen and an element
even through it is metal or non-metal. (………………)
5- Compounds produced as a result of the chemical combination of a positive
metal ion with a negative atomic group except oxygen. (………………)

3) Complete the following statements:

1- The valency of aluminium 13Al is ………….. while that of calcium 20Ca is …………..
2- The valency of sulphur atom may be ………….., ………….. or …………..
3- The symbol of sulphate group is ………….. and it is formed of ………….. atoms of
………….. different elements.
4- The chemical formula of sodium carbonate is ………….. and it consists of …………..
atoms of ………….. different elements.
5- If the chemical formula of aluminium sulphate is Al2(SO4)3, so the valency of
aluminium atom is ………….. while the valency of sulphate group is …………..
6- The valency of sodium in sodium carbonate Na2CO3 is ………….. and its valency in
sodium chloride NaCl is …………..
7- On dissolving in water, acids give positive ………….. ion and alkalis give negative
………….. ion.
8- The symbol of all mineral acids begin with ………….. atom, while the symbol of all
bases end by ………….. group.
9- ………….. is from the salts that dissolve in water, while ………….. is from the salts
that insoluble in water.

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4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

1. Ferrous carries three negative charges. ( )
2. Water molecule consists of four atoms for two elements. ( )
3. Both nitrate and nitrite groups have the same valency. ( )
4.1n the compound (XY2), (Y) is divalent and (X) is monovalent. ( )
5. The chemical formula of aluminium sulphate is Al2(SO4)2 ( )
6. Sodium hydroxide changes the colour of litmus paper into red. ( )
7. The combination of metals with oxygen form oxides, while its combination with
nonmetals form bases. ( )
8. Sodium chloride is considered a base. ( )
9. Silver chloride is water soluble, while sodium chloride is water insoluble. ( )

5) Give Reason:
1- Both sodium 11Na and chlorine 17Cl are monovalent although they have
different atomic number.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- An oxygen atom joins two atoms of sodium when composing one molecule of
sodium oxide.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- All acids turn the colour of litmus paper to be red and having a sour taste, while
all bases turn the colour of litmus to be blue and have slippery touch.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- We can obtain sodium chloride solution and not silver chloride solution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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6) Write the chemical formula:
1- Potassium hydroxide
2- Sodium sulphate
3- Copper II nitrate
4- Magnesium oxide
5- Sulphuric acid
6- Ferrous sulphate
7- Aluminium oxide
8- Ammonium phosphate
9- Calcium chloride
10- Sodium carbonate

7) Write the names of the following compounds and

mention the number of atoms for each:

1. CO2
2. Na3PO4
3. Ca(OH)2
4. HNO3

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 Unit 1 Lesson 3

(Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions)

Chemical reaction:
It is the breaking of the existing bonds between the atoms of molecules in the
reactants and forming new bonds between the atoms of the molecules in the
products.

Chemical equation:
It is a set of symbols and chemical formulae representing the reactants and
products molecules in the chemical reaction and it represents the conditions of
the reaction as well.

The balanced chemical equation:

It is an equation in which the number of atoms entering a reaction equals the
number of atoms resulting from this reaction

Law of conservation of matter (mass):

The sum of reactants masses in any chemical reaction equal the sum of products
masses.

Law of constant ratios:

The chemical compound is formed from the combination of its elements by
constant weight ratios.

Direct combination reactions:

They are the reactions which involve a combination of two or more substances to
form a new compound.

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a) An element with another element:
C + O2 CO2
b) An element with a compound:
2CO+O2 2CO2
c) A compound with another compound:
NH3 + HCI conc. NH4Cl

Negative effects of chemical reactions

1) Fuel burning
2) Burning of coal and cellulose fibers

1) Products of fuel burning:

1) Carbon oxides:
a. Carbon monoxide (CO)
b. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2) Sulphur oxides:
a. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
b. Sulphur trioxide (SO3)
3) Nitrogen oxides.

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 Unit 1 Lesson 3

(Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions

Exercise)

1) Choose the correct:

1. The bright magnesium ribbon changes into a white powder of ………………..when
it burns in air.
a. magnesium nitrite
b. magnesium oxide
c. magnesium hydroxide
d. magnesium dioxide
2. The sum of reactants masses in any chemical reaction is …………………the sum of
products masses.
a. doubled
b. more than
c. equal to
d. less than
3. Ammonia combines with conc. HCI producing ………………of ammonium chloride.
a. white ppt.
b. brown clouds
c. white clouds
d. brown ppt.
4. The …………………… equation verifies the law of conservation of matter.
a. KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2

22
b. H2 + O2 H 2O
c. CO + O2 CO2
d. NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
5. Chemical reactions are used in…………………………..
a. medicines industry.
b. fertilizers industry.
c. food industry.
d. all of the previous answers.
6. Increasing the ratio of ………………….gas in the atmosphere leads to increasing
the air temperature.
a. carbon monoxide
b. carbon dioxide
c. nitric oxide
d. sulphur dioxide
7. The gases that cause building corrosion are ……………………
a. nitrogen oxides.
b. carbon oxides.
c. sulphur oxides.
d. both (b) and (c).
8. ……………………..oxides are resulted during the time of lightning.
a. Carbon
b. Sulphur
c. Nitrogen
d. (a) and (b)
9. The substances resulted from burning of coal and cellulose fibers cause ………..
a. headache.
b. lung cancer.

23
c. fainting.
d. (a) , (b) and (c) are correct.

2) Write the scientific term:

1- A set of chemical formula and symbols expressing the reactants, the products
and the reaction conditions. (…….….……………)
2- Reactions which involve combination between an element with another or
compound with another. (………..…..………)
3- White clouds formed on placing a glass rod wet with ammonia close to the
mouth of a test tube containing conc. hydrochloric acid. (……..……..………)
4- Poisonous gases that effect on both the eye and the nervous system. (……..……)

3) Complete the following statements:

1- In the reaction 2Mg + O2 2MgO
a) The ………… bond in oxygen molecule is broken to give ………
b) The magnesium atom combines with …………… atom to form ………… molecule.
2- If 48 gm of magnesium combine with 32 gm. of oxygen, they produce ……………
gm of ……………
3- When fuel is burned in air, it gives ……………
4- Sulphur oxides such as …………… and …………… are acidic gases which cause
building ……………
5- Burning of coal and cellulose fibers causes …………… pollution and ……………

4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

24
1. Balancing chemical equation means that the number of atoms of each element
is the same in both reactants and products. ( )
2. The reaction of magnesium and oxygen is considered a direct combination
reaction between two nonmetal elements. ( )
3. It is possible to convert the chemical energy in some chemical reactions to heat
energy or electric energy. ( )
4. Sulphur dioxide gas acts as a greenhouse effect. ( )
5. Carbon oxides have bad effects on the nervous system and the eye. ( )
6. Sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides are acidic gases. ( )
7. Burning of cigarettes causes lung cancer. ( )

5) Give Reason:
1- A chemical equation should be balanced.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- A white clouds are formed when ammonia gas reacts with conc. hydrochloric
acid.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- CO2 gas acts as greenhouse effect.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4- Carbon monoxide is a dangerous gas.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(6) Calculate the masses of reactants and products:

(Knowing that the mass of H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Na = 23)
1- HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

25
2- S + O2  SO2
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(7) Write the chemical equation representing the

following reactions, then indicate the type of each

reaction:
1- Burning of carbon in the presence of oxygen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- Reaction of carbon monoxide with oxygen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

26
 Unit 2 Lesson 1

Force and Motion

Force:
It is an effect that attempts to change the object's state from being static to
motion or vice versa or attempts to change the direction of motion.

Fundamental forces in nature:

1) Gravitational forces.
2) Electromagnetic forces.
3) Nuclear forces.

Object’s weight:
 It is the force of Earth's gravitational to the object.
 The measuring unit of force and objects weight is newton (N).
 The relation used to calculate the weight of an object:
 Object's weight (W) = Object's mass (m) x Earth's gravitational acceleration (g).
 The mass of the object is the amount of matter in an object, so it doesn’t
depend on the position of the object.
 The value of Earth’s gravitational acceleration changes according to:
1) Approach or move away from the centre of the Earth.
2) Transfer from one place to another on the Earth’s surface.

27
Applications of electromagnetic forces
1) Electromagnet:
• It changes the electric energy into a magnetic energy.
• It is used in making many devices, such as:
-Electric winches.
- Electric bells.
2) Electric generator (the dynamo):
• It changes the mechanical (kinetic) energy into an electric energy.
3) Electric motor:
• It changes the electric energy into a mechanical energy.

Nuclear forces:
1) Weak nuclear forces:
They are used to get radioactive elements and radiations, which are used in:
• Medicine.
• Scientific researches.
• Industry.
2) Strong nuclear forces:
They are used in:
• Producing electricity.
• Military purposes.

28
 Unit 2 Lesson 1
Fundamental Forces in Nature (Exercise)
1) Choose the correct:
1- A force is an effect ……………..
a. always changes the state of an object motion only
b. never changes the state of an object motion
c. always changes both object’s state and direction.
d. may change the state of an object motion.
2- The bar used in electromagnet is made of ……………..
a. isolated copper
b. steel iron
c. wrought iron
d. aluminium
3-The amount of Earth's gravitational pull on the object is……………..
a. object's mass.
b. object's weight.
c. Earth's gravitational acceleration.
d. centrifugal force.
4-………………………………is the scientist who discovered the Earth's gravitation.
a. Planck
b. Newton
c. Archimedes
d Coulomb

29
5. If the mass of an object increases to its double, the weight ………………….
a. increases to the double.
b. decreases to the half.
c. still constant.
d. no correct answer.
6. The object's weight changes by changing its……………………..
a. volume.
b. velocity.
c. position on Earth's surface.
d. (b) and (c) together.
7. Electromagnetic forces effect on the operation of the following except for……….
a. dynamo (electric generator).
b electric motor.
c. car internal combustion engine. .
d. electromagnet.
8. The electric motor changes the ………………………………
a. mechanical energy into an electric energy.
b. electric energy into a magnetic energy.
c. electric energy into a mechanical energy.
d magnetic energy into a mechanical energy.
9. Weak nuclear forces are used in
a. industry
b. medicines.
c. scientific researches. d. all the previous
10. Strong nuclear forces are used in...................

30
a. medicine
b. industry
c. scientific researches
d. military purposes

2) Write the scientific term:

1- The ability of the Earth to attract an object to its center. (…………..………….)
2- An instrument used to change electric energy into magnetic energy. (………….….)
3- The force that accompanies the massive amount of energy and it is stored in
the nucleus. (…………..………….)
4-The amount of Earth's gravitational pull on an object. (…………..………….)
5. The effective point of the object's weight. (…………..………….)
6. Forces which are responsible for getting radioactive elements and nuclear
radiations. (…………..………….)

3) Complete the following statements:

1- The fundamental forces in nature are divided into 3 divisions which are
……………… force, ……………………… force and ……………….…... force .
2- …………….. and …………….. are the factors affecting the attraction force between
the Earth and the object.
3- The object’s weight increases as the height from Earth’s centre ……………..
4- Electromagnet is made by the idea of changing …………….….. energy into
…………….. energy.
5- Electromagnet is used in making ……………..………….. and ……………..…..
6- Electric generator changes ………………..…..energy into ………………..…..energy.
7- Electric motor changes ………………..….. energy into ……………….….. energy.

31
8- Egypt seeks to use …………….. energy in producing electricity.

4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

1- As the height from the Earth’s surface increases, the value of Earth’s gravity
acceleration decreases. ( )
2- The electric current has a magnetic effect. ( )
3- Dynamo changes electric energy into mechanical energy. ( )
4- Strong nuclear forces are used in medicine. ( )
5- The effective point of the object’s weight is at its center of gravity . ( )
6-The mass of a person at the equator is more than its mass at the north pole. ( )

5) Give reasons:
1- Object’s weight changes from one place to another on the Earth’s surface.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- The importance of dynamo in the case of cutting off the electric current.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3-The wrought iron attracts iron filings after putting it inside an electric coil.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- The weight of the object at the South Pole is greater than its weight at the
equator.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6) Problems:
1) If the earth’s gravity acceleration in a place is 9.8 m/sec2 , find the weight of the
following:

32
a) Ball of mass 1 kg.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Boy of mass 40 kg.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2) Calculate the mass of a child, its weight is 323.4 N.
[Knowing that the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/sec2].
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7) What are the forces responsible for each of the

following?
1. Falling of objects towards the Earth’s surface. […………………………….]
2. Changing the mechanical energy into electric energy. […………….……………….]
3. Producing electricity from nuclear energy. [………………….………….]
4. The emission of some invisible radiations from radioactive elements.
[…………………..………….]

33
 Unit 2 Lesson 2

Accompanied Forces to Motion

1) Inertia:
It is a property of an object that has to resist the change of its state of rest or
motion at a regular speed in a straight line unless an external force acted on it.
Examples indicating inertia in our life:
 The passengers and the driver in a moving bus or car (vehicle) are rushed
forward when the bus or car stops suddenly due to inertia, it resists the sudden
stopping of the vehicle to maintain the state of motion.
 The passengers and the driver in a static bus or car (vehicle) are rushed
backward when the vehicle starts moving forward after it was at rest it is due
to inertia that maintain the state of rest, so they are rushed backward.
 A football player rushes forward and falls on the ground if he is tripped during
running, this is due to inertia that tries to maintain his state of motion.

2) Friction forces:
They are resistant forces (against motion) originate between the object in motion
and the medium touching it.
Benefits of friction:
1. It prevents feet from slipping on roads during walking.
2. It helps in stopping and starting cars motion.
3. It helps in burning of match.

34
Harms of friction:
1. It causes a great loss of mechanical energy.
2. It produces heat energy due to the friction between some parts of the
machines. This heat causes expansion of these parts and affects their
performance.
3. It causes the erosion of machines parts and damages them as well.

3) Forces inside living system:

They are forces inside living systems that enable living organisms to do their
different biological operations.
Examples of forces inside living systems:
1. Heart muscle contraction and relaxation.
2. Liquids are transported through pores and the walls of cells from the lower
concentration to the higher one.
3. The contraction and relaxation of muscles.
4. Rising of water and salts from the soil to the plant.

35
 Unit 2 Lesson 2

Accompanied Forces to Motion Exercise

1) Choose the correct:
1- When the horse is tripped, the horse rider is suddenly rushed forward, this is
related the force of ……………..
a. inertia.
b. centrifugal.
c. attraction.
d. horse pushing.
2- All the following forces are due to inertia except ……………..
a. once the car starts moving forward, the passengers are rushed backward.
b. passengers are rushed forward if the moving car stopping suddenly.
c. if a football player is tripped during running forward, he will be rushed forward.
d. the attraction of bodies to the Earth.
3- Electric fan still works for few seconds after cutting the electric current due to…
a. friction.
b. gravity.
c. inertia.
d. electromagnet.
4- The car brake performance is an application of ……………..
a. attraction forces.
b. friction forces.
c. electromagnetic forces.
d. forces of inertia.
5- Car tires are covered with a very coarse substance to ……………..

36
a. reduce the friction with the road.
b. reduce the air resistance.
c. increase the attraction of wheels.
d. increase the friction with the road.
6- …………….. is from the forces inside living systems.
a. the contraction and relaxation of muscles
b. forces of inertia
c. electrostatic forces
d. friction forces
7- When two cars move in the same direction with a velocity 80 km/h, the driver
of the first car imagines that the second car moves with ……….. km/h.
a. zero
b. 80
c. 160
d. no correct answer

2) Write the scientific term:

1- Property of an object has to resist the change of its state unless an external
force acted on it. (……………………….)
2- Resistant forces originate between the object in motion and the medium.
(……………………….)
3- Forces that helps living organisms to do its biological operations.
(……………………….)

37
3) Complete the following statements:
1- If a football player is tripped during running forward, he will be ………..….. and
…………….. on the ground.
2- ………….. force prevents feet from slipping on roads during …………..
3- The contraction and …………….. of muscle help the body organs ……………..
4- If car (A) moves with higher speed than car (B), the driver in car (A) will see in
the mirror that car (B) moves in ………….... direction.

4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

1- Friction is a property of an object has to resist the change of its phase. ( )
2- Heart muscle contraction and relaxation is one of the forces inside living
organisms. ( )
3- Liquid transport through pores and the wall of cells from the higher
concentration to the lower one. ( )

5) Give Reason:
1- In a car at rest, passengers are rushed backward when the car moves suddenly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Policemen advise drivers using safety belts in cars.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- Cars tires are covered with a very coarse substance.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- Lubricants and oiling mechanical machines.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

38
 Unit 2 Lesson 3

Motion Exercise
Speed:
It is the distance covered by an object in a unit time.

Relative motion:
It is the change in an object's position or direction as the time passes relative to
another object or a fixed point known as frame of reference (reference point).

Types of motion:
1-Transitional motion:
It is the motion in which the object's position is changed relative to a fixed point
from time to time between initial and final positions.
Ex. Train motion & car motion.
2-Periodic motion:
It is a motion which is regularly repeated at equal periods of time.
Ex.
a- Vibrating motion: as motion of simple pendulum.
b- Circular motion: as the movement of the Moon around the Earth.
c- Wave motion: as motion of water waves.

The waves causing wave motion are divided into:

A. Mechanical waves:
I. They are produced by the vibration of the medium particles.
2. They need a medium to transfer through.

39
3. Their speed is relatively low.
Examples: Sound waves & Water waves.
B. Electromagnetic waves:
I. They are accompanied by electromagnetic forces.
2. They spread in all media and free space.
3. Their speed is extremely high equals 300 million m/sec.
Applications of sound mechanical waves and their uses:

 Examining and curing equipment for the human body (ultrasonic waves).
 Musical instruments a. stringed ex: violin, lute & guitar.
b. pneumatic ex: flute & reed pipe
 Amplifiers used in broadcasting studios.

Applications of electromagnetic waves and their uses:

1-Infrared (IR) rays, they are used in :
• Night vision apparatus used by modem military forces.
• Remote sensing instrument to photographing Earth's surface using satellites.
• Cooking food.
• Making remote sets.
2-Ultraviolet (UV) rays:
They are used to sterilize the sets of surgical operations rooms.
3- X-rays, They are used in:
• Photographing bones to detect the sites of bone fractures.
• Examining mineral raws in industry and showing errors, pores and cracks in the
minerals.
4-Gamma rays:

40
They are used in medical purposes as the treatment and discovering of some
swellings.
5-Visible (seen) light, It is used in:
• Photographic cameras.
• Television cameras and in light shows.

Unit 2 Lesson 3
Motion Exercise
1) Choose the correct:
1- All of the following are periodic motion except the …………..motion.
a. fan
b. pendulum
c. train
d. sunflower
2- Mechanical waves are characterized by ……………..
a. their speed is greater than electromagnetic waves.
b. their speed is 300 million m/s.
c. they need a medium to propagate through.
d. not all the previous answers.
3- We see lightning before hearing thunder because ……………..
a. lightning occurs before thunder.
b. sound needs a medium to travel through.
c. the velocity of light is 340 m/s.
d. the velocity of light is much greater than that of sound.
4- …………….. are used in night vision apparatus.
a. Infrared rays.

41
b. Ultraviolet rays.
c. Gamma rays.
d. rays.
5- Visible light is used in all the following applications except ………….
a. night vision apparatus.
b. television cameras.
c. photographic cameras.
d. data shows.
6- Which of the following represents a static object?
a. Displacement occurred by the object every second is not equal.
b. Displacement occurred by the object every second is equal.
c. Displacement value of the object is fixed.
d. NO correct answer.

2) Write the scientific term:

1- It is the motion of an object in which its position changed relative to a fixed
point from initial to final position. (……………………..……)
2- An object’s position changes as the time passes from its initial position to the
final one. (…………………………)
3- The motion which is regularly repeated in equal periods of time. (……….…….……)
4- Waves which are accompanied by electromagnetic forces. (……….…………)
5- The distance which an object moves away from its original position at any
moment in a certain direction. (……….…………)

3) Complete the following statements:

42
1- Translational motion is not considered as periodic motion because it has
…………….. and ……………….point and it doesn’t …………………its motion.
2- Sound waves and …………….waves are examples of ……………..waves.
3- Water waves is an example of ………………waves, while light waves is an example
of ………………..waves.
4- Thunder sound transfers in a form of ……………..waves, whereas lightning flash
transfers in a form of ……………….waves.
5- Light waves can spread out in all media and …………….with velocity of ………m/s.
6- When the displacement value of an object is fixed, it is said that the object ……..

4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

1- Motion is divided into two types which are circular motion and translational
motion. ( )
2- We hear thunder before seeing lightning. ( )
3- Ultraviolet rays are used in examining and curing sets for the human body. ( )
4- Infrared rays are used in sterilizing the sets of surgical operation rooms. ( )
5- X-rays are used in examining mineral raws in industry. ( )

5) Give Reason:
1- Circular motion is a periodic motion.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- We receive the sunlight, while we can’t hear the sound of solar explosions.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- Astronauts can’t hear each other voices directly in space.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

43
4- X-rays used in photographing bones.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6) Give an example indicating each of the following:

1- Relative motion.
2- Translational motion.
3- Vibrating motion.
4- Circular motion.
5- Mechanical waves.

7) Mention the name of rays (or waves) used in each

of the following:
1- Medical examining.
2- Making remote sets to control and start electric sets.
3- Photographing.

8) Mention one application for each of the following:

1- Infrared rays.
2- Ultraviolet rays.
3- Gamma rays.
4- Visible light.

9) Compare between:
Mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves.

44
 Unit 3 Lesson 1

Celestial Bodies
Celestial bodies:
They are bodies swim in the space such as stars, planets, moons and rocky or
gaseous bodies.

Light year:
It is the distance covered by light in one year and it equals 9.467 x 1012 km.

Galaxies:
They are the greatest units that form the universe.
They are a tremendous collection of stars.
The galaxy that our solar system belongs to is the Milky Way galaxy.

Solar system consists of:

1. The Sun:
It is the star of our solar system.
2. The Planets:
They are eight spherical opaque bodies revolve around the Sun in oval orbits.
a. Inner planets group:
They are the nearest four planets to the Sun in our solar system.
Mercury – Venus - Earth - Mars
b. Outer planets group:
They are the farthest four planets from the Sun in our solar system.
Jupiter - Saturn – Uranus – Neptune.

45
3. Moons:
They are followers (small space bodies), that are affected by the gravity of the
planets that rotate around them.

4. Asteroids:
They are rocky space bodies of different sizes, most of them rotate in the region
of the belt of the wanderer asteroids.

5. Meteors:
They are small rocky masses that burn up completely when fall within the
atmosphere of the Earth and seen in the sky as luminous arrows.

6. Meteorites:
They are large rocky masses that fall from the space and reach the Earth's surface.

7. Comets:
They are solidified masses of ice, gases and rock pieces that revolve around the
Sun.

46
 Unit 3 Lesson 1
Celestial Bodies Exercise
1) Choose the correct:
1. ……………………… separates between the outer planets and the inner planets.
a. Meteor's region
b. Asteroids' belt
c. Comets' belt
d. Meteorite
2. The distance between stars are measured in ……………… unit.
a. meter
b. kilometer
c. Newton
d. light year
[Link] distance covered by light in two years equals ……………… km.
a. 9.467 × 1012
b. 9.467 × 106
c. 18.934 × 1012
d. 18.934 × 106
4. The telescope is used to study the ………………
a. minerals
b. earthquakes
c. volcanoes
d. celestial bodies

47
5. Which of the following planets has the largest gravity on its surface?
a. Mars
b. Mercury
c. Venus
d. Earth
6. The mass of the biggest meteorite found up till now reaches ……… tons.
a. 100
b. 80
c. 50
d. 10
7. .…………… comet is the most famous one.
a. Galileo’s
b. Halley’s
c. Newton’s
d. Noble’s
8. The outer planets formed of several elements, the most important of them are
hydrogen and helium in …………………. state.
a. gaseous
b liquid
c. solidified
d. molten
9. All of the following are among the outer planets except………………………
a. Mars.
b. Jupiter.
c. Uranus.
d. Neptune.

48
10.…………………. is the scientist who proved the presence of attraction force
between any two objects in the space.
a. Galileo
b. Isaac Newton
c. Max Planck
d. Einstein

2) Write the scientific term:

I. Anybody swims in the space as stars, planets, moons, rocky and gaseous bodies.
(………………….)
Celestial body

2. Large bodies seem as points in the sky emitting enormous amounts of heat and
light. (………………….)
Stars
3. The distance covered by light in one year. (………………….)
light year

4. A system that consists of thousands of millions of stars. (………………….)

Galaxy
5. The galaxy which our solar system belongs to. (………………….)
milky way
6. A group of planets that have high density and smaller volumes than the others.
(………………….)
Inner planets

7. The group of planets in the solar system that consist mainly of gases and have
huge sizes. (………………….)
8. Small space bodies that are affected by the planets’ gravity. (………………….)
9. Thousands of different sized rocky masses, which rotate between the orbits of
Mars and Jupiter. (………………….)
10. Luminous lines which are formed in the sky due to completely burning of small
rocky masses in the Earth's atmosphere. (………………….)
Meteros
11. Solidified masses of ice, gases and rock pieces revolve around the Sun.(….…….)
Comets

49
3) Complete the following statements:
1- The planets revolve around the sun in ……………… orbits which lie in a plane
……………… on the sun’s axis of rotation.
2- The nearest planet to the sun is ……………… and the farthest one from the sun is
……………… .
Venus , ……………
3- Mercury, …………… Earth and Mars are the inner planets.
head and ……………
4- The comet consists of two parts which are …………… Tails .

4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

1. There are eight spherical lightened planets revolve around the Sun. ( )
2. The number of moons of the inner planets equals 3 moons. ( )
3. The Earth is the third planet according to the distance from the Sun. ( )
4. Jupiter is nearer to the Earth than Uranus. ( )
5. Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune are giant planets. ( )
6. Jupiter is the planet which has the largest number of moons revolving around it.
( )
7. Asteroids' belt is located between the orbits of Jupiter and Venus. ( )
8. Asteroids are the shooting lines seen at clear nights. ( )
9. Comets revolve around the Sun in fixed circular orbits. ( )
10. Asteroids consist of two parts, the head and the tail. ( )

5) Give Reason:
1- The density of outer planets is low.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Because they are made of gaseous element

50
 Unit 3 Lesson 2

The Earth
The Earth completes one revolution around the Sun in 365.25 days.
The distance between the Sun and the Earth is about 150 million kilometers.
The tropical radius of the Earth is about 22 km larger than the polar radius.
The average radius of Earth is about 6386 km approximately.
The Earth's mass is 5.9 x 1024 kilograms.
Characteristics of the Earth that support the continuity of the life:
1) Atmosphere
2) Hydrosphere
3) Suitable temperature
4) Gravity
5) Suitable atmospheric pressure

The Earth’s atmosphere consists of:

1) Oxygen gas:
Its percentage is 21 % of air volume.
It is used in respiration process of living organisms.
It helps in combustion (burning) process of fuels.
2) Nitrogen gas:
Its percentage is 78 % of air volume.
It reduces the effect of oxygen gas during burning processes.
Plants use it to form proteins.

51
3) Carbon dioxide gas:
Its percentage is 0.03 % of air volume.
It is used by green plants in photosynthesis process to form food for other living
organisms.
4) Water vapour:
Variable percentage.
5) Other gases:
Very little percentage.
Importance of the Earth's atmosphere
A. The great expansion of atmosphere in the space helps in:
1. Burning millions of small falling meteors completely before reaching the Earth's
surface.
2. Reducing the high speed of large meteorites and burning a
part of them before they hit the Earth's surface.
B. The weather and climate phenomena take place in the atmosphere, such as:
1. Wind movement.
2. Clouds formation.
3. Rain falling to complete the water cycle.
C. It participates in keeping the Earth's temperature suitable for life.
D. It contains ozone layer which protects living organisms from the harmful
ultraviolet rays.
Water covers about 71 % of the Earth's surface, while land covers about 29 % of
the Earth's surface.
Salty water represents 97 % of the total volume of water, while fresh water
represents 3 % of it.

52
The normal atmospheric pressure on Earth's surface is about 76 [Link].
The Earth consists of three layers arranged from outside to inside as
follows:
1. Earth's crust.
2. The mantle, which consists of upper mantle & lower mantle.
3. The core, which consists of inner core & outer core.

Unit 3 Lesson 2

The Earth Exercise

1) Choose the correct answer :
1. The Earth is preceded by ……………………..
a. Mercury and Venus.
b. Venus and Man.
c. Jupiter and Mars.
d. Mercury and Mars.
2. The percentage of oxygen gas in the atmospheric air is ……………………..
a. 0.03 %
b.78 %
c. 87 %
d. 21 %
3. The most abundant gas in the atmospheric air is………………………. gas.
a. oxygen
b. carbon dioxide

53
c. nitrogen
d. hydrogen
4. Which of the following gases is not considered among the air components?
a. Oxygen.
b. Nitrogen.
c. Carbon dioxide.
d. Sulphur dioxide.
5. The great expansion of atmosphere in space helps in ……………..
a. burning the small rocky masses before reaching the Earth's surface.
b. reducing the high speed of large meteorites.
c. formation of clouds.
d. (a) and (b) are correct.
6. Fresh water represents about of the total volume of water.
a. 0.03 %
b. 3 %
c. 70 %
d.97 %
7. More than ………………..of known living organisms live in the aquatic
environments.
a.25%
b.50%
c. 10%
d.75%

54
8. The Earth's layers are arranged from outside to inside as follows
a. crust, core and mantle.
b. mantle, crust and core
c. crust, mantle and core.
d. core, mantle and crust
9. The layer which consists of molten metals is the ……………….
a. crust.
b. mantle.
c. outer core.
d. inner core.
10. ……………………….is the smallest Earth's layer in thickness.
a. Crust
b. Inner core
c. Mantle
d. Outer core

2) Write the scientific term:

1. The biggest inner planet. The Earth
(……………………)
Nitrogen
2. A gas that reduces the effect of oxygen gas during burning processes.(….…………)
3. The layer of atmosphere, which protects the Earth and living organisms from
the harmful ultraviolet radiations. Ozen layer
(……………………)
4. It is relatively light outer layer of the Earth; its thickness is ranging between “8 –
Earth crust
60” km. (……………………)
5. The middle layer of the Earth's layers. (……………………)
Mantel

6. The layer of the Earth, which is rich in iron and nickel. Inner core
(……………………)

55
3) Complete the following statements:
1. The Earth revolves around the Sun by the action of……………
gravity to complete one

revolution around the Sun in………………..

365.25 days.
slight flattening
2. The Earth's shape is to be completely circular accompanied with……………… at
indented outward
the two poles and ……………………at the equator.
6386km
3. The average radius of the Earth is about ………………..while its mass is ……………
5.9 x 1024kg

4. The planet Earth occupies the………………

fourth position in the solar system in view of
the volume, regarding the density it occupies the …………………….position,
first and
concerning the acceleration due to gravity on its surface it occupies the………….
third

position.
Pores and cracks
5. Ground water exists in the……………… of the rocks that form the Earth's mass.
6. ……………………shares
water in blood formation and stabilizing the body……………….
temperature .

Earth’s crust Earth’s core

7. ……………………..is the smallest Earth's layer in thickness, while………………………. is
the biggest Earth's layer in thickness.

4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

1. The percentage of water vapour in air is 0.03 %. ( )
2. The speed of meteorites increases on friction with air atmospheric molecules.( )
3. Green plants use carbon dioxide gas in photosynthesis process. ( )
4. Hydrogen gas is used by plants to form proteins. ( )
5. Water covers about 50 % of the Earth's surface. ( )
6. Water keeps the body temperature constant. ( )
7. The steadfastness of the hydrosphere position on the Earth's surface is due to
the suitable pressure. ( )

56
 8. Mantle layer lies beneath the Earth's outer core. ( )
9. The outer layer of the Earth is known as the mantle. ( )

5) Give Reason:
1- The presence of white colour surrounds the planet Earth.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Due to the presence of the atmosphere that appears as a white color around the earth.

2- Steadfastness of the hydrosphere on the Earth’s surface.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Due to the gravitational force of the Earth.

3- The Earth’s inner core is rich in iron and nickel.

Because ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
they are from heavy elements that descend towards the center of the earth due to its rotation around its center.

57
 Unit 3 Lesson 3

Rocks and Minerals

Soil:
It is a thin non-compacted layer, which covers the Earth's crust.

Rock:
It is a natural solid material, that exists in the Earth's crust and it is formed of one
mineral or a group of minerals.

Magma:
It is a very hot thick (viscous) liquid underneath the Earth's crust.

Lava:
It is the magma when it reaches the Earth's surface.

Types of rocks:
1) Igneous rocks:
They are rocks formed by solidification of the magma underneath the Earth's crust
or lava on the Earth's surface.
a. Plutonic rocks. (ex: Granite)
b. Surface or volcanic rocks. (ex: Basalt)
2) Sedimentary rocks:
They are rocks formed from the cohesion of sediments.
The formation of sedimentary rocks undergoes three stages:
I. Erosion.
2. Transportation.

58
3. Sedimentation.
Ex: Sandstone and Limestone.
3) Metamorphic rocks:
They are rocks originated as a result of exposing the old rocks (igneous or
sedimentary) to the factors of pressure and high temperature.

Comparison between granite rock and basalt rock:

Points of comparison Granite rock Basalt rock
1. Kind : Plutonic igneous rock. Volcanic igneous rock.
2. Colour: Pink or grey. Dark in colour.
3. Size of crystals : Can be seen by naked eye. Cannot be seen by naked
eye.
4. Found in : The Eastern Desert and Egypt in Abou-Zaabal,
Sinai Peninsula. near Abou-Rawash and
El-Fayoum.
5. Minerals forming it : Quartz, mica and feldspar. Olivine, pyroxene and
feldspar.

59
 Unit 3 Lesson 3
Rocks and Minerals Exercise
1) Choose the correct:
1. The igneous rocks are formed of molten material underneath the Earth's crust,
which is called………………………………….
a. magma.
b. lava.
c. core.
d. mantle.
2. Plutonic igneous rocks consist of solidification of ………………………………..
a. magma only.
b. lava only.
c. volcanic flows only.
d. (a) and (b) are correct.
3. Sedimentary rocks form a thin cover that wraps about…………………… of the
surface of the Earth's solid mass.
a.5%
b.75%
c.71%
d.57%
4. The sequence of sedimentary rocks formation is ……………………..
a. erosion - sedimentation - transportation.
b. erosion - transportation - sedimentation.
c. sedimentation - erosion transportation.
d. transportation - erosion sedimentation.
5. ………………………gas evolves when hydrochloric acid reacts with limestone.

60
a. Carbon monoxide
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Hydrogen
d. Oxygen

2) Write the scientific term:

1. The volcanic flows that spread on the volcanic sides. (…………………………)
2. Rocks are formed by solidification of magma underneath the Earth's crust or
lava on the Earth's surface. (…………………………)
3. A rock formed of lava flows when it comes on the Earth's surface. (…………………)
4. The rocks that are formed from slow cooling of magma at the depth of the
Earth's crust. (…………………………)
5. A rock which has a pink or grey colour and found in the Eastern Desert.(.…………)
6. Rocks that are formed of the fragmentation and sedimentation of old rocks.
(……..……..……..……)
7. Rocks that form a thin cover, that wraps about 75% of the surface of the Earth's
solid mass. (…………..….…………)
8. A rock that consists of sand grains that are less than 2 mm in diameter.(…….……)
9. A sedimentary rock which has the same chemical structure of marble. (……..……)
10. Rocks that are formed when old rocks (igneous or sedimentary) are subjected
to pressure and high temperature. (………………………)

3) Complete the following statements:

1. The molten material that exists beneath ……………., which is extremely hot thick
fluid in the Earth's interior is known as ………………. and of its going out to the
Earth's surface in the form of …………………. it is called ……………………….

61
2. Plutonic rocks have crystals with …………………..size, while volcanic rocks have
crystals with ……………………..size.
3. Granite rock consists of …………….., ……………….… and …………………. minerals,
while basalt rock consists of ………………,………………and………………….. minerals.
4. The successive layers of sedimentary rocks are sediments in an ………………… or
an …………………….. medium.
5. The main component of sandstone is ……………………… mineral.
6. …………..…consists of sand grains, that are less than …………... in diameter.
7. We can differentiate between limestone and sandstone by using ……………acid.
8. When hydrochloric acid is added to limestone………………….. gas is evolved.

4) Put () in front of the right statement and (×) in

front of the wrong one and correct it:

1. The mineral consists of one rock or a group of rocks. ( )
2. When the lava cools, it forms a type of sedimentary rocks. ( )
3. We can differentiate between granite and basalt concerning the colour and
texture. ( )
4. The above layers in sedimentary rocks are the oldest. ( )
5. Quartz mineral is the main component in granite rock. ( )
6. Limestone is formed due to the precipitation of calcium bicarbonate in lime
solutions. ( )
7. Although marble is produced from the conversion of limestone, but it has more
solidity than it. ( )
8. The coloured marble is free from impurities. ( )

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5) Give Reason:
1. The crystals of minerals that form the volcanic rock are small-sized.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Volcanic rocks contain small circular holes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Limestone consists of mineral calcite.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The cohesion of layers of sedimentary rocks increases by passing time.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. We can differentiate between the sandstone and limestone from colour and
texture.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Some kinds of marble are colored and others are white.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6) Compare between:
Sandstone and limestone.

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 Exam 1
Question 1:
A) Complete the following statements:
Ionic
1. The bond in magnesium oxide molecule is…………………., whereas the bond in
covalent bond .
water molecule is………………………
reflecting refracting
2. The types of telescopes are……………………..and……………………. .
forward
3. The car passengers are pushed……………………… when the car stops suddenly by
the effect of…………………………..force.
intreia

necular
4. Egypt seeks to use………………………… energy in producing electricity.
friction
5. ………………………….force prevents feet from slipping on road,
gravitational
while………………………. force helps in keeping the atmosphere around Earth.
decreases .
6. The object's weight increases as the distance from Earth's center…………………

B) Put (✓) or (x) and correct the wrong ones:

1. The motion of simple pendulum is a transitional motion. ( )
2. Lead sulphate salt dissolves in water. ( )
C) Calculate the masses of reactants and products in the following
reaction: Knowing that the mass of (H=11, O=16, Na=23)
2Na +2H2O 2NaOH +H2
2Na + 2H2O2NaOH +H2 2×23 + 2(2×1 +16) 2(23 +16 +1) +(2 ×1)

Question 2: The sum of reactants masses = 82 gm.

The sum of products masses = 82 gm.
A) Choose the correct answer:
1. Which of the following is considered as a circular motion…………. .
a. fan motion. b. pendulum motion.
c. train motion. d. sunflower motion.
2. The valency of argon is…………………

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a. zero. b. monovalent.
c. divalent. d. trivalent.
3. Planets revolve around the Sun in ................... paths.
a. circular b. elliptical
c. spiral d. irregular
4. The speed of light waves in space is ............... speed of radio waves.
a. less than b. higher than The speed of all electromagnetic waves = the
speed of light
c. equal to d. doubled
5. ……………………...layer is rich in iron and nickel.
a. Inner core b. Crust
c. Outer core d. Mantle
B) Write the chemical formula of the following:
1. Aluminium carbonate. . Al2(CO3)3

2. Sulphuric acid. H2SO4

3. Ferrous oxide. FeO

4. Calcium nitrate. Ca(NO3)2

Question 3:
A) Write the scientific term:
1. Solidified masses of ice, gases and rock pieces revolving around the Sun. Comets

2. The number of electrons gained, lost or even shared during a chemical reaction. Valency
3. The region which separates the group of the inner planets from the outer
planets. The belt of the wanderer asteroids

4. Breaking bonds between molecules of reactants and formation of new bonds

between molecules of products. Chemical reaction

5. It is an effect that attempts to change state of object from static to motion or

vice versa. Force

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6. The motion which is regularly repeated in equal periods of time. Periodic motion

B) Mention one use of:

1. Ultraviolet rays. sterilize the sets of surgical operations rooms.

2. Infrared rays. night vision apparatus used by modem military forces

3. Electromagnet. electric winches

4. Weak nuclear force. medicine

C) An object of weight 98 N. Calculate its mass knowing that the

Earth's gravitational acceleration is 9.8 m/sec2.
98
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9.8
= 10 kg.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question 4:
A) Give reasons for:
1. The sunlight reaches to us but we can't hear the sound of solar explosions.
2. The chemical equation should be balanced.
3. Lubricating and oiling mechanical machines.
B) Write one harm for the following:
1. Nitrogen oxides.

2. Carbon monoxide.

3. Burning of coal and cellulose fibers.

C) Compare between:
1. Acids and bases.
2. Electric generator and electric motor (concerning the changes of energy).

66
D) Write the balanced chemical equation of the following reactions:
1. Reaction between ammonia and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

2. Reaction between hydrogen and chlorine.

3. Reaction between nitrogen monoxide with oxygen.

Additional questions:
A) Choose the correct answer:
1. The superficial layer of the Earth's crust is……………… layer.
a. thick b. rocky
c. loosened d. unfragmented
2. Basalt is characterized by that, it has…………………..
a. small circular holes. b. gray colour.
c. glassy luster. d. prism shape.
B) What are the results based on…...?
Calcium carbonate precipitates in lime solution.

67
 Our Sons Abroad Exams’ Questions
Answer the following question:
FIRST: Choose the correct answer:

1. Substance that dissociate in water producing negative hydroxide ion is …………

a. NaCl b.H2O c. HCl d. NaOH
2. Any of the following molecules contain a greater number of atoms…………
a. water b. ammonia c. hydrogen chloride d. mercury
3. White clouds of ………………………….form when ammonia is reacted with
hydrochloric acid.
a.CO2 b. HCl c. NH4Cl d.NH3
4. The number of electrons 27
13𝐴𝑙 atom equal ……………

a.13 b.14 c.21 d.40

5. When the atom turns into a positive ion, the number of ……………decreases.
a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. nucleus
6. Earth’s gravitational acceleration changes from a place to another on the Earth’s
surface because of ……………………..
a. object’s masses b. Earth’s masses
c. distance from the Earth’s Centre d. temperature
7. The car brake performance is an application of ……………………………
a. gravitational force b. centrifugal force
c. friction force d. forces of inertia
8. All of the following are electromagnetic waves except ……………………
a. ultraviolet rays b. infrared rays
c. visible light d. sound waves

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9. Earth locates in the solar system regarding its distance from the sun in the
…………… order.
a. second b. seventh c. sixth d. third
10………………………..gas reduces the effect of oxygen in the combustion process.
a. Hydrogen b. Carbon dioxide c. water vapour d. Nitrogen
11. …………………………consists of mineral calcite due to the precipitation of calcium
in lime solution.
a. Limestone b. Sand stones c. Granite d. Basalt
12. The chemical formula of sodium nitrate is …………………
a.Na3N b.NaNO2 c. NaNO3 d.Na2NO2
13. The covalent bond is a bond formed between ………………… .
a. positive ion and a negative ion b. two metallic elements
c. metal and a nonmetal d. two nonmetallic elements.
[Link] trivalent nonmetallic element, in its last energy level there are
………..electrons.
a.3 b.5 c.13 d.15
15. The outer layer in the earth is called the ………………….
[Link] [Link] [Link] core d. outer core
[Link] nearest planet to the sun in the solar system is………………….
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
17. The chemical formula of hydrochloric acid is…………………….
a.HNO3 b.H2SO4 [Link] d.H2O
18. Milky way galaxy takes………………shape.
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
[Link] chemical formula of Sodium Chloride is………………………

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a.Na2CO3 b.Na2SO4 [Link] d.Na2O
[Link]’s core is rich with…………………………...elements.
[Link] and copper [Link] and silver [Link] and nickel [Link] and aluminum
Question two: Correct underline words:-
1- Inner core of earth is a molten layer rich with iron and nickel.
2- Meteors are a huge solid rocky masses that fall and didn’t burn completely as
they penetrate the atmosphere and some parts of them reach the earth’s surface.
3- Mechanical waves transfers in all materials and non-metrical media with large
velocity.
4- The chemical formula of ammonium chloride is NH3Cl.
5- Electromagnet converts light energy into magnetic energy.
6- Salts are substances that dissociate in water producing positive hydrogen ions.
Question three: Put a right () or wrong (×) in front of the

following sentences:
1- Bases change the colour of litmus to be blue and have a bitter taste. ( )
2- The weight of the body is constant no matter its place on earth. ( )
3- Chemical formula of sodium hydroxide is NaOH. ( )
4- From the reasons of life on earth surface is suitable atmospheric pressure. ( )
5- Meteorites bare considered of head and the tail. ( )
6- Basalt is from sedimentary rocks. ( )

Question four: Write the scientific term for each of the

following:
1- Rocks are formed as a result of exposing the old rocks of factors of pressure and
heat.

70
2- Substances are dissociated in water producing OH negative groups.
3- Elements doesn’t participate in the chemical reactions in the ordinary conditions
due to its outer energy level is completed.
4- The number of electrons lost, gained or even shared by an atom during a
chemical reaction.
5-A set of symbols and formulae representing the reactants molecule, the
products and the conditions of the reaction occur as well.
6- It is a property of an object to resist the change of its phase from rest to motion
in a regular speed and in a straight line unless an external force acted upon it.
7- Breaking out the bonds between the molecules of reactants and forming of new
bonds between the molecules of products.
8- The motion in which position of an object changes relative to a fixed reference
point.
9- Small rocky masses that fall from space, burns completely and a part of it reach
to earth’s surface.
10- They are waves that need medium to transfer through and don’t transfer
though space.
Question five: Give reasons for each of the following:
1. The oxygen atom is bonded of two sodium atoms when forming the sodium oxide
molecule.
2. The car passengers are rushed forward when the car stops suddenly.
3- We see the lightning before hearing the thunder sound although they both
happen in the same time.
4- Neon atom 20
10𝑁𝑒 is not reacting in a chemical reaction through the ordinary

conditions.

71
5- The presence of life on the surface of Erath’s planet only.

Question six: Mention one example of the following:

1- An igneous rock. 2- A noble gas.
Question seven: What happens in each of the following

cases?
1- Approaching wet rod with conc. Hydrochloric acid to ammonia gas.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- Friction of the bicycle tire to rough surface.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Question eight: Compare between each of the following:-

1- Bases and acids (According to effect on litmus paper).

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