DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,

HINDU COLLEGE OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

Affiliated to
DEEN BANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
MURTHAL (SONIPAT), INDIA –131039

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

Dissertation Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelors in Architecture

PUSHPA MAHORI, 20025006021

December 2024

Supervisor
Prof. (Dr.) H.M. THAPLIYAL
 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,
HINDU COLLEGE OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
AFFILIATED TO
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY MURTHAL (SONIPAT)

Declaration by the Candidate

I, Pushpa Mahori, Roll no. 20025006021, student of [Link] hereby declare that the
Dissertation titled “Climate responsive buildings” which is submitted by me in 2024 to the
Department of Architecture, Hindu College of Design, Architecture & Planning affiliated to
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science &Technology (DCRUST), Murthal (Sonipat)-
Haryana in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of the degree of [Link] has not
previously formed basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma Associateship, Fellowship or
other similar title or recognition.

Place: Signature of Student

Date: PUSHPA MAHORI

Prof. (Dr.) H.M. Thapliyal

(Name of Supervisor)

Ar. Ritika Goel

Dissertation Coordinator

Prof. (Dr.) H.M. Thapliyal

Director Principal
 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,
HINDU COLLEGE OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
AFFILIATED TO
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
MURTHAL (SONIPAT)

Bonafide Certificate

Certified that this Dissertation titled ‘CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS’ is the bonafide work of
PUSHPA MAHORI, 20025006021 who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further
that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other
Dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or
any other candidate.

Prof. H.M. Thapliyal

Dissertation Supervisor

Ar. Ritika Goel

Dissertation Coordinator

Prof. (Dr.) H.M. Thapliyal

Director Principal
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 CONTENTS

Abstract ..............................................................................................................................5

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION (Aim, Objectives and Methodology)......................................................6

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
PASSIVE TECHNIQUES.....................................................................................................9

Chapter 3

LITERATURE CASE STUDY OF DIFFERENT............................................................19

CLIMATIC ZONE BUILDINGS

Chapter 4

MATERIAL STUDY..........................................................................................................31

Chapter 5

ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES.......................................................................................41

REFERENCES/ BIBLOGRAPHY..................................................................................43
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Methodology

Figure 2. Internal Layout of spaces to reduce solar gains

Figure 3. Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial buildings: conserving energy

Figure 4. Heat transfer

Figure 5. The incorporation of the external and internal facade layers

Figure 6. Main types of air movement in DSF

Figure 7. Use of natural instead of mechanical ventilation when possible, using the Double Skin

Façade cavity

Figure 8. Air Flow Pathways A. interior vented, B. exterior vented, C. hybrid supply air and D.

hybrid exhaust air.

Figure 9. Heat transfer processes in a conventional sealed cavity façade.

Figure 10. CII - Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)

Figure 11. Courtyard

Figure 12. Roof garden

Figure 13. Double glazing

Figure 14. Trombe wall

Figure 15. Inside of classroom

Figure 16. Wind flow

Figure 17. Air circulation inside Indra Paryavaran Bhawan

Figure 18. Improved glass

Figure 19. SHC properties

 Abstract

Energy, climate and architecture are actually associated with one another, the greater is the energy
use the even worse is actually the environmental reduction. With rapid economic development &
improvement of individuals' expectation for comforts, the construction industry will continue on
being the key power end user. Consequently , energy conservation turns into an important in each
residential and commercial structures & hence, it becomes appealing to fashion climate responsive
buildings with passive methods. Climate responsive buildings style is a principle which features the
micro climate and architecture to create a man winter casual situations.
This particular idea considers the sun, ventilation based passive methods, micro climatic factors as
well as winter casual situations which boost the framework synthetic energy efficiency. Winter
comfort not just makes the inside comfortable but also determines the energy usage in the structure
and hence the sustainability of its. All through the planet, from early times individuals have passive
strategies which have developed through generations day by day. These buildings got attention for
precise research with the study at current occasions. Various researchers had done considerable
research on passive strategies with sustainable components to create a climate responsive building.
Developing climate responsive buildings is actually challenging, to need understanding the
construction facade envelop, in addition to the way buildings are actually designed, built as well as
operated in a certain cultural context. Regrettably, it's a lot easier to install air conditioners in
electricity structures which boost the structures price but in passive methods is lessen the structure
cost.
This particular paper is actually based on a study to assess the passive methods with sustainable
materials to generate climate responsive structures. We learned 6 case studies of many climatic
conditions such as climate that is moderate, chilly climate as well as composite climate zones.
Collectively, they integrated a range of passive style techniques with renewable materials, which
includes different shading systems, latest technology, cavity walls, day as well as night time
ventilation, and evaporation cooling.
we analysis with the base of literature studies along with exiting case studies with various climatic
zones to realize the connection between the indoor and outdoor problems to figure out the dynamics
of "climate responsiveness" of each building.
 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

Sustainable growth emphasizes meeting present needs without compromising future

generations' ability to fulfil their own, a principle increasingly integrated into the
built environment through energy-efficient building regulations. Climate-responsive
architecture seeks to create comfortable interiors while reducing dependence on
artificial energy by tailoring designs to local climatic conditions. These designs
account for weather patterns, sun intensity, wind, humidity, and rainfall, optimizing
building performance.

The building envelope, a critical interface between indoor and outdoor environments,
is central to energy efficiency. Its design must adapt to different climate zones to
minimize unnecessary energy loss. This principle echoes ancient practices where
solar energy was harnessed to heat and cool structures. Early humans used caves or
strategically oriented openings to capture warmth in winter and materials that
retained heat to release it after sunset.

Historically, designs focused on forms and materials that utilized natural energy
flows, offering thermal comfort and efficiency. Over time, modern reliance on fossil
fuels overshadowed these principles, despite the sophistication of solar technologies.
Solar energy, though abundant and free, struggled to compete with the initial low
costs of fossil fuels due to high capital investments. However, growing awareness of
environmental impacts has reignited interest in solar energy and sustainable design.

Recent advances focus on converting solar energy into cost-effective solutions for
building cooling and heating. Passive design strategies, such as optimizing
orientation, materials, and layouts, play a crucial role. These strategies leverage
natural ventilation, shading, and solar heat gain to enhance energy efficiency. By
incorporating these methods, buildings in varied climatic zones can achieve lower
energy consumption while maintaining comfort.

This research explores passive cooling techniques in different climates, assessing

their optimization potential. It aims to identify approaches that reduce total building
energy costs using sustainable materials and design strategies. Drawing from
literature and case studies, the study examines diverse scenarios and parameters,
highlighting the variability in environmental conditions. The secondary objective is
to consolidate valuable scientific insights into passive design, providing organized
guidelines that can benefit architectural practices.

In conclusion, climate-responsive architecture embodies a blend of historical wisdom

and modern innovation. It offers a pathway to sustainable, energy-efficient buildings
that respond to the challenges of today's environmental and energy demands while
safeguarding resources for future generations.

8 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 1.1 : CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE IN PERSPECTIVE

Architecture as well as climate has usually been connected in a pattern of mutual

impact. From the job of it’s as a provider of shelter, architecture deliberately
modifies the climate of an immediate area
as well as typically, the design of its continues to be formed by the stresses as
well as opportunities inherent in the regional climate. In the process, buildings &
cities have developed unintentional modifications to climate at various scales, out
of the local to the worldwide. In tandem with these trends, work have been
created in order to better understand the powerful interactions between the
created and natural locations, as well as to pursue paths for bringing them into
balance. This particular essay traces several of the milestones in these cross
disciplinary work, as well as examines the directions where leading edge analysis
is headed. Some ideas are actually provided on sustainable architecture of an era
of dwindling resources and questionable climatic stability.

1.2 : PASSIVE DESIGN

‘Passive design' is actually a style which takes advantage from the climate to keep
a comfortable temperature in buildings. Passive design basically protects from
heat and gives comfortable indoor climate to give cool from outdoor
temperature .The value of passive style can't be overstated. To pay attention to the
concepts of good passive style ideal for the climate of yours effectively' locks in'
thermal comfort, low cooling and heating bills, and decreased greenhouse gas
emissions for the life span of your home. Passive design utilizes natural energy
sources of heating & cooling, such as cooling breezes and the sunshine. It's done
by properly orientating the building of yours on the website of its and very
carefully developing the construction envelope (roof, walls, floors and windows
of a home). Well - designed building envelope minimizing an unwanted heat gain
as well as [Link] cheapest time to attain excellent passive look in a house
happens when originally designing as well as developing it. Nevertheless, sizable
renovations to a current home are able to additionally provide a cost effective
chance to update winter casual - perhaps little upgrades could send important
improvements. When you are purchasing a brand new house or maybe apartment,
evaluate the prospects of its for winter comfort and also ability to be cost
effectively upgraded to reflect excellent passive design concepts in its climate.
For best results,' passive' homes need' active' users - people who have a
fundamental knowledge of the way the house operates with the seasonal and daily
climate, like when to open and / or shut windows, and how you can use adaptable
shading.A number of different and interrelated techniques add to good passive
style, each the topic of an article in this particular section. Passive style
techniques differ with climate, as describe in much more detail of Design for
climate. The very best mix of passive style methods likewise varies based on the
specific characteristics of the website of yours. Select a designer who's
experienced in passive look for the climate of yours and even think about getting
a winter functionality authority to model various style alternatives using winter
functionality software. Good passive style is actually important to attaining a
lifetime of winter comfort, lower energy costs as well as minimal greenhouse gas
emissions. Passive Architecture is actually a climate responsive structure which

9 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 offers more comfortable indoor problems, without depending on artificial lighting
or physical cooling. For humid and hot tropics, the goal of Passive Architecture is
actually avoiding solar radiation, promote ventilation from the prevailing wind
and make sure daylight into the structure. The maximum effect could be
accomplished by strategizing the structure components for example orientation,
form, opening as well as sun shading products to get the said objectives.

1.3 : AIM

To study the techniques to design energy efficient buildings.

1.4 : NEED

The need to study climate- responsive buildings is to help know about the different
techniques in Climate-responsive architecture focuses on creating energy-efficient
buildings that optimize interior comfort while minimizing reliance on artificial
energy. This approach integrates passive design strategies and materials to reduce
energy consumption, thereby promoting sustainability. Passive heating and cooling
methods regulate indoor temperature and air quality by leveraging natural factors like
orientation, microclimate, wind, sun paths, and thermal mass.

The building envelope plays a critical role in balancing indoor and outdoor
conditions. In different climate zones, it requires tailored designs to reduce heat loss
and energy usage. Passive strategies include utilizing solar gain, thermal mass, and
airtight construction to control heat transfer and enhance efficiency. These designs
not only lower energy costs but also align with modern sustainable building codes.

Climate-responsive designs also adapt to specific weather patterns, accounting for

seasonality, sun intensity, humidity, and rainfall. Such an approach ensures buildings
perform effectively in their respective locations. Factors like glazing transmittance,
floor and wall exposure to sunlight, and insulation values are modeled to optimize
energy performance year-round.

Adopting these strategies reduces overall building costs, cuts reliance on fossil fuels,
and improves energy efficiency. By integrating passive techniques, modern
architecture achieves enhanced functionality while addressing environmental
challenges. This shift toward sustainable construction benefits occupants and
supports global energy conservation efforts.

1.4 : OBJECTIVE

10 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

  To study the sustainable techniques for modern buildings.
 This study will also focus on energy efficiency materials
 To study about advance techniques used in modern buildings and analyse
how much energy consume from techniques as well as materials.

1.5 : SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

1. This scope of the study is to introduce the passive techniques which are
beneficial for the human comfort different climatic zones.
2. In this study we will not be using any type technologies in cooling systems.
3. This study only applicable for the climatic zones which are present in India.

1.6 : METHODOLOGY

Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the six selected case
studies and literature studies, chosen from stratified random buildings in
different climate zone which were used to analyze the benefits for building’s
facade which is suitable for every climate and also analyse which material is
more benefits to make a climate responsive buildings. This study is adopted to
adoption of techniques and performance in materials with that particular climate
to make a future building.
This paper is study for all the climate zone in India .this study is done with the
secondary references with the internet website , government website as well as
Griha guidelines to know about which buildings is suitable for the case studies.
All the analysis data were comes from the answer of the key questions of this
paper. This qualitative and quantitative data is a conclusion of this study.

11 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Figure 1. Methodology

KEY QUESTIONS

1. Is a building facade role play for climate responsive building?

2. Is the passive techniques helps to make a energy efficient building?
3. Is passive design building facade is interrelated with sustainable materials?

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE STUDY

KEY REFERENCES AND STUDIES ON CLIMATE-RESPONSIVE

BUILDINGS

S. AUTHOR' TITLE JOURNAL/ARTICLE/ YEA CONCLUSI INFERENC

N S NAME RESEARCH PAPER/BOOK R ON ES
O.
1 Olgyay, Design Book 1963 Highlights Fundamenta
Victor with the l principles
Climate: principles of of climate-

12 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Bioclimati bioclimatic responsive
c design and design
Approach how
to architectural
Architectu forms adapt
ral to local
Regionalis climates for
m energy
efficiency
and
sustainabilit
y.
2 Givoni, Passive Book 1994 Discusses Importance
Baruch and Low passive of passive
Energy design cooling
Cooling of techniques strategies
Buildings like shading,
natural
ventilation,
and thermal
mass to
reduce
energy use
in buildings.
3 Hegger, Energy Book 2008 Focuses on Holistic
Manfred; Manual: integrating energy-
Fuchs, Sustainabl energy- efficient
Michael e efficient design
Architectu systems with approaches
re climate-
sensitive
architectural
designs to
reduce
environment
al impact.
4 Attia, Bioclimati Research paper 2011 Explores Adaptive
Shady; De c design bioclimatic design for
Herde, strategies strategies, hot climates
André for such as
residential building
buildings orientation,
in hot material
climates selection,
and
ventilation
methods, for
improving
thermal
comfort in
hot regions.
5 Kasmaee, The Role Journal article 2020 Investigates Urban
Mehrdad; of Urban how green greenery as
Kwok, Green roofs, a climate-
Alison Spaces in vegetation, responsive
Mitigating and water tool
Urban features in
Heat urban areas
Island contribute to
Effect reducing

13 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 urban heat
and
enhancing
climate
responsivene
ss.
6 Santamour Innovative Research paper 2022 Analyzes New
is, Mat Materials advanced materials
for materials for thermal
Building like phase- efficiency
Energy change
Efficiency materials
and cool
roofs to
enhance
thermal
performance
in climate-
responsive
building
designs.
7 Yao, Thermal Journal article 2013 Explores Adaptive
Runming; Comfort how thermal
Li, and occupant comfort
Baizhan Adaptive behavior and strategies
Behavior thermal
in comfort
Buildings influence
energy use
and the
design of
climate-
responsive
buildings.
8 Szokolay, Introducti Book 2014 Provides an Foundation
Steven V. on to introduction of
Architectu to sustainable
ral environment climate
Science: al controls, responses
The Basis thermal
of behavior of
Sustainabl materials,
e Design and climate-
specific
architectural
design.
9 Prieto, The Research paper 2019 Explores Practical
Antonio Influence strategies solutions
of Local like cross- for tropical
Climate ventilation, climates
on deep
Building overhangs,
Design in and shading
Tropical devices to
Regions improve
building
performance
in tropical
climates.
10 Wang, Liz; Modeling Journal article 2021 Examines Simulation

14 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Chen, and the role of as a tool for
Qingyan Simulation computation responsive
in al tools in design
Climate- optimizing
Responsiv building
e Design performance
for different
climates and
predicting
energy
savings.
11 Emmanuel Designing Journal article 2005 Highlights Tailoring
, Rohinton Buildings natural designs for
for ventilation, humid
Comfort building regions
in Hot- geometry,
Humid and material
Climates choices for
achieving
thermal
comfort in
humid
climates.
12 Brager, Thermal Research paper 1998 Demonstrate Human-
Gail S.; de Adaptatio s the centric
Dear, n in the adaptability design
Richard Built of occupants adaptations
Environm to varying
ent temperatures
in buildings,
promoting
passive
design
solutions for
energy
savings.
13 Hyde, Climate Book 2000 Analyzes Case
Richard Responsiv case studies studies of
e Design: of climate- warm-
A Study of responsive climate
Buildings buildings to designs
in Warm derive best
Climates practices for
warm
regions.
14 Hassan, Integration Journal article 2017 Investigates Solar
Asif; of Solar how shading shading
Ramzan, Shading in devices strategies
Qamar Building improve
Design thermal
performance
, reduce
cooling
loads, and
enhance
building
aesthetics.
15 Kershaw, Future Research paper 2012 Evaluates Climate
Tom; Climate the impact resilience in
Eames, Scenarios of future building

15 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Matthew and climate design
Building changes on
Performan building
ce performance
and
adaptation
measures.
16 Brown, Sun, Book 2001 Provides an Incorporatin
Graham Wind, and extensive g natural
Z.; DeKay, Light: guide to elements
Mark Architectu using solar
ral Design orientation,
Strategies wind
patterns, and
daylighting
for
sustainable
building
design.
17 Baker, Energy Book 2000 Explores the Integrated
Nick; and relationship approach to
Steemers, Environm between energy and
Koen ent in energy, environmen
Architectu environment t
re , and
architectural
form to
achieve
climate-
sensitive
designs.
18 Peters, Passive Research paper 2015 Examines Passive
Terri House Passive House
Design for House strategies
Different design for diverse
Climates principles climates
and their
adaptability
to varying
climatic
conditions
for
achieving
net-zero
energy
goals.
19 Nicol, Adaptive Journal article 2002 Focuses on Adaptive
Fergus; Thermal adaptive models for
Humphrey Comfort thermal energy-
s, Michael in the comfort efficient
Built models for buildings
Environm climate-
ent responsive
design,
emphasizing
flexibility in
building
systems.
20 Chokhachi The Research paper 2020 Studies how Urban
an, Alireza Impact of urban planning for

16 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Urban morphology, climate
Morpholo such as responsiven
gy on building ess
Microclim density and
ate and orientation,
Building affects
Energy microclimat
Use es and
energy
consumption
in urban
areas.

HISTORY

The history of climate-responsive buildings spans from ancient times to the modern
era, driven by the need to adapt to local climates for comfort and sustainability.

1. Ancient Civilizations: Early buildings used natural materials and design

features like thick walls, courtyards, and strategic orientations to respond to
climate. In hot regions, thick walls and small windows provided thermal
mass, while in colder areas, steep roofs and southern-facing windows helped
conserve heat.
2. Industrial Revolution: The advent of central heating and industrial materials
like brick and iron marked a shift in building design, with an increased focus
on controlled indoor environments. However, this period also introduced
inefficiencies in energy use.
3. Early 20th Century: Modernist architects like Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd
Wright integrated buildings with nature, using large windows and open plans,
while also emphasizing passive solar heating and natural ventilation.
4. Mid-20th Century (Energy Crisis): The 1970s oil crises highlighted the
need for energy efficiency. Passive solar design, thermal mass, and green
roofs emerged as key strategies, leading to the rise of sustainable architecture.
5. 21st Century: With growing environmental concerns, climate-responsive
buildings became a standard in architecture. The focus shifted to zero-energy
buildings, renewable energy integration, and advanced technologies, with
certifications like LEED and Passive House promoting sustainable design.

In short, climate-responsive architecture has evolved from simple passive strategies

in ancient times to advanced, sustainable design solutions aimed at reducing energy
use and mitigating climate change.

PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

2.1 : INTRODUCTION
An important step in optimizing a building design for energy efficiency is
through passive design measures. These strategies include site planning as well
as building design. The general design strategies pertain to orientation, building
form and layout, shading, day lighting and natural ventilation. The strategies
that are specific to the building use and typology revolve around the building
envelope design.

17 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 2.2 GENERAL DESIGN STRATEGIES

 ORIENTATION BUILDING FORM

 INTERNAL LAYOUT SHADING

A. Form &Orientation

Orientation is a crucial passive design technique for reducing energy consumption

and enhancing thermal comfort. It significantly influences the amount of sunlight on
surfaces, daylighting, and wind direction. Toward net-zero energy goals, orientation
and building type play a pivotal role in harnessing natural sunlight and winds for
efficiency, making them essential interventions.

Building designs vary based on climate and location. However, the core principle
remains: maximizing solar radiation in winter and minimizing it in summer. Warm
regions require orientations that reduce sun gains, while cooler areas benefit from
orientations that increase sun exposure. Wind direction also plays a vital role in
determining effective building orientation.

The building's shape influences its thermal performance, dictating the volume of
space requiring heating or cooling. Compact forms reduce unnecessary heat gains
and losses. For hot, cool, and dry climates, lightweight forms minimize thermal
inefficiency, enhancing the building's overall energy performance.

18 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Figure 2. Internal Layout of spaces to reduce solar gains

B. SHADING AND DAYLIGHTINGS

Shading from direct sun rays and its reflection in the surrounding is important.
Shading can be through neighboring buildings, self-shading from the building
shape, vegetation or special shading devices such as louvers or perforated
screens, lattices, grills, etc. will be required on the East and West facade to
protect against the low sun angles, high intensity solar radiations and direct
Design Guide glare. Internal spaces can also be shaded using gallery or
balcony spaces.
Special shading devices such as louvers or perforated screens, lattices, grills, etc.
will be required on the west and east facade to protect against the low sun angles,
high intensity solar radiations and direct glare. The north and South facades can
be protected by an overhang. The North facade gets exposed to the sun only
during the monsoons, when it is predominantly overcast, thus, shading is not
required. A simple overhang is adequate to block the sun in the south orientation.
The East facade requires boxed shading, whereas, Special shading devices such
as louvers or perforated screens, lattices, grills, etc. will be required on the West
facade to protect against the low sun angles, high intensity solar radiations and
direct glare.

2.3 BUILDING ENVELOPE

 ROOF
 EXTERNALWALL
 FENESTRATION

A. ROOF
19 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
 Cool Roofs

A high reflective and light-colored roof can be an effective strategy in

minimizing solar gains by reducing the roof surface temperatures A cool roof
can remain almost 380C cooler than a traditional dark roof (NZEB). A cool roof
coupled with insulation can provide higher savings.

20 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Figure 3. Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial buildings: conserving energy

Green Roofs

The green cover over roofs function as a second skin having significant insulation due to its
composition. It helps in protecting the roof surface against direct solar radiation, and there is also
regulating effect on humidity. and ambient temperature

Figure 4. Heat transfer

21 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

B. DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

 Thermal comfort
 Possibility to use solar control all year
 Avoidance of overheating the offices
 Acceptable internal surface temperatures during the winter and summer
 Visual comfort
 Possibility to use solar control all-the-year-round
 Improved visual comfort (such as avoiding glare)
 Acoustic comfort
 Improved acoustical performance of the envelope
 Ventilation
 Use of natural instead of mechanical ventilation when possible, using the Double Skin
Façade cavity
 Energy Use
 Reduction of heating demand during winter
 Reduction of cooling demand during summer
 Reduction of peak heating/cooling loads
 Use of natural daylight instead of artificial as much as possible
 Construction costs
 Fire regulations
 Maintenance of the façade

Figure 5. The incorporation of the external and internal facade layers

22 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Figure 6. Main types of air movement in DSF

Figure 7. Use of natural instead of mechanical ventilation when possible, using the
Double Skin Façade cavity
23 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
 IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

A. Airflow in the cavity

The environment flow within the two-fold epidermis cavity is actually among the most crucial facet
of this method, because the high temperature transferred throughout the façade shall figure out the
big energy intake of the structure. The wall space may be regarded as ventilated [Link] is
actually 3 breath which are identified: outdoors ventilated, within ventilated as well as hybrid car
ventilated. Outdoors ventilated wall space carry exterior air flow directly into the interleaf cavity as
well as vent back again to the exterior. Within ventilated facades carry air flow out of room that is
busy via the cavity as well as deplete it to the grow. Crossbreed methods carry air flow out of
possibly the outside or maybe the microwave's interior as well as vent it to the complete opposite
aspect.

A. B. C. D.

Figure 8. Air Flow Pathways A. interior vented, B. exterior vented, C.

hybrid supply air and D. hybrid exhaust air.

In order to provide air which is actually new before as well as during working hours, different types
of double epidermis facades ventilation might be used in climates that are actually different,
orientations, locations and building types to reduce the energy usage as well as improve the coziness
conditions of the passengers. The atmosphere conduct in the ventilated façade differs from the
standard facades.
As tend to be present in figure 2, the rises on the whole cavity level gaining heat by convection from
the tiles too as out of the interior wall structure. To the tile region the outside airs enters through the
bottom part joints and in addition keeps rising as it heats up. When gets to a sufficient temperature
(higher when compared with the ecosystem temperature) the starts to exist cavity with the most
effective joints, extracting winter energy coming from the cavity. The air close to the brick wall rises
by chimney's outcome absorbing heat out of that wall. The atmosphere average temperature of the
cavity is in fact in between the outside air temperature along with the temperature of the strong
surfaces (tiles in addition brick wall) on each side of the chamber. Using this façade, the cavity air
temperature is really lower in comparison to the temperature reached in a regular façade with a
sealed air chamber. The winter power extracted by ventilation is actually determined by the mass
flow rate of air which circulates to the cavity. This specific flow, been pushed by healthy convection,
is really a characteristic of the temperature discipline, The practical use of the ventilated façade
relays on the amount of the amount of power assimilated by the ambiance as it rises in the cavity.
The extracted energy does not get into the framework and consequently the cooling winter load is
really decreased. In the areas of higher sunshine irradiation the described mechanism is very
rigorous, although the angle between the sun position and the facade (time of day, season, latitude) is
in addition a considerable component.

24 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Figure 9. Heat transfer processes in a conventional sealed cavity façade.

B. Depth of cavity

The assortment of cavity depths varies drastically. In present buildings, the stove tends to remain
between 200mm as well as1400mm as calculated facial skin to face between the outer and inner
skins. In the brand new buildings you will find 3 predominant styles:
i. The compact design is generally aproximatelly 200mm to 500mm, the eventually allowing
sufficient room to allow for maintenance profession of the cavity principally to support cleaning
up of this surface area to the cavity.
ii. The large design is usually aproximatelly 1m wide, that provides for the area to be utilized as
being a fire egress corridor. Additionally, there are architectural and sunlight implications.
iii. The third design is actually the expanded layout which has atrium areas as well as structures
with in buildings.

A. Functioning of Double Skin Facades

Atmosphere is actually introduced straight into the cavity to transport away heating which would be
normally built up in the cavity as well as be partly transferred into the adjacent busy room. Heat of
the inner membrane is actually maintained lower than without having the airflow. It reduces
radiation, convection, and conduction coming from the occupied room within. As a result, less heat
is actually transferred from outdoors to the interior, and a lesser amount of power is actually
necessary cooling the room. Sun shading products positioned between the skins absorb or even
mirror undesirable solar radiation. The heat assimilated by the sun shading unit can easily be
eliminated by convection when air is moved on the surface area of the screens and then eliminated
from the cavity.

B. Heating Season
2 scenarios can be found with the heating season:
a) The brother pc connectable labeling system is actually closed without any air action with the
cavity. Cavity is permitted
to heat up, raising the heat of the internal pane, reducing radiant, convective, and conductive losses.
b) Warm air is actually introduced straight into the cavity from the microwave's interior to warm the
internal pane of glass and realize precisely the same outcome. This particular air flow is then ducted
to the developing methods plant wherever it might be run by way of a heat exchange to per heat the
new air

25 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 I. DOUBLE GLAZED GLASSES

Double glazing cups are actually nothing though a mix of several glass panes largely 2 in quantity
and could be 3 sometimes, these panes are actually having a splitting up by a spacer and a continue
to level of vacuum or maybe gasoline which brings down the heat transfer while developing a
component of creating envelope. The winter resistance offered decreases the synthetic heating
needed resulting in a decrease in the complete price and additionally the ecological footprint. These
glasses are usually called as the manufacturing and insulation glasses of the very same comes in that
has a thickness which range from 3mm to 12mm or perhaps more based upon the application of its

ADVANTAGES

1. Energy price savings. The airtight building of double glazed windows produces winter insulation.
This brings down the flow of outgoing and incoming temperature. A lesser amount of power can be
used to heat up or perhaps cool down the room, leading to lower energy costs.
glass panes
2. Adding a fourth or third level of glass raises the insulation worth of the window of yours. Each
level of cup traps a considerable quantity of heat which passes through, raising the house windows
protection from heat loss.

3. Limited condensation. Moisture on a comfortable floor styles droplets of h2o, what freeze into
frost. This could make the space feel colder, which causes the individuals within to set the heat. The
atmosphere between the 2 panes of glass, and the airtight seal, stops condensation via gathering by
blocking moisture in weather that is cold.

4. Sound insulation. Double glazed windows get better good insulation by producing a screen
between the house and the planet outside.

5. Safety. Double glazed windows are actually tougher to break than individual pane windows,
therefore they improve the security of the house. Since they are sealed tighter compared to some
other windows, it's likewise tougher to pressure them open from the exterior.

6. Reduce harm to furnishings. Double glazed windows are able to bring down the quantity of
sunshine plus heat entering the space. It will help decrease sun damage to your other, carpet,
furniture, and paintings items around the house.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Can't be repaired. The room between the 2 panes of cup traps air, developing a level of insulation.
In case the seal is not airtight, condensation is going to appear between the panes. As soon as sealed,
the panes cannot be pulled apart and fixed. The window is going to have to be replaced.

2. Trap heat. During the winter season, the heat trapping advantage is actually a benefit, but
throughout the summer time months, trapping heat within is able to result in an uncomfortable and
stuffy room. Numerous home owners tint the windows to obstruct the temperature, but this additional
function is going to costs additional.

2. Not a great fit for more mature homes. Double glazed windows are contemporary looking, so they
are able to clash with older types. And in the event that a homeowner makes a decision to not change
each windows with double glazed house windows, the general look of the house look mismatched.

26 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

CHAPTER 3 : LITERATURE CASE STUDY

3.1: ( CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad)

Figure 10. CII - Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has announced its plans to popularise ‘Net-
Zero Energy Building Movement’ in India, which is aimed at promoting energy [Link]
with the completion of 15 years of CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII - Godrej GBC) in
Hyderabad, it announced that it has become a ‘Net-Zero Energy’ Platinum rated [Link]
building is a sustainable design through a glazing window partition , green roof, courtyard planning
[Link] building is cut the heat through his techniques used in building as well as shape of the plan.

CLIMATE : Tropical wet and dry

Summers: Average Maximum Temperature: 40
deg C Average Minimum Temperature:
25 deg C
Winters: Average Maximum Temperature: 28
deg C Average Minimum Temperature:
13 deg C

TECHNIQUES

 Courtyard
The courtyards act as "light wells," illuminating adjacent work areas. When this light is not
sufficient, sensors trigger the deployment of efficient electric lights. Dimmers automatically control
the illumination levels, turning the lights off when they're unnecessary. Also, occupancy sensors
prevent a light from being switched on at an unoccupied workstation.
i. Internal Lighting: Difficult in the lower storey.
ii. Ventilation: Difficult conduction of supply air.
iii. In summer: Danger of over heating in the upper storey.
iv. Particular characteristics: Access zone.
v. Open to one side
vi. Lighting: Good.
vii. Ventilation: Good.
viii. In summer: Effective shading required. Particular characteristics: Sound insulation. In this set of
courtyards the wind enters in one direction. The other courtyard may be hot because of the
temperature as a result the cool air replaces it. The hot air being lighter than cold air rises up
making the place cooler and above the terrace gardens keep the temperature down forcing the
27 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
 hot air to rise up further.

Figure 11. Courtyard

 Roof Garden
The green cover over roofs function as a second skin having significant insulation due to its
composition. It helps in protecting the roof surface against direct solar radiation, and there is also
regulating effect on humidity. and ambient temperature.
Absorbing heat and radiating it within the structure. This minimized from the roof gardens covering
55 % of the roof area.
Rain water harvesting. Seepage into the soil were installed in pedestrian areas as well as parking.
Heat absorbed Rain water absorbed utilized for various functions Rain drinking water Water filter
Slope provided for the water flow Outlet for water collection.

Figure 12. Roof garden

 DOUBLE GLAZING
Use of Light Glazing as well as Vision Glazing Usage of Light Glazing as well as Vision Glazing The
two-fold glazed cup will simply let the diffused sunshine to pass through and can radiate the solar
radiation returned. It's placed in the western path because the suns rays is extremely radiant when it's
setting.? This comprises of 2 sheets of glass with room in between, occasionally loaded with air or
maybe [Link], or other gases in thickness have a particular effect, up to a particular limit,
on the portion of radiation permitted to penetrate and on winter conductance of this composition.? The
primary benefit of this particular kind of cross part is the power of its to reduce heat transfer through a
single pane to the various other, both by conduction as well as by radiation. Double glazed cup Double
glazedglass.

28 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Figure 13. Double glazing

3.2: | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE APARTMENT PALI PALMS , MUMBAI

CLIMATE : Tropical wet and dry climate

Temperature average annual maximum temperature is: 31.8° C
average annual minimum temperature is: 23.0° C

29 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

The architectural built form has developed in reaction to the tropical climate, accessibility and
lifestyle of material. Where shading to minimize excessive heat and keeping the interiors of homes
great becomes the most crucial aspect in developing a design.
In this particular building the usual masonry facade mechanism is actually replaced with screens and
constant openable glazing for giving freedom of planning.

 Aluminium mesh :The expanded Aluminium mesh in the facade act as Climate Responsive
Apartment, for its intrinsic value, to reduce heat gain and to dematerialize the facade by breaking
it into a Myriad of different elements thus reinterpreting the traditional Indian Jali. It’s angular
and cut in a linear pattern while elsewhere it’s vertical, somewhere single and somewhere double
height. The screen is required at the podium levels to reduce the view.

3.3 : ICICI BANK TOWERS , MUMBAI

30 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

ICICI bank towers situated in Mumbai's Bandra Kurla Complex, have an area of around 631476 ft.
The house was completed in 1998 and incorporates the green construction
Materials and concepts. Building has been sponsored by IBMS (Integrated Building Management
System), which has aided in our energy saving efforts. The system has demonstrated that efficient
energy management strategies can achieve energy savings. The original design of the buildings
includes numerous energy-efficiency features including daylight, green rooftops, and low-emission
double glazed windows. In addition, constant upgradation were done with energy-efficient system
and equipment. In high-rise buildings, especially in situations where the upper floors are subject to
wind pressure and noise pollution, the use of Double Skin Façade using natural ventilation features is
very safe and reliable. The design of these facades is directly influenced by factors such as noise
insulation required, air flow velocity in the cavity, exterior building condition, type , number and
location of external and internal openings in each layer. Only economic considerations should not be
considered in light of the nature and evaluation of double skin. Other issues such as occupants'
thermal comfort and beauty should be treated equally. The second skin is specifically designed for
the rebuilding of an old building. Additionally, performance improvements to the exterior façade are
presented with a new perspective on buildings.

 CLIMATE : Wet and dry climate

 ORIENTATION
ICICI Tower is oriented North East — South West. The maximum Area of the building is exposed to
west side. Usually in warm & humid climates the orientation should be exposed to wind direction,
but due to buildings security reasons it’s sealed from all sides by glass envelope the orientation will
maximizes heat gain. Due to orientation it shades path way on Road sides in morning & evening.
Also they Control all lights by zoning the office area and operation of the same through lighting
control system.
 Wall Envelope:
Wall envelope consists of the Structural Glazing, Aluminum cladding, White color luster paint inside,
and with walls of Gypsum block. Structural Glazing systems are a , cost effective solution for
contemporary glass design. Structural Glazing methods be made up of a partially or fully framed
inner finish, with the cup structurally glazed/adhered to the exterior face. In the ICICI Bank the
Structural Glazing is actually be made up of 6mm delicate coated Double Glazed Units coming from
VIRACON as well as this could minimizes radiation.
31 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
 3.4 : DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL ,LEH LADAKH

The Druk White Lotus School is located in Shey, Ladakh, in northern India. The master plan and
school buildings, designed by architects and engineers from Arup and Ove Arup & Partners,
combine local building techniques and materials with leading edge environmental design to make
them effective in the extreme climate. Alternative style examples include ventilation improved pit
latrines, passive sun heating, a gravity feed drinking water program as well as seismic security
designs.

Climate : cold and dry climate

Average temperature : summer ( -3° C to 30° C )
Winter (-20° C to 15° C )
Orientation :
 30° south-east orientation, combined with fully-glazed solar façades that gather the sun‟s
energy and store heat in high thermal mass walls.
 The Residences are actually oriented due south, as well as make use of Trombe Walls, that
are coated externally with dim, heat absorbing material and are actually confronted with a
two-fold level of glass. High temperature is actually kept in the wall and done inwards to the
dormitories during night time.

Techniques

TROMBE WALLS :
A Trombe wall is essentially a sun-facing structure divided by a cup from the outside of the building, as
well as an air room, which absorbs solar power and selectively generates it inward atnight.

1. The simplest type of Trombe wall structure is a cup panel that is placed from a wall and has an
air region at the back of it. In fact, there are 2 vents, 1 at the top and one at the bottom of the air
room, which link this particular air area with the inner space.
2. [Link] Sun heats the atmosphere in this particular room initially during the daytime, then the
strong wall behind it. It rises as well as enters the area after the air flow is heated, thus giving it
extra heat. Alternatively the rising air pulls down to be warmed up with cooler air coming from
32 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
 below home. But for some time right after the sun goes down by today 's attractive wall structure
will really keep heating atmosphere and exchange which high heat in space.
3. In summer time, the roof overhang is used to keep the trombe wall space from heating up the
kitchen. If it is heavy enough, the greater summer sun will be able to heat up the glass. Vents
used in a winter mass wall structure should be closed for night.
4. Thermal wall thickness must be approximate 10 14 inches for brick, 12 18 for concrete, 8 12 for
some other planet material or adobe and also a minimum of six inches for water.?
5. Furthermore, Trombe walls can be used to create airflow in sub-floor spaces. Therefore, when
the sub-floor room has ample height, the best ventilation moves into the sub-floor room and the
bottom is actually able to consider the outside (inside instead). A sun chimney is produced in
effect, feeding straight into the room on the sub-floor. This can generate the typical temperature
within the sub floor location that will bring down the relative humidity.
6. Material :Timber ,Fly ash

Figure 14. Trombe wall

33 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 Figure 15. Inside of classroom

34 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 3.5 BIHAR MUSEUM , PATNA

CLIMATE : Composite climate

 In fact, the exterior of the Museum is recognized by the considerable use of weathering metal, a
solid information that complements its context and creates a dignified distinction for the
surrounding greenery. The weathering steel represents India 's historic achievements in
metallurgy along with its current prominence in the international steel sector (of which Bihar has
played a crucial role in abundant natural resources). It is complemented by stone, terracotta and
cup finishes – a contemporary content palette with distinct junctions to the past of Bihar as well
as long-term.
 Energy Consumption Reduction : 53% reduction in energy consumption compared to GRIHA
benchmark
 Fly ash bricks with 60% fly ash content by volume have been used in the project. Kota stone,
sandstone, rubber tile, carpet and vitrified tiles were used as a flooring material in the

building.
Open courtyard planning for exterior exhibition area as well as for ventilation and feel openable
space .This building envelope is cut the heat and enter the sunlight in the building through its local
material weathering steel as well as using of openable louvers to enter the sunlight as well as
ventilation around the open exhibition area using of different open cut out area to enter sunlight .

35 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

In building facade different punctures are create with different shape as well as different sizes for
ventilation. Using of wooden louvers to make a sustainable building which help to make a claimte
responsive building.

3.6 : INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN , NEW DELHI

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, the sets of new Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) office
building, is a drastic shift from traditional building design.

36 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

By providing adequate natural light, shading, landscape to reduce ambient temperature, and energy-
efficient active building systems, the project team placed particular emphasis on strategies to reduce
energy demand. Several energy saving initiatives were implemented to reduce the building's energy

loads and the remaining demand was met by generating high installed energy from the site Solar
panels efficiency to meet the Net Zero criteria. Indira Paryavaran Bhawan uses 70 percent less
energy than conventional construction. The project implemented green design principles including
water management and optimisation by extracting waste water from the site.
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is now the highest designated green building in India. GRIHA 5 Star and
LEED Platinum have been received at the project. The building has already won awards including
GRIHA
 CLIMATE TYPE : COMPOSITE
 ORIENTATION

Figure 16. Wind flow

Building is north south oriented, with separate blocks connected through corridors and a huge
central court yard. Orientation minimizes heat ingress. Optimal window to wall ratio.
 Landscaping: The location outside the structure is actually covered more than 50 % with
plantation. Circulation roads and pathways are very soft paved to allow recharge of the ground
water.
 Day lighting: Around 75% of the building floor space is illuminated by working days, thus
reducing reliance on synthetic lighting energy sources. Offers indoor courtyard as a gentle well.
 Ventilation: The central courtyard should aid in the movement of the air because there is
good ventilation due to the impact of the stack. Windows and jaalis are equipped for
ventilation

37 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 .

Figure 17. Air circulation inside Indra Paryavaran Bhawan

 Building Envelope and Fenestration:

1. Optimized building envelope-set of windows (U-value 0.049 W / m2 K), VLT 0.59, SHGC 0.32
2. UPVC double glazed, hermetically sealed windows with low heat transmission index glass
3. Isolating rock fur
4. Glass Strong Performance
5. Cool roofs: use of high reflectance terrace tiles for heat intake, high resistance, hard wear.
 Materials and construction techniques :
1. AAC fly ash-blocks
2. Fly ash based plaster & mortar
[Link] cement and Ferro jaalis
[Link] flooring in stone
5. Jute composite bamboo screens, frames and flooring
6. High performance, high VLT, low SHGC & low U-value, optimized by suitable shading.

38 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

DETAILED CASE STUDY COMPARISON

Building Name Climate Zone Passive Techniques Notable Features

CII-Sohrabji Godrej Composite Double glazing, High energy
Green Business cavity walls, efficiency achieved
Centre, Hyderabad shading systems, through advanced
natural ventilation design strategies,
consistent thermal
comfort, and
reduced operational
energy use.
Climate Responsive Moderate Orientation-based Integration with
Apartment, Pali design, large urban surroundings
Palms, Mumbai windows for using renewable
daylighting, materials, effective
external shading management of
devices heat gain.
ICICI Bank Moderate Double-skin façade, Use of thermal
Towers, Mumbai thermal mass, buffering and smart
advanced energy systems
insulation, solar enhances energy
heat gain control performance.
Druk White Lotus Cold High insulation, Adaptation to high-
School, Leh Ladakh solar heating, altitude climate
thermal mass, wind challenges using
protection local materials and
passive solar
heating.
Bihar Museum, Composite Evaporative A blend of
Patna cooling, natural traditional methods
light optimization, with modern
external shading architectural
practices ensuring
comfort and
sustainability.
Indira Paryavaran Composite/Hot & Green roofs, India's first net-zero
Bhawan, New Dry double-skin façade, energy building
Delhi advanced leveraging cutting-
insulation, solar edge technologies
shading for sustainable
energy use.

39 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

CHAPTER 4 : MATERIAL STUDY

4.1 : PAPER INSULATION

Recycled paper insulation, an ecofriendly product, is actually a great choice for both brand new
construction p rojects and renovations. Usually recognized as cellulose, and more often called
isolation from newsprint, it is a natural alternative to isolate.

Environmental and Health Factors

Recycled paper insulation is environmentally friendly, using other paper items and processing
newsprint which would usually wind up in a landfill.
[Link] insulation consists of up to 85% recycled content, based on the Association of Cellulose
Insulation Manufacturers (CIMA).

2. The manufacture of cellulose insulation uses less energy than any other isolating factor,
including foam and fiberglass.

The CIMA also calls for the elimination of greenhouse gases by the use of cellulose insulation
that would normally be created by paper in landfill sites

40 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

ADVANTAGES
For many homeowners, cellulose insulation is a great option, whether they are dying, or paying
someone else to install it.

1) Good characteristics for soundproofing when used in walls , floors and ceilings.

2) By blowing it in through the holes made in the walls, cellulose can be packed into existing
cavities. This can
3) be done without removing existing wall coverings like old plaster, which makes it a good choice
for older homes.

4) Air flows better than fiberglass, with thick cellulose blocks.

5) Cellulose has a high resistance to fire with a Class I rating.

DISADVANTAGES
1. The paper insulation is sprayed under pressure (dense packed) into the wall cavities. Plaster wall
s, such as cracking or entire sections of the wall coming loose, may suffer damage.
2. Cellulose is heavy and, when applied to depths needed to achieve high Rvalues, can cause ceilin
g parts to collapse. Before installation it is necessary to ensure the ceiling structure can support
extra weight.

41 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

4.2 :FERROCK

It is actually made from waste steel dust that is normally discarded from manufacturing operations,
and from ground up glass silica.
The iron reacts with C02 to steel dust, and rusts to develop iron carbonate. This has this incorporated

42 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

into Ferrock 's matrix because, like concrete, once it's cooled, it can't be melted back into a liquid
shape, but it maintains its rough, rock-like quality.

ADVANTAGE
1) Low-maintenance cost -
Ferrock construction requires less maintenance and also has an extended shelf life vis-a-
vis steel structures.
2) Lighter weight- Ferro cement construction weighs ten to twenty-five per cent less than brick
structure.
3) Renewable processes-The Ferrock development task does not harm the planet as opposed to
unsustainable cement production processes.

DISADVANTAGE
Ferrock involves high cost - In fact, the content is thought to be much more suitable for niche
products but will not be a cost-effective option for large-scale projects such as roads and highway
developments. Many industry veterans think that if the steel dust goes straight from becoming a
waste to becoming a useful building material, the expense of producing Ferrock will be
exponentially high , making the construction process all the more expensive.

"Ferrock isn't an extended, cost-effective building material. In the face of rapid expansion of the real
estate and infrastructure, green construction is in reality the only way to maintain declining
environmental resources. As of today, however, Ferrock is not a favorite building material in India, it
is expected to be one of the important building materials with the many advantages of exceeding its
debated high cost.

4.3 :TIMBERCRETE

Timbercrete is indeed an award-winning, environmentally sensitive building material that has many
advantages over clay and concrete bricks. Whether used as bricks , blocks, pavers or panels, its
extensive performance is remarkable and benefits for the planet. This unique product can be moulded
or even pressed into a wide variety of sizes , shapes, textures and colours. It can be used for
residential, industrial , and commercial construction, as well as landscaping and a variety of other

43 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

uses. Please read on to find out just how Timber Crete stands out from the majority of the
items available on the market.

 In fact, timber Crete is the only structural brick or perhaps block commodity on the Australian
market that absorbs carbon that would normally end up in our atmosphere as greenhouse
gases.
 The embodied energy is significantly lower compared to the clay fired bricks.
 Compared to regular solid masonry blocks and frames, it is a higher insulation value (R).
 It is a workable thermal mass capable of storing and releasing winter energy gradually.
 It boasts special and enhanced engineering qualities in some conditions, including increased
durability and load resistance to breakage compared to concrete products and unreinforced clay
(as tested).
 Lighter weight (up to 2.5 X lighter than concrete, or maybe clay).
 Unique workability, it can be nailed and screwed into love wood, but it retains all the advantages
of typical masonry.
 Higher fire resistance-190 mm thick, superior to regular concrete blocks, clay, wood and steel.
It's the best fire rating exceeding.

What is Timber Crete Made Of?

Timber Crete is made of a unique blend of cellulose (timber waste), cement, sand, binders, and
other materials.

Recycled Waste

•As the name suggests, "Timbercrete" is made primarily from timber waste, such as sawdust and
wood chips. No tree was ever cut specifically for manufacturing Timbercrete. Instead, we use the
excess sawmill waste from plantation timbers which would otherwise be burned or used to cause it to
degrade, releasing greenhouse gasses into our atmosphere.

Other Components

• Sand – Mixed sands carefully selected to maximize their load capacity (MPA) and minimize water
intake.

• Binders - Cement binder such as Portland cement and other cement material, along with a special
non-toxic "defloc" is currently considered to be much more suitable for niche products but would not
be a cost-effective choice for large-scale projects such as roads and highway developments. Many
industry veterans think that the cost of manufacturing Ferrock would be enormously high if the steel
dust goes straight from being a waste to being a valuable building material, making the construction
cycle even more costly.

 Performance

1. The unique density and matrix of timbercrete achieves impressive sound qualities and up to six
times that of conventional brick thermal insulation. It has fantastic toughness and a very high
load-bearing power, but it still allows you to nail or screw a wood into it. It also has less
accumulative expansion and shrinkage than concrete and clay bricks. Construction is easier and
faster because the blocks are typically larger and lighter.
2. Density and Matrix : Dry density of timbercrete is 900 to 1000 kg / m3, with water being the
44 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
product closest to this density followed by timber. The Timbercrete matrix is a proprietary

45 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 combination of (mainly) low-density soft woods and a smaller component of special binding
sands, cement, and other non-toxic materials.
3. Sound Qualities :3. While testing is still required, acoustic experts agree that the unique density
and matrix of Timbercrete will achieve superior acoustic values in relation to sound absorption
and sound transmission resistance. In effect, Timbercrete has a unique ability to absorb and
diffuse sound, as well as prevent sound transfer, allowing it to acoustically outperform bricks,
blocks, and cement walls. That's shown clearly by anecdotal evidence.
4. Load-bearing Capacity : Timbercrete is strongly load-bearing. A single standard Timbercrete
block 200 mm thick supports more than 30 tones.
5. Accumulative Shrinkage & Expansion: Timbercrete has less expansion and shrinkage than
concrete and clay bricks. This is due in part to an extended healing time and a unique method of
mounting bricks , blocks and panels into the wall.
6. Ease and Building Simplicity: Tradesmen enjoy working with Timbercrete because it is
lightweight, coming in at just 900kg / m3 (approx.).
7. Timbercrete can be handled much easier: Timbercrete can be nailed and screwed without the
need for pre-drill. It is like nailing into a piece of wood. Unlike other lightweight building
materials such as aerated concrete, Timbercrete stays attached to the nails and screws. This
makes life incredibly simple when it comes to mounting different fixtures on the walls.

 Cost Effective

1) Cost Competitive to Construct

• Easier and faster to construct, which reduces construction costs.

• Timbercrete is typically more competitive than traditional alternatives per square meter of wall.

• Timbercrete has just launched a new panel system which is considerably more cost-effective than
any other Australian construction system.

2) Year Round Savings

• The incredible thermal efficiency of timbercrete saves you money on heating and cooling year in
year out.

• Exceptionally low maintenance of single skin walls, without the need for patching or repainting
porous internal gyprock walls; Superior value for resale

• Since Timbercrete is cheaper to build, you'll immediately boost your resale income.

• Timbercrete is a unique, handcrafted and visually pleasing product. This look is associated more
often with sandstone or limestone. In the center of a street full of houses with rising brick veneer
(cookie cutter),

4.4 :TRIPLE GLAZED WINDOW

1. Triple Pane Windows have more gas fill

Since two chambers have triple-pane glass, both can be filled with either argon or krypton gas. That
contributes significantly to a higher output in energy efficiency.
Here is an example of a real life at an Ecoline window:

46 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

A double panel window with 1 coat Low-E 180 has an ER score of 28, while an
ER score of 34 has a triple panel window with the same design.
This means an extra 2-chamber glass panel filled with argon gas raises the
window's ER value by 20 percent.

2. Extra Pane of Glass means more Low-E

Due to the additional glass panel, triple panel glazed windows offer an option to
add an extra Low-E layer for better home efficiency.
A triple panel window with 1 coat Low-E vs. the same window with 2 coats Low-
E translates into an increase in ER rating of 12 per cent.

3. Triple Pane Windows are more soundproof

4. Triple Pane windows reduce condensation on glass

Triple pane windows have a better chance of condensation reduction. It's all about
the dew point, the temperature at which the airborne water vapor condenses on
surfaces for a given relative humidity. When the window's inner pane surface
temperature is below the dew point, condensation will occur on the glass surface.
The point of dew is dependent on both temperature and relative humidity. The
greater the window insulation performance, the higher the interior glazing surface
temperature, the less likely the vapor can condense or freeze on the glass.

Condensation and damp and mould problem on the inside of a double glazed
window.

5. Some benefits of triple-pane windows cannot be quantified.

If the temperature is below freezing, you can sit next to a triple-glazed window in a
chair and not feel as cold, this comfort advantage is something worth
remembering.
Triple pane windows obtain a higher ER value overall. They deliver
more energy-efficient improvements, and achieve higher overall output

47 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

values than a double panel window.

 Energy Performance
 The rough and ready method of comparing windows' energy
performance is to use the measurement of the U value, just as we
do with walls , floors and roofs.
 The art of coating and tinting glass has been mastered by glass manufacturers
with all kinds of finishes that can keep the heat in, remove unwanted sunlight,
reduce glare and even self-clean. The net effect of this glass innovation
implies a dramatic decrease in the U values of the glazing.
 Single glazed windows can have a U value of about 5.0W / m2window
that you are currently installing should have a U value of no less than 1.6

Figure 18. Improved glass

4.5 : SOLAR TILES

48 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

Solar tiles work in the same manner as the photo voltaic panels already
commonly used in construction. The key difference between them lies in their
assembly: while photo voltaic panels are connected to an existing roof, from the
beginning solar tiles are part of the roof design, taking the place of standard
tiling's. The tiles are formed by photo voltaic cells that, when receiving sunlight,
create an electric field capable of providing electrical energy for use inside the
building. Each tile is connected to the power distribution board via cables.

The amount of energy obtained from solar energy is directly related to the amount
of sunlight to which the tiles are exposed, which is of course related to the
environment and location of the project. Sunny days are of course more energy
efficient than rainy days. To ensure optimum efficiency the tiles must be preserved
and washed. In addition, it is preferable to use solar tiles that are arranged next to
each other rather than overlapping (as opposed to traditional ceramic tiles), as this
avoids the formation of shadow areas that do not capture sunlight.

ADVANTAGES

1. Solar tiles are a perfect source of renewable energy for regions with high rates of
sunshine.

2. They are visually more attractive and discreet than traditional photovoltaic
panels because they are part of the style of the roof and are not later installed.
There are several options for solar tiles which even mimic the look of slate stone
tiles or probably ceramic tiles, going completely unnoticed.

3. They are a good choice for building rehabilitation in conservation areas and also
in historic area.

DISADVANTAGES

1) They are a marketplace novice and are therefore much more expensive
than traditional photo- voltaic panels.

2) There are still few solar tile companies and a few skilled workers to install
their tiles. The Tesla Solar, Hanergy, and Eternit are probably the biggest

49 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 producers on the market.

3) Unlike solar power panels, they can't be installed at angles other than the first
roof layout, so in some cases it's much harder to improve energy capture
effectiveness. However, this is always a advantage in case the top was
properly generated because of this reason, accounting for the tiles within the
very definition of the project.

4.6: Self cleansing concrete

This latest concrete in the making cleans itself and filters out air pollutants. The
concrete maintains its texture and color in the same group for much longer than
the concrete, owing to its self-cleaning properties
Many materials that need to be replaced and this leads to less air emissions.

The Luigi Cassar, an Italian chemist at Italcementi cement manufacturer,

invented this. He sought to produce a building material that would retain a bright
white color even under polluted conditions, using a technique called
"photocatalysis," which uses the energy of the light to extract the dust.

50 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

Working
When light reaches the surface of the concrete, such as titanium oxide catalysts
use the energy to break down the particles of dust into the molecules of oxygen,
water, carbon dioxide, sulphates and nitrates. Because all of these broken-up
molecules are gasses, they float away from the concrete surface.
Using the same process also the concrete breaks off the pollutants that
come into contact with it.

But, there are some issues -

1. Some percentage of nitrates that are by-products of dust breakdown, stick to

the concrete surface and, if washed, may be mixed in water or inhaled by humans
and cause harmful effects by reducing the levels of water-oxygen in the human
body.

[Link] dioxide reacts with ammonia in areas with low humidity at low
pollution levels, which increases the percentage of nitrogen oxide in the
atmosphere.

3. This cement building contains a lot of nitrites and sulfides. The fact that the
concrete cleanses more pollutants than the amount of pollutants it produces at the
time of its construction is debatable topic.

Figure 19. SHC properties

51 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

52 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
 CHAPTER 5 : ANALYSIS / INFERENCES
The analysis is done into a two levels.

I. The techniques which are study in literature review also achieve in

secondary case studies i.e. double skin facade and green roof which help
to consume energy, provide cooling indoor climate and natural light.
II. Comparison between climate responsive between to non-climate
responsive building to see which are more beneficial for a building.

 Double skin facade

A) Analysis between double skin facade and brick wall opening window

1. (N) Consisting of the North Facade only a double glass facing both in the
situation of use of 4 facades consumes a large amount of cooling power. In
fact , energy cooling is reduced by about 8 per cent
2. If a double glass façade is used on the 4 sides, the structure would need to
increase the cooling power by 6%, however when dealing with the shading on
the North Facade (NS) only the energy would decrease by around 2%. After
the use of double glass facing and shading on the north facade, the entire
electricity decrease can be 10%.
3. (N) Consisting of the North Side, just a double glass covering all 4 facades
absorbs a considerable amount of cooling power when used. In fact,
cooling energy is reduced by about 8%
4. If a double glass façade is used on the 4 sides, the structure would need to
increase the cooling capacity by 6%, but only the energy would decrease by
around 2% when dealing with the shading on the North Facade (NS).
Following the use of double glass facing and shading on the north façade, all
electricity can decrease by 10%.

Brick wall facade with glazing

1) The total cooling energy of part three seemed to be reduced by approximately 28

percent.

53 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

2) There appeared to be a decrease in cool energy for part one and two
approximately 50 percent as well as 20 percent In this particular situation
there was a decrease in peak and annual cooling loads, part three shows
probably the highest decrease of approximately 26 percent, part one and two
shows a decrease of 8 percent and fourteen percent respectively.
3) The annual energy consumption breakdown shows that the power required
for lighting is actually about 30 per cent less. The two and three options also
show reductions of 13% as well as 19% in space cooling and 34% as well as
31%.

Source: The researcher,

2019.

B) GREEN ROOF:

Indoor air temperature for three typical in the climate is mild and humid

Green roofs minimize the heat absorption with the ceiling resulting in lower
temperature inside and increase in buildings' winter comfort. In this particular
table shows green roofs reducing the mean interior temperature in buildings up to
2 ° C. This shows that green roofs have a negligible effect on power consumption
in cold months, but on the other hand they are able to reduce the cool power
demand by up to 6 percent in the summer.
III. Table shows how much climate responsive building is consume
more energy through techniques as well as materials which

54 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 applicable for all climate :-

55 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 FINAL CONCLUSION

Climate responsive building is varying with different climate to adopted with different
techniques and materials which also shows in six building example. There are many passive
techniques available in societies according to India climatic zone but some are applicable for
maximum climatic zone which cut the heat to enter the building and makes building cool.
This technique is used in residential as well as commercial and office buildings. But more
applicable in commercial building because in this building more need to adopt climate
responsive building to ignore active technology and consume energy
Climate responsive building make to consume maximum energy but there are disadvantage in
cost It will consume cost in terms of energy but some techniques are very costly like green roof
installation , double skin facade structure but it will also prevent from the heat .

56 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 REFERENCE / BIBLOGRAPHY

Bureau of Energy Efficiency(2017)”Energy Conservation Building Code”4th Floor, Sewa

Bhawan, R. [Link], New Delhi - 110066 ( 8/04/2020)

Windows, E. “Measuring Performance: Solar Heat Coefficient

(SHGC).” from [Link] (8/04/2020)

Levinson R, Akbari H. 2010. Potential benefits of cool roofs on commercial buildings: conserving
energy, saving money, and reducing emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Energy
Efficiency. ( 10/04/2020)

[Link] (10/04/2020)

6 U.S. EPA Environmental Protection Agency Green Building Home, Retrieved November 28,
2009, from [Link] (16/04/2020)
_x000F x000F_
[Link]://[Link]/articles/green-roofs-a-sustainable-solution-for-energy-savings/ (22/04/2020)

.[Link]
Bhagat Singh, P. (2017), First Net Zero Energy Government
Building.
[Link]

[Link]
maki_associatesdesigned_bihar_museum_at_patna_is_now_fully
_operational.html online (22/04/2020)

Murat Aygun(2015) “Evaluation of Double Skin Glass Facades in terms of Cost Efficiency
with respect to Energy Consumption”,Ikbal Cetiner, Delhi (05/05/2020)

Rimzadeh, A. &Shahriari, Sh.(2011). “Thermal Behavior of Green Roofs In Different

Climates” National Conference on Engineering and Sustainable Development. Branch
Estahban.(06/05/2020)
Author links open overlay panelMohamed Ahmed Alaa El Din AhmedSayed (2019) “Impact of
glass facades on internal environment of buildings in hot arid zone” Alexandria Engineering
Journal (16/05/2020)

BUILD ABROAD, (2016). FERROCK: A STRONGER, GREENER ALTERNATIVE TO

CONCRETE?. [ONLINE]
HTTPS://[Link]/2016/09/27/FERROCK/ [22/05/2020].

57 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS

 List of Figures
Figure 1: S. NO.
Figure 2: 1
Figure 3: 2
Figure 4: 3
Figure 5: 4
Figure 6: 5
Figure 7: 6
Figure 8: 7
Figure 9: 8
Figure 10: 9
Figure 11: 10
Figure 12: 11
Figure 13: 12
Figure 14: 13
Figure 15: 14
Figure 16: 15
Figure 17: 16
Figure 18: 17
Figure 19: 18
Figure 20: 19
Figure 21: 20
Figure 22: Building Name
Figure 23: CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad
Figure 24: Climate Responsive Apartment, Pali Palms, Mumbai
Figure 25: ICICI Bank Towers, Mumbai
Figure 26: Druk White Lotus School, Leh Ladakh
Figure 27: Bihar Museum, Patna
Figure 28: Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi

58 | CLIMATE RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS