1.
6 Problems on Conditional Probability and Related Con-
cepts
1. A bag contains 5 red balls and 8 green balls. Two balls are drawn randomly
without replacement. Find:
a) The probability that the second ball is red given the first ball is green.
b) The probability that the first ball is green given the second ball is red.
2. A die is rolled. Let:
A: The number rolled is a multiple of 2.
B: The number rolled is greater than 3.
Find P (B|A).
3. In a class of 40 students:
25 students like Math,
18 students like Science,
10 students like both Math and Science.
Find the probability that a student likes Science given they like Math.
4. A manufacturing unit has two machines producing widgets:
Machine A produces 60% of the widgets, with a defect rate of 4%.
Machine B produces 40% of the widgets, with a defect rate of 5%.
If a randomly chosen widget is defective, what is the probability that it
was produced by Machine A?
5. A bag contains 4 red balls, 3 blue balls, and 5 green balls. Two balls are
drawn randomly without replacement. Find the probability that the first
ball is red and the second ball is blue.
6. In a group of 20 students:
12 are boys, and 8 are girls.
A student is selected randomly and then another without replacement.
Find the probability that:
a) The first student is a boy and the second student is a girl.
b) Both students are boys.
7. A person has three bags of coins:
Bag 1 contains 1 gold coin and 4 silver coins,
Bag 2 contains 2 gold coins and 3 silver coins,
Bag 3 contains 3 gold coins and 2 silver coins.
A bag is selected at random, and a coin is drawn. What is the probability
that the coin is gold?
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8. A store sells products from three suppliers:
Supplier A supplies 50% of the products, 2% of which are defective.
Supplier B supplies 30% of the products, 5% of which are defective.
Supplier C supplies 20% of the products, 10% of which are defective.
Find the probability that a randomly selected product is defective.
9. In a diagnostic test for a certain disease:
1% of the population has the disease,
The test is 95% accurate for diseased individuals (P (T |D) = 0.95),
The test gives a false positive rate of 2% (P (T |Dc ) = 0.02).
If a randomly chosen individual tests positive, what is the probability that
they actually have the disease?
10. In a college, 60% of students are in the science stream, 30% in commerce,
and 10% in arts. The probability of getting a scholarship is:
20% for science students,
10% for commerce students,
5% for arts students.
If a randomly selected student gets a scholarship, what is the probability
that they belong to the science stream?
11. A fair coin is flipped twice. Let: A: The first flip is heads, B: The second
flip is heads.
Are A and B independent? Justify your answer.
12. A die is rolled. Let: A: The number rolled is even. B: The number rolled
is greater than 4.
Are A and B independent?