WRITING

LLANET SUÁREZ G.
Sentences

What is a sentence and how many kinds

of sentences are there?
Sentences

The four kinds of basic sentences in

English are simple, compound, complex,
and compound-complex.
Clauses

A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that

function as a part or all a complete sentence. There are two kinds
of clauses: independent (main) and dependent (subordinate).

Independent clause: I have the money.

Dependent clause: When I have the money

Types of sentences
Type Definition Example

Simple One independent clause She did the work well.

Compound Two or more independent clauses. She did the work well, and she
was paid well.
Complex One independent clause Because she did the work well,
(underlined) and one or more she was paid well.
depending clauses (italicized)
Compound- Two or more independent clauses Because she did the work well,
Complex and one or more dependent she was paid well, and she was
clauses satisfied.
Coordinating

Conjunction

FANBOYS = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Subordinating
Where, when …
Key: put a comma after a dependent clause begins a sentence.

When opportunity knocks, you should open the door

When a dependent clause follows an independent clause, no

comma is used to separate the two.

- You should open the door when opportunity knocks.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

After before Until

Although if when

as since where

Because Thought while

Paragraph
A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one topic
or idea. It has three main parts. The first part is the topic
sentence. It is called the topic sentence because it states the
topic or the subject of the paragraph. The second main part is
the supporting sentences.
The supporting sentences develop the topic. This means
that they explain the topic sentences in detail. The last part
is the concluding sentence. The concluding sentence
summarizes the paragraph and/or adds a final comment. A
clear academic paragraph requires all these parts.
Topic sentence

A topic sentence states the main point of your paragraph. It

typically appears at the beginning of the paragraph.

The topic sentence is usually the first sentence of a paragraph.

It contains the main idea which is developed in the rest of
the paragraph. Topic sentence must be a complete sentence
and a statement.
The topic tells us the subject (what the paragraph is
about) and the controlling idea makes a specific
comment about the topic (what the paragraph is
going to say about the topic / the writer´s attitude or
idea about the topic). In other words, the controlling
idea shows the reader what the rest of the paragraph
will say about the topic; it limits the topic to a
specific area to be discussed in a single paragraph.
A topic sentence has two parts. TOPIC (SUBJECT) + MAIN IDEA
(FOCUS)

TOPIC= SUBJECT MAIN IDEA = POINT YOU WANT TO MAKE

ABOUT THE SUBJECT

Example

The University of New offers a wide variety of courses.

York
Supporting sentences

The supporting sentences in a paragraph explain or

develop the topic sentence. The supporting part can
be narratives, details, facts, examples and
explanations. All the supporting sentences relate to the
main idea stated in the topic sentence and show why it
is true.
Concluding sentence

The conclusion of a paragraph signals the end of

the paragraph; summarizes the main points of the
paragraph and relates them to the topic sentences;
gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the
reader with the most important ideas to think about.
A concluding sentence is not absolutely necessary, but it is
very helpful to the reader since it signals the end of the
paragraph but returning the main idea of it. They do this by
repeating a keyword or phrase from the topic sentence.
Example
Topic sentence: people that live in the country have a
slower paced life.

Conclusion: in conclusion, living in the country is less

stressful than living in the city.
Problems in big cities
(1) living in a big city can create a serious problem for the people. (2a)
The first problem is air pollution. For example, in New York there are
many people that use public transportation, such buses, taxis, cars to
get to and from school or work; this mean of transportation emit
pollution. (2b) In addition, since many big cities are overcrowded,
there is always traffic; nowadays, there are more cars, buses and
taxis on roads, and this causes traffic jams in many parts of the big
city. These traffic jams are contributing to higher levels of pollution
because the cars are no moving for over 5/20 minutes, and the engine
is still running. (3) To sum up, air pollution is contributing to a serious
problem for people that chose to live in a big city.
ESSAY
Parts of an essay

An essay has three basic parts: the introduction, the

body, and the conclusion. The introduction is the first
paragraph, the conclusion is the last paragraph and the
body consists of the paragraphs in between.
The most basic and versatile format for an essay
consists of five paragraphs. In a typically five-
paragraph essay, paragraph one introduces the topic,
paragraphs two through four develop the topic by
giving details, and paragraph five concludes the essay.
Introduction

The first paragraph or introduction introduces the topic to

the reader and includes the thesis statement. The thesis
state is the main idea of the essay and tells what the
organization of the information will be. This paragraph
usually begins with a hook. This introductory paragraph
usually consists of three parts: The hook, connecting
information and the thesis statement.
The hook is one or more sentences that
get the reader's attention. A hook can be a
famous quote, a broad statement, a
question, a statistic, an anecdote or short
story, or an interesting piece of information.
The connecting information. After the hook,
the writer usually writes connecting information,
which is three to five sentences that help connect
the reader to the topic. These sentences can be
background information about the topic, or they
can be examples.
The thesis statement is usually the last
part of the introduction. It is usually one
sentence. In the thesis statement, the
writer tells the reader what to expect in
the essay. Basically, there are two kinds of
thesis statements: direct and indirect.
Body

The body is the main part. Each paragraph in the body of the
essay includes a topic sentence and supporting sentences.
The topic sentence tells the readers the main topic of the
paragraph. Sometimes it also gives the reader information
about the writer's purpose. Supporting sentences relate to the
topic sentence of the paragraph in which they occur. Common
supporting sentences give examples, reasons, facts, or more
specific information about the topic. Without supporting
sentences, an essay would be nothing more than a
general outline.
Conclusion

It is important for an essay to have a good conclusion.

The introductions and the conclusion often share
some of the same ideas and words in order to
remind the reader of the main idea of the essay.
The conclusion often present suggestions, predictions,
or opinions related to the topic.
Example

Cancer Risks
Introduction
Lung cancer kills more people in one year than all criminal and
accidental deaths combined. This statistic is shocking, but the
good news is that people are not well-informed about the risk
connected to lung cancer. They know that the risk of contracting this
terrible disease decrease if they either stop smoking or do not
smoke at all. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about other
types of cancer. Many people are not aware that their everyday
behavior can lead to the development of different forms of cancer.
By eating better, exercising regularly, and staying out of the
sun, people can reduce the risk of cancer.
Conclusion

Cancer has been around since the earliest day of

human existence, but only recently has the public
been made aware of some of the risk factors
involved. Antismoking campaigns can be seen
anywhere, on billboards, in television commercials, on
the radio, diets, exercises, and sunscreens, perhaps
the number of overall cancer cases could be
reduced.
 Sources
- Each body paragraph should have a couple of sources.
- Try to have at least one source in every body paragraph.
- This means your essay would have five or six quotations
or paraphrases.

It doesn't mean you need to have five or six different sources.

You could have two quotations in your essay from the same
source, but you should not have six quotations from one
source. You probably need to find two or three articles that
you can use for this essay
 Works cited
The works cited page is the last page of your
essay.

If your essay is three pages, then your works

cited would be the fourth page. If your essay is
nine pages, then your work cited page would be
page ten.
 Plagiarism
It is using someone else's words or ideas as your own.

-It doesn't matter if you intend to use the words or if you accidentally
use the words. If you use someone else's work it's still plagiarism.

- You have to put quotation marks around any word that you borrow
from another source.

That means you give credit to your source. You say where you got
those words that you borrowed.
Paraphrase

Paraphrase means to change the words and grammar, but not

change the meaning. So the student used his own words and
grammar to repeat the idea of the source.

The rule is that in your paraphrase, it's okay to have a word or two
that are the same as the original source. You just cannot have
more than three words that are the same.

If you have more than three words that are the same, then you
need to use quotation marks.
Class Activity - Exercise

Cinderella a Her Tedious Household Chores (title)

Read the essay, identified the structure and answer the

post-reading.
Firmado
digitalmente por
LLanet Suárez
Galeano
Fecha: 2021.05.03
15:19:55 -05'00'