Introduction to

Project Management
(Lectures: 1/11, 8/11, 6/12, 9/12)
 Intro to Project Management
 Reason for conducting workshop
 Importance of PMgt
 Lectures breakdown
– 1st Lecture:
• Intro to Project, Management and Project Management
– 2nd Lecture:
• Elements of Project Management
• Case study (Real life scenario for Aerospace Engineer)
– 3rd Lecture:
• Applicability to the students & curriculum
• Homework (graded assessment)
 Intent is to keep the contents simple with clarity; without using
theoretical, mathematical and software details
 Intro to Project Management

 Lets create collaborative learning thru participation

 Questions and discussion will be encouraged

 Is Proj Mgt a new way of working???
• It has been in use for thousands • Pyramids of Giza
of years. • Great Wall of China
• Taj Mahal
• Everybody manages routine and
• Olympic games
professional life by following • Certification of vaccine
some rules/guidelines, may be • Dsg & Dev of airplanes
unconsciously. • Human landing on moon
• Daily life examples of PMgt • Placement of ISS in Earth’s orbit
application, include:
• Trip to Swat
• U name doing any single • Planning ur career
activity/or group of activities, u • Managing daily workload
are engaged in Proj Mgt. • Going home during the semester
• Opening grocery shop
• Following established rules and • Set-up industrial unit
guidelines leads to higher • Production Planning
probability of success. • FYP/ graduate thesis
 What is a ‘Project’
“Project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to produce a
unique product, service, or a result”. PMI

“A project is a problem scheduled for a solution”. Juran

Main features of a Project

 Project comprise number of activities, where each activity may
have number of tasks / actions
 Project is done only once; if it is repetitive, it’s called a process.
 A project should have definite
• clearly define magnitude of work to be done (scope)
• specific performance requirements that must be met (outcomes)
• starting and ending points (time),
• budget (cost)
 What is a ‘Management’

Management is a process of
achieving organizational (or
personal) goals by engaging
in four major functions of;
 Planning & DM,
 Organizing,
 Leading
 Controlling

Management is defined by
five terms.
 What is a ‘Management’
Management is about;
 Defining Goals, may be at
organization/personal level. It
is a part of Planning &DM.
 Using Functions of Mgt to
achieve the Goals
• Planning & DM
• Organizing
• Leading
• Controlling
Organizational goals are strategic objectives that senior management
establishes to outline expected outcomes and guide employee’s efforts
towards the achievement of those outcomes by meticulous planning.
 What is a ‘Management’

Organizational goals are strategic objectives that senior

management establishes to outline expected outcomes and
guide employee’s efforts towards the achievement of those
outcomes by meticulous planning.

Personal goals are objectives that a person establishes to

outline expected outcomes and guide his/her efforts towards
the achievement of those outcomes by meticulous planning.
 Defining Goals / tasks with Clarity
 Defining goals by a SMART approach
– S: Specific
– M: Measurable
– A: Attainable
– R: Relevant
– T: Time bound
 Lets discuss with an example;
“ I want to be an Engineer in the future”
 This may a wish but not SMART goal because ??????????
 Lets consider another statement;
‘I want to complete BS degree in Aerospace Engineering
with 3.0 CGPA in four years to have a successful
career in Civil Aviation Industry’.
 Defining Goals / tasks with Clarity
 Lets consider another statement ;
‘I want to complete a BS degree in Aerospace Engineering
with 3.0 CGPA in four years to have a successful career in
Civil Aviation Industry’.
 Lets analyze this statement;
• Specific: achieve BS degree in Aerospace Engineering
• Measurable: complete in 04 years with 3.0 GPA
• Attainable: 90-95% of yearly intake completes the BS
program in 04 years
• Relevant: want to pursue career in Civil Aviation Industry
and chosen degree program is relevant to future aspiration
• Time bound: achieve BS degree program in four years
 Goals Setting & Alignment
 After organization goals are established & communicated to all,
Management Functions are employed by the senior thru middle
management tiers for its achievement.
 Goals setting & achievement follows a hierarchy
• Goals (a strategic direction) ------- Executive tier Mgt function
• Objectives (breakdown Goals) ------- Middle tier Mgt function
• Tasks/Activities (breakdown Objectives) ------- Lower tier Mgt function

 Organization goals are always aligned to its Mission, Vision and

Core values.
 Lets see few examples
 PAC Kamra
 IST
 IST
Vision
‘Be a National torchbearer, in the realm of academics, through
quality teaching, robust research and outreach – to
produce leaders in the field of Space Science and
Technology, in line with National aspirations’.

Mission
‘The institute aims at providing outstanding quality education
to diverse groups of national and international students.
Academic programs focus on rigorous scientific and
theoretical foundations to create professionals with
thorough understanding of the fundamental principles
and a capability of applying this knowledge to
research, analysis and design’.
 IST, Aerospace Engineering
Departmental Mission
The Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics aims to be
recognized as a leader in aerospace engineering through
excellence in education and research in emerging areas

BS Program Mission
The mission of aerospace engineering program is to prepare
technically strong students who can contribute effectively
towards the nation, society, and related industry through
innovation, research, entrepreneurship, leadership,
technology and healthy life-long learning attitude
Thanks
 Management Functions

Management Functions are;

• Planning & DM
• Organizing
• Leading and
• Controlling

Lets talk a bit on each from

Organizational (global) and
students’ (local) perspective
 Planning
• It is a thinking process to work out goals
/ objectives / tasks to be achieved within
a given time frame & taking rational
decisions.
• It would define who will do what, how,
where, when and with what resources.
• Its purpose is to enhance effectiveness
and efficiency of the company by
providing focus and direction.
• A number of quantitative and qualitative
tools based on surveys, statistics &
Probability methods, data mining, AI, etc
are used for rational DM.
Planning is trying to see future in fog of uncertainties / dark,
and therefore involves risks.
Planning
 Organizing
• It is allocating & arranging resources so that
goals/objectives can be met successfully by
the appropriate people.
• Org efficiency is achieved by rational
distribution of work, thru a suitable
arrangement of interrelated groups of
people participating in a work that is subject
to time & resource constraints, & priorities.
• A clear org structure is worked out from top
to bottom; CEO to junior most manager,
teams, groups, departments, etc
• It also includes defining job description /
duties of each managerial position, their
working relationship within & outside work
center.
Organizational Structure
 Organization of PAC BOARD

CHAIRMAN PAC BOARD

MD AVDI
SSO & SECY
Project Azm

Member Member Member Member Ministerial

Commercial Finance Coordination Member Private
Technical

MD ARF MD MRF MD AMF MD APF

21
 Leading
• It is a process of influencing others to
engage in work behavior necessary to
meet org goals.
• Leadership is demonstrated by one’s
abilities to guide and direct the efforts of
others to attain organizational objectives.
• After having planned & organized the
planned activities, leading causes people
to take effective actions by motivating,
guiding & communicating effectively with
people.
• A leader sets a personal example, able to
attract and retain good people, motivates
and induces people to willingly do their
best.
 Control & Monitor
• It is a process of regulating org activities
so that actual performance conforms to
expected standards & outcomes.
• It requires setting performance
standards; measuring, evaluating, and
correcting these to achieve org
goals/objectives.
• It clearly defines project closing (time,
cost, achievements, failure, etc)
• A number of software tools; Microsoft
Office, Primavera, etc, are used for
Control & Monitor of Project activities.

Any very well thought of - resource rich plan would fail

if it is not adequately controlled and monitored.
Planning & Control
Project Life Cycle
 Risk – Cost – Time

Risk Management is identification, mitigation, closure,

etc and is a part of the Planning & DM process.
 What is a ‘Project’ & ‘ Management’
“A project is a problem scheduled for a solution.”
“Project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to produce a unique product,
service, or a result”.
“Lets take this activity and see whether all applies to it or not.”
 Problem: PEC audit observation
 Solution: Educate students on Fundamentals of Proj Mgt during the
semester without disturbing the curriculum and its sequence.
 A Project was scheduled having different activities and definite
• SMART Goal: ‘Educate students on PMgt during the semester without
disturbing the curriculum & its sequence in least time & cost’
S: Specific
• Scope: Educate students on Fundamentals of PMgt M: Measurable
A: Attainable
• Outcome: students are likely to be better informed on mgt
R: Relevant
of work & give better academic performance, meet PEC req T: Time bound
• Time: 3 Hrs in 3-weeks (time table slot, faculty-students av, etc)
• Cost: Hidden (faculty time, student time, auditorium utilization, etc)
 Management (Planning &DM, Organizing, Leading, monitoring & control)
 Project Management
‘Project Management is the application of knowledge,
skills, tools, and techniques to project activities
to achieve project requirements’.

‘Project Management is accomplished through application

and integration of Management processes of initiating,
planning, executing, monitoring & controlling,
and closing’.

PMBOK Guide
What is Project Management??
 Importance of Proj Mgt
 Project Management enables individuals, groups, organizations
to execute projects effectively and efficiently.
• Meet business objectives
• Satisfy stakeholder expectations
• Be more predictable
• Increase chances of success
• Deliver the right products at the right time
• Resolve problems and issues
• Respond to risks in a timely manner
• Optimize the use of organizational resources
• Identify, recover, or terminate failing projects
• Manage constraints (scope, quality, schedule, costs, resources);
• Balance the influence of constraints on the project, i.e. increased
scope may increase cost or schedule
• Manage change in a better manner.
 Importance of Proj Mgt
• On the other hand, poorly managed projects or absence of
Project Mgt may result in:
 Missed deadlines
 Cost overruns
 Poor quality
 Rework
 Uncontrolled expansion of the project
 Loss of reputation for the organization
 Unsatisfied stakeholders
 Failure in achieving objectives for which project was undertaken
A Troubled Project
Thanks
 Proj Mgt Knowledge Areas
• Knowledge Area is defined by its knowledge requirements in terms of its
component processes, practices, inputs, outputs, tools, and techniques.
• Although knowledge areas are interrelated, they are defined separately
from Proj Mgt perspective and linked in the flow of activities.
• The ten Knowledge Areas described in PMBOK guide are;
 Project Integration Management
 Project Scope Management
 Project Schedule Management
 Project Cost Management
 Project Quality Management
 Project Resource Management
 Project Communications Management
 Project Risk Management
 Project Procurement Management
 Project Stakeholder Management
PMBOK Guide
 Project Management
• The most fundamental aspects of the project include;
– the project must complete by certain time,
– within budgeted cost, Can u correlate this with
– as per the agreed scope, SMART goal setting

– and achieving specific performance levels.

• In other words, project sponsor generally dictates four constraints
simultaneously.
– A general relationship among T, C, S and P constraints is;
C = f (P, T, S)
There is a higher probability that things will accidentally go
wrong in a project than they will accidentally go right.
 Main Elements of PMgt
Any project can be very briefly described in following terms
1. Evolution of Requirement/Goals (Strategic thinking, Initiation)
2. Develop Work Breakdown Structure (Planning)
3. Develop Schedule of Activities - Gantt Chart (Planning)
4. Developing Network Diagram of Activities (Execution)
5. Use of Quantitative & Qualitative tools for Risk Mgt & Decision Making
(Planning)
6. Managing Team and Resources (Organizing)
7. Leading the project (Execution – Leadership)
8. Apply CPM / PERT (Execution, Monitor and Control)
9. Project Closure (Execution, Monitor and Control)

Except for # 1, 5 & 7; other steps can be conveniently done by

using Microsoft Project or any other compatible software.
Project Management
(Case Study-I)
 PMgt (Case Study-I)
Parwaz Aerospace, Pakistan is a regional hub for commercial
aircraft MRO business. It receives a Boeing-737 aircraft from Afghan
airlines for a routine 5-year schedule maintenance inspection.

During an initial inspection, a major structural defect is

discovered by the technician in fuselage structure which is not covered in
the Inspection and Repair manual of the aircraft. Design department is
tasked to work out an immediate repair scheme in consultation with the
OEM (Boeing, USA) for immediate recovery of the aircraft and complete
the inspection within scheduled time (number of days).

The aircraft parking stations/docks for MRO work are limited in

Parwaz Aerospace MRO hangar and receipt schedules of next aircraft for
inspection are very tight.

Mr. U is an incharge of Aircraft MRO hangar. GM, Parwaz

Aerospace asks Mr. U to study the case and discuss it in the evening
today.
 PMgt (Case Study-I)
Mr. U employed Method Study and Work Measurement
concepts to develop logical-sequential flow of the activities with time.
The outcomes of the Study were WBS, Gantt Chart and Network
diagram.

Mr. U briefs the GM and it was agreed that the work on Afghan
Airlines Boeing 737 is to be completed within 45 days to clear the space
for next airplane due from PIA for a scheduled maintenance.

GM asks Mr. U to make a project plan to complete the

unscheduled repair and 5-year schedule maintenance inspection work
together using PERT Forward & backward pass method and brief him
by showing critical activities and paths, project expected completion
time, activity slack times & probability of Project completion within due
time.

GM, being a risk averse person, asked Mr. U to find number of

days required to complete the work with 80%, 90% and 95% probability
of completion on due date.
 PMgt (Case Study-I)
It requires a lot of work from Mr U. His work depends on many things,
including;

• get done the routine inspection,

• get involved with design department for working out repair scheme
• get approval of repair scheme from the OEM
• do study, make calculations & take decisions for making PMgt plan
• Ensure implementation strictly as it would affect workflow and his
reputation.
Real life engineering scenarios are not only technical but require
sound management skills aswell to perform assigned jobs,
meeting/exceeding expectations of the organization.
 Real life avg engineer : meets the expectations
 Real life good engineer : exceeds the expectations
 Main Elements of PMgt
Any project can be very briefly described in following terms
1. Evolution of Strategic requirement / Goals (Strategic thinking, Initiation)
a. we talked a bit with examples on SMART Goals setting S: Specific
M: Measurable
2. Develop Work Breakdown Structure (Planning)
A: Attainable
3. Develop Schedule of Activities -Gantt Chart (Planning) R: Relevant
4. Developing Network Diagram of Activities (Execution) T: Time bound

5. Use quantitative and qualitative tools for Risk Mgt & DM (Planning)
6. Managing Team and Resources (Organizing)
7. Leading the project (Execution –Leadership)
8. CPM / PERT method (Execution, Monitor and Control)
9. Project Closure (Execution, Monitor and Control)

We will restrict our further discussion on highlighted

terms only
 Work Breakdown Structure
• WBS focuses on “What is to be done”.
 mean what are the main and sub-activities to be done??
• WBS is a hierarchical task list that mentions the major activities
and sub-activities / tasks of a project with an estimate of time
and resources required according to the functionality.
• The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)
defines the WBS as;

“WBS is hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of

work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish
the project objectives and create the required
deliverables”.
 WBS
• WBS is a good way to portray the scope of a project.
• WBS subdivides a complicated task into smaller tasks until it cannot
be further subdivided. At that point, it is easier to estimate how long
the small task will take and how much it will cost to perform.
• Stop breaking down work when you reach a low enough level to do
an estimate of time, cost & performance with reasonable accuracy.
• WBS should always be developed before the schedule is worked
out, without trying to identify the sequence of activities.
• WBS generally does not show sequence in which work is to be
performed. Such sequencing is usually determined when a schedule
of activities / Network diagram is developed.
• Summing up; WBS ties the entire project together.
– portrays scope graphically,
– allows you to assign resources,
– permits you to develop estimates of time and costs, and thus provides
the basis for the schedule and the budget.
WBS – Tree Diagram / Flow Chart
WBS – Tree Diagram / Flow Chart
 Gantt Chart
• Gantt chart focuses on “When”. Mean then the specific activities/sub-
activities should be complete.
• Gantt chart is a timeline, focusing on and showing when the
activities/sub-activities should be or will be done.
• Gantt chart includes task dependencies to create the project schedule,
establishes predecessor / successor relation between activities
and sub-activities.
• Gantt chart shows the sequence of work, dependencies between
tasks, duration of the activities, and when these are delivered.
• Gantt chart is designed from WBS. It tell us about the start and
finished date of each task and their relationship with each other.
• Gantt chart demonstrate the critical path, which is longest duration
path of project Network Diagram. If one task of critical path is delayed
the whole project would get delayed.
Gantt Chart
Consider the following data for a project to install a new
server at a local high school.

Activity Activity Time (days) Immediate

Predecessor(s)
A 4 –
B 5 A
C 4 A
D 4 B
E 1 B
F 6 B,C
G 3 D,E
H 2 F
I 5 F

J 7 G,H,I
Network Diagram

CPM Diagram

The total project time is: The critical path is:

27 days A→B→F→I→J
 CPM calculations
Activity Time Early Early Late Start Late Slack (S)
Start (ES) Finish (EF) (LS) Finish (LF)

A 4 0 4 0 4 0
B 5 4 9 4 9 0
C 4 4 8 5 9 1
D 4 9 13 13 17 4
E 1 9 10 16 17 7
F 6 9 15 9 15 0
G 3 13 16 17 20 4
H 2 15 17 18 20 3
I 5 15 20 15 20 0
J 7 20 27 20 27 0
Thanks
 Quick Review
 “A project is a problem  A project is an activity or a sequence
scheduled for a solution.” of activities having following characteristics;
• It is temporary
 “Project is a temporary • It has a start and end date
endeavor undertaken to • It is unique
produce a unique • It brings about change
product, service, or a • It has unknown elements, which create
result”. risk

Mgt Processes are; Proj Mgt Processes are;

• Planning & DM • Initiation
• Planning
• Organizing
• Executing
• Leading
• Monitoring & Control
• Controlling • Closure
 Quick Review
A project is an activity or a sequence of activities
having following characteristics;
• It is temporary
• It has a start and end date
• It is unique
• It brings about change
• It has unknown elements, that create risk
Mgt Processes are; Proj Mgt Processes are;
• Planning & DM • Initiation
• Organizing • Planning
• Leading • Executing
• Controlling • Monitoring & Control
• Closure
Project Management is the application of knowledge, skills,
tools, and techniques to project activities through application
and integration of Management processes
to achieve the project requirements.
 Project Management
• Students are constantly engaged in doing Proj Mgt, consciously or
unconsciously.
• They may not be thinking in taxonomy of Proj Mgt but do follow the
approach in their activities, including academic work.
– Taxonomy of Project Management is; WBS, Gantt Chart, Network
Diagram, CPM / PERT, etc.
• Academic work includes doing;
– Lab Projects in a team environment
– Course Projects in a team environment
– Course assignments in a team environment
– Group presentations
– Any other example -------DBF (Intro to Aerospace Engineering)
• Do student follow some approach, may be unconsciously, for
performing academic work in context of Project Management??
 Project Management
• There are eight courses in the curriculum where Project Management skills are
assessed as PLO 11.

Semester Courses
2 1. Workshop Technology Lab
4 2. Numerical Analysis Lab
6 3. Space craft Design Lab
4. Aero vehicle Design lab
5. Digital System Design Lab
7 6. FYP-I
8 7. Engineering Management
8. FYP-II

PLO 11- Project Management: An ability to demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of engineering and management principles and apply these to
one’s own work, as a member or leader in a team, to manage projects in
multidisciplinary environments.
 Project Management
• Academic work includes doing; Project Management: An ability to
– Lab Projects demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of engineering and
– Course Projects management principles and apply these
– Course assignments to one’s own work, as a member or
leader in a team, to manage projects in
– Group presentations, etc multidisciplinary environments.
– Curriculum courses (08)

• Lets discuss how students apply Proj Mgt

For example -------DBF (Intro to Aerospace Engineering)
• What u did in this activity ??? We will create a post facto Project.
• At that time u were not aware of what Project, Management and Project
Management is all about.
• Can u recall what u did in DBF Group Project ???
 WBS – Example
Activity Sub- Time Respons Resources Required
activities (days) ibility
HR Machines Budget(Mil)
Start
A 5
A1 1
A2 2
A3 3
B 4
C 3
C1 1
C2 2.5
D 10
D1 2
D2 3
D3 3
D4 4
E 3
Finish
25 W1=4 M1=3 10
W2=6 M2=4
W3=2 M3=1
 Gantt Chart – Example
Activity Sub- Time Respons Resources Required Set precedence
activities (days) ibility relationship
HR Machines Budget(Mil)
Start
A 5
A1 1
A2 2
A3 3 Lets draw this Gantt chart
B 4
C 3 A
C1 1
C2 2.5
D 10 B
D1 2
D2 3
D3 3
D4 4
E 3 C
Finish
25 W1=4 M1=3 10
W2=6 M2=4
W3=2 M3=1
 Gantt Chart – Example
Activity Sub- Time precedence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
activi (days relation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
ties )
Start 0
A 5
A1 1
A2 2
A3 3
B 4
C 3 A
C1 1
C2 2
D 10 B
D1 2
D2 3
D3 3
D4 4
E 3 C
Finish 25

Lets draw Network Diagram and find Project Completion time

 Network Diagram – Example
Activity Sub- Time precedence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
activi (day relation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
ties s)

Start 0

A 5
Lets draw Network Diagram and
A1 1

A2 2
find Project Completion time
A3 3

B 4

C 3 A

C1 1

C2 2

D 10 B

D1 2

D2 3

D3 3

D4 4

E 3 C

Finish 25

A (5) C (3) E (3)

Start
Finish

B (4) D (10)

When will Project Complete??

Thanks
General Instructions for the Assignment
1. Max 03 students per group
2. Date of submission: 18 Dec, 2024
3. Graded (5%) in the lab course
4. Viva may be taken (60% weightage)
5. Include following in the assignment
a. Clearly define scope of the Project
b. atleast two SMART goals (goals should qualify SMART criteria)
c. Prepare WBS to include
I. Atleast 06 Main activities and each activity having 2 to 3 sub-activities
II. Project Completion time 30 days
III. Assign resources required to complete the tasks and its estimated cost
IV. Assign responsibilities of each group member
d. Prepare Gantt Chart
I. State dependencies and sequence of activities with time
II. Draw Gantt Chart
e. Make Network Diagram and comment on Critical Path
 Topics for the Assignment
Aero 21 & 22 students (Section A) are planning to participate in a
competition being organized by the IST Aero modeling club in Feb, 2025.
The students are required to Design, Build and Fly (DBF) RC airplane
having GTOW of 5 lbs, be able to take off and land on a level grassy field,
flight endurance atleast 20 minutes at an altitude of 100 ft. The students
are required to complete the design and build work along with proof of 03
successful flight tests within 30 days to become eligible to apply for the
competition.

Aero 21 & 22 students (Section B) are planning an excursion visit to

Northern Areas for ten days just after the final exams. To get support from
IST and some amount of funding, it is required that a comprehensive plan
of activities with detailed WBS, Gantt Chart and Network Diagram be made
and submitted to DSA. The details must include number of students,
selection of three to four sites, estimated expenses (travelling, boarding
and lodging, etc), contributions by the students, support required from IST,
etc.