Physics Project File

Topic-: AC Generator

Students Name-: Arsh Chaudhary

Class-: XII-PCMB
Board Roll No.-:

Submitted to-:
Mr. B.K. Shukla
PGT- Physics
 Certificate

This is to certify that Arsh Chaudhary

has successfully completed this
project file on AC GENERATOR under
my guidance and supervision. I am
satisfied with their initiative and
efforts for the completion of the
project file as a part of the curriculum
of CBSE class XII examination.

Teacher’s Signature
Mr. B.K. Shukla
(PGT-Physics)
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks
to our mentor Mr. B.K. Shukla Sir for his
time and efforts he provided throughout
the year. Your useful advice and
suggestions were really helpful to me
during the project's completion.
In this aspect, I am eternally grateful to
you. I would like to thank my fellow
mates who made this project with me
for engaging in thoughtful discussions,
sharing ideas, and providing a
collaborative learning environment.
Thank you all for being a part of this
remarkable journey.
Arsh Chaudhary
XII-PCMB
 Table Of Contents
[Link]. Topic Page No.

1. Introduction 5-6

2. Principle 7

3. Construction 8

4. Theory & 9- 10
Working
5. Efficiency 11

6. Energy Loss 12-13

7. Bibliography 14
 AC GENERATOR
A machine that transforms mechanical energy
into electrical energy is known as an AC
generator. Mechanical energy is supplied to the
AC Generator through steam turbines, gas
turbines, and combustion engines. Alternating
electrical power in the form of alternating voltage
and current is the output.

Mechanical energy is required to rotate the coil,

which is subsequently converted into electrical
energy. The induced emf controls the flow of
induced current via the coil, which is
subsequently routed to our houses and used by
us. The emf is caused by a phenomenon known
as electromagnetic induction.
Principle of AC Generator: -
AC generators function on Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that
electromotive force (EMF or voltage) is created in
a current-carrying wire that cuts a uniform
magnetic field. Rotating a conducting coil in a
static magnetic field or rotating the magnetic field
enclosing the stationary conductor can both be
used to accomplish this. Because it is easier to
extract induced alternating current from a
stationary armature coil than from a revolving coil

.
The EMF generated is determined by the number
of armature coil turns, magnetic field intensity,
and rotating field speed.
Construction of AC Generator and
role of each of its components: -

The roles of each of these AC generator

components are listed below.
➢Field- The field is made up of conductor coils
that receive electricity from the source and
generate magnetic flux. The armature is cut
by the magnetic flux in the field, which
produces a voltage. This voltage is the AC
generator’s output voltage.
➢Armature- The portion of an AC generator
that produces voltage is known as the
 armature. This component largely comprises
of wire coils large enough to handle the
generator’s full-load current.
➢Prime Mover- The prime mover is the
component that drives the AC generator. A
diesel engine, a steam turbine, or a motor
might all be used as the prime mover.
➢Rotor- The rotor is the rotating component of
the generator. The rotor is driven by the
generator’s prime mover.
➢Stator- An AC generator’s stator is the
stationary component. To reduce eddy current
losses, the stator core is made up of a
lamination of steel alloys or magnetic iron.
➢Slip Rings- Slip rings are electrical connectors
that transport electricity from and to an AC
generator’s rotor. They are primarily used to
transfer electricity from a fixed device to a
revolving one.
Working of an AC Generator:-
The flux linkage of the armature varies
continually as it revolves between the poles of
the magnet on an axis perpendicular to the
magnetic field. An electric current travels through
the galvanometer, slip rings and brushes as a
consequence. The galvanometer changes its
value from positive to negative. This implies that
the galvanometer is receiving an alternating
current. Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule can be used
to determine the direction of the induced
current.
Fleming right hand rule:-
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule states that if we
arrange our thumb, forefinger and middle finger
of the right-hand perpendicular to each other,
then the thumb points towards the direction of
the magnetic force, the forefinger points towards
the direction of the magnetic field and the middle
finger points towards the direction of the current.
Advantages of AC Generators over DC
Generators

• Through transformers, AC generators may be

simply stepped up and down.
• Because of the step-up functionality, the
transmission link size in AC Generators is less.
• The losses in AC generators are lower than in
DC machines.
• An AC generator is much smaller than a DC
generator.
Difference between AC and DC
Generators: -

S.N Differentiati AC DC generator

o ng property generator
1.) Definition AC DC generator
generator is is a mechanical
a device that
mechanical converts
device that mechanical
converts energy into DC
mechanical electrical
energy into power.
AC electrical
power.

2.) Direction of In an AC In a DC
Current generator, generator, the
the electrical
electrical current flows
current only in one
reverses direction.
direction
periodically.
3.) Basic Design In an AC In a DC
generator, generator, the
the coil coil through
through which the
which the current flows
current rotate in a
flows is fixed field. The
fixed while overall design
the magnet is very simple
moves. The but
construction construction is
is simple complex due
and costs to
are less. commutators
and slip rings.
4.) Diagram

5.) Commutator AC DC generators

s generator have
does not commutators
have to make the
 commutator current flow in
s. one direction
only.
6.) Rings AC DC generators
generators have
have slip- commutators.
rings.
7.) Efficiency of Since slip- Both brushes
Brushes rings have a and
smooth and commutators
uninterrupt of a DC
ed surface, generator
they do not wear out
wear quickly quickly and
and are thus are less
highly efficient.
efficient.
8.) Short Circuit As the Since the
Possibility brushes brushes and
have high commutators
efficiency, a wear out
short circuit quickly,
is very sparking and
unlikely. short circuit
 possibility is
high.
9.) Rotating The rotating The rotating
Parts part in an part in a DC
AC generator is
Generator is generally
a low heavy.
current high
resistivity
rotor.
10.) Current In an AC In a DC
Induction generator, generator, the
the output output current
current can can only be
be either induced in the
induced in rotor.
the stator or
in the rotor.
11.) Output AC DC generators
Voltage generators produce a low
produce a voltage when
high voltage compared to
which varies AC generator
in amplitude which is
and time. constant in
The output amplitude and
frequency time i.e.
varies output
(mostly frequency is
50Hz to zero.
60Hz).
 Bibliography

1. NCERT Textbook (physics) Class XII

2. Physics Lab Manual Class XII
3. Wikipedia
4. Google Web