Name: Rishitha Nagesh
Class: XII
Board Roll No: 0516913
Subject Name: Physics
Subject Code: 042
Project Topic: Self designed transformers
Submitted To: Ms. Cheena Makar
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rishitha Nagesh student of Class XII,
VIBGYOR High Electronic City, has completed the Physics project
for the academic year 2024 – 2025 under my guidance. She has taken
care and shown utmost sincerity in completing the project.
I certify that this project is up to my expectations and as per the
guidelines issued by CBSE.
Internal Examiner Coordinator Principal
Ms Cheena Makkar Ms Susan Mathew Ms Saina Mary Antony
External Examiner School Seal
Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have
contributed to the completion of this project.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my physics teacher, Ms.
Cheena, for her invaluable guidance, continuous support, and
encouragement throughout the entire process. Her expertise and
insightful advice were instrumental in keeping me focused and
motivated.
I am also deeply grateful to our Principal, Ms. Saina Mary Antony, for
her constant support and for ensuring that all the necessary resources
and facilities were available when needed. Her unwavering
encouragement and assistance were vital to the success of this project.
I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my friends and family, for their
unwavering support, understanding, and patience during the course of
this project. Their encouragement helped me maintain balance and stay
on track.
Rishitha Nagesh
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Index
Serial Number Contents Page number
1 Aim of the project 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Theory 6
Apparatus required,
4 Diagram 10
5 Procedure 12
6 Observations 12
7 Result 13
8 Conclusion 13
9 Applications 13
10 Precautions 14
11 Sources of error 14
12 Bibliography 14
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Aim of the project
Aim: To investigate the relation between the ratio of:
(i) output and input voltage and
(ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a
self-designed transformer.
Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based
on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced
in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be
so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage
power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.
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Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in
the primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values
of the e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,
we get,
As Ep, is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary
coil p1. So the instantaneous current in the primary coil is
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due to the difference (E-Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f, further, if Rp is the resistance of p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by -
When the resistance of the primary is small, IpRp can be
neglected so therefore
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence
equation 3 can be written as,
Where K is a constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
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IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER,
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down transformer, whatever we
lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step-
down transformer steps up the current.
IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER,
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If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, Then
input power at the instant = EpIp
And output power at the instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then: Input
power = output power, or,
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Apparatus required
• Iron rod
• Copper wire
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
Diagram
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Procedure
• Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 300)
uniformly on it leaving two free ends p1 & p2. This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
• Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 100) of thick copper wire
on it leaving two free end s1 & s2. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step-down transformer.
• Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
• Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 and
s2.
• Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step-up
transformer.
Observations:
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Result
Clearly, (Es) / (Ep) = (Ns) / (Np) within experimental error
Conclusion
• The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Nₛ/Nₚ) with respect to the input voltage
• The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Nₛ/Nₚ) with respect to the input voltage
• There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer
Applications
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:
• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,
etc.
• A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
• A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and EON
advertisement.
• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
• Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers
and electric bells etc.
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Precautions
• Keep yourself safe from voltage
• While taking the readings of the current and voltage of the
A.C. should remain constant.
Sources of error
• Values of current may change due to heating effect
• Eddy current may change the reading.
Bibliography
• [Link]
• Saraswati lab manual Physics
• NCERT Physics textbook for class 12
• [Link]
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