12/3/2020
Urban and Settlement Planning
Course Code: AR 652
[Link]. III/II
Lecture 28
CHAPTER V: Data Collection
2077/08/18
Kailash Shrestha
Asso. Prof./ Architect/ Planner 1
Kathmandu Engineering College
Urban and Settlement Planning
CHAPTER V: Urban and Rural Planning
Data Collection: Survey
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CHAPTER V: Urban and Rural Planning
Data Collection: Survey
A survey is a method of collecting data in a
consistent and systematic way
Survey research is very useful for collecting and
documenting existing problems, community conditions,
characteristics of a population, and community opinion
Survey data is not only useful for immediate community
development purposes, but it can also serve the future
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Why do we need data?
To know the existing situation, opinion etc.
To figure out problems for improving the condition.
Predict the future.
For various planning purposes
Others……..
Can be used in different fields such as:
Health, business, ecology, socio-economy etc.
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Physical Survey
• Natural Features, Land Use, Conditions of
Buildings, etc
Economic Survey
• Occupational Condition, Survey of
Industries, Survey of Commerce, etc
Civic or Socio-economic Survey
• Population, Housing, Health Condition,
Open Spaces, Land Cultivation etc
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Set of Tasks of Survey
I. Defining purpose of the study and available
resources
II. Collection of Data
III. Analyze the data
IV. Report Preparation and publication
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Set of Tasks of Survey
I. Defining purpose of the study and available resources
II. Collection of Data
Choosing the techniques of observation
Defining the questions
Determining samples
Pretesting and conducting the survey
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Data Collection
Primary Data:
First hand information, gathered
form original source.
E.g. interviews, direct observation
Secondary Data:
Second hand data
Someone has collected and made available
E.g. Data from Central Bureau of Statistics
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III. Analyze the data
Compiling and editing the
raw data
Analyzing the collected
data Chart : Distribution of Occupation
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Interpreting the analysis 35
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Percentage
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IV. Report Preparation and 10
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Techniques of observation
a) Self Survey
• Questionnaires sent to respondents through the
mail or of survey forms
• Works in middle income societies
• Possible answers must be few and short
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b) Interviews
• Face to face interviews or by
telephone or internet
• It is accurate but expensive.
• Problem, if there are too many
people to interview.
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c) Direct Inspection
• Used in traffic counts, use of public spaces,
housing quality
• Information can be collected by just looking –
without asking anyone.
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d) Participant observation
• Developed by anthropologists in the study of
community life.
• Surveyor becomes resident of a community and
lives among the people, learning their way of life by
participating in it.
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Defining the Question
Question is also called variables of survey
Questions are basically made for two types of data:
Quantitative
Qualitative
Open and Closed questions
Three basic structures of variation in structuring the
question:
Nominal, Ordinal and Interval
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1. Nominal Scales
- Various possible answers are categories of different
names
- Question whose answer may be “Yes” or “No”
e.g.
Sex: male, female
Color: red, yellow, blue
- Should include all possible responses and categories
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2. Ordinal Scale
Putting things in ranked order.
e.g.
Priorities: 1st, 2nd, 3rd
Social class: upper, middle, lower
Climate: cold, warm, hot
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3. Interval Scale
Standard set of numbers for measuring the intervals
Money, distance, age, temperature, years of education,
test scores, weight
e.g. Years of education
a) 0-5 b)6-10
c) 11-15 d) more than 15
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Sampling
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Sampling
Sample survey is a technique of collecting first hand
empirical data.
Sample survey is done when it is unnecessary and too
expensive to interview everyone
Selecting a sample
Sample should be representative
A sample that is not representative is called biased
sample. e.g. Janamat in TV
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How do we choose sample?
Choose any one randomly
Use variety of mechanical devices e.g. lottery
Systematic sampling: Take every kth element from the
list e.g. every 10th student or every 5th house.
Stratified sampling: Used to ensure representativeness
of a sample, where it might other wise be unlikely.
Cluster sampling: Similar to stratified sampling, but
groups that are defined are heterogeneous. e.g. balanced
view with respect to racial and ethnic groups .
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Statistical Analysis
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Statistical analysis
Mean/median /mode/range
Standard deviation
Variance
Regression
Corrections
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The "mean" is the "average" you're used to, where you add up
all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers.
The "median" is the "middle" value in the list of numbers. To
find the median, numbers have to be listed in numerical order.
The "mode" is the value that occurs most often. If no number
is repeated, then there is no mode for the list.
The "range" is just the difference between the largest and
smallest values.
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Example
Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following list
of values:
13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13
Mean
= (13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15
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Median
The median is the middle value, so rewrite the list in order:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
There are nine numbers in the list, so the middle one will be
the (9 + 1) ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2 = 5th number:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
So, Median is 14.
Example:
6, 8, 7, 9, 12, 5, 10, 7
5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12
Median = (7+8) / 2 = 7.5, Mean = 8
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Urban and Settlement Planning
Mode
13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13
The mode is the number that is repeated more often than
any other, so 13 is the mode.
Range
The largest value in the list is 21, and the smallest is 13,
so the range is 21 – 13 = 8.
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Standard Deviation
In statistics and probability theory, standard deviation (σ)
shows how much variation or dispersion exists from the
average (mean), or expected value.
It is defined as root mean square deviation of values from
their mean
Low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend
to be very close to the mean (28, 29, 30, 31 and 32)
High standard deviation indicates that the data points are
spread out over a large range of values. (10,20, 30, 40, 50)
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Urban and Settlement Planning
Standard Deviation
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Variation
Variance is a measure of how far a set of numbers is
spread out.
It is one of several descriptors of a probability
distribution, describing how far the numbers lie from the
mean (expected value)
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Regression
Regression analysis is a
statistical process for
estimating the relationships
among variables.
It includes many techniques
for modeling and analyzing
several variables
Regression analysis is widely used for prediction and
forecasting
Example
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