Roll No.

: Time -
Date : MM - 28

1. Define the following terms: 2

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Isotonic solutions
(iii) van’t Hoff factor
(iv) Ideal solution

Ans : (i) Mole fraction (x): It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the
total number of moles of all the components.
For example, mole fraction of a component A,

where nA and nB are the number of moles of components ‘A’ and ‘B’ respectively.
(ii) Isotonic solutions: Two solutions are said to be isotonic when they exert the same
osmotic pressure because they have same molar concentration. All intravenous injections
must be isotonic with body fluids.
(iii) van’t Hoff factor (i): The ratio of the experimental value of a colligative property to the
theoretical value (calculated on the basis of normal behaviour of solute) is known as van’t
Hoff factor.

(iv) Ideal solution: Those solutions which obey Raoult’s law are called ideal solutions.
When the forces of attraction between A—A, B—B are similar to A—B, then A and B will
form ideal solution.

2. State Raoult’s Law for a solution containing volatile components. How does Raoult’s law become 2
a special case of Henry’s Law?

Ans : Raoult’s law for volatile components: It states that vapour pressure of each component is
directly proportional to its mole fraction.

pA = pA ° xA

In solution of gas in liquid, one of the component is so volatile that it exists as gas and its
solubility is given by Henry’s law, p = KH .x
Only difference between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law is KH differs from pA°.
Thus, Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s law in which KH becomes equal to
pA°.
3. How is vapour pressure of solvent affected when a non volatile solute is dissolved in it? 2

Ans : When a non-volatile solute is added to solvent, vapour pressure of solution decreases
because surface molecules consist of both solute and solvent molecules so escaping
tendency of solvent molecules into vapours decreases.

4. What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the sign of 2
∆mixH for negative deviation?

Ans : A solution is said to deviate negatively from Raoult’s law if the forces of attraction
between A—B are more than A—A and B—B, e.g. CHCl3 and CH3COCH3.

∆mixH = –ve

5. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? 2
Give an example.

Ans : Azeotropes are constant boiling mixtures which distill out unchanged in their
composition.
Maximum boiling azeotropes are formed by solution showing negative deviation, e.g. H2O
and HCl.

6. A 10% solution of urea is isotonic with 20% solution of ‘x’ at same temperature. Calculate 2
molecular weight of x.

Ans : M1 = M2,

where M1 and M2 are molarities

⇒ [Link]. of x = 120 g mol–1

7. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is observed by mixing chloroform and acetone ? Why is a 2
decrease in vapour pressure observed on mixing chloroform and acetone?

Ans : Negative deviation from Raoult’s law is observed by mixing chloroform and acetone. The
vapour pressure decreases on mixing acetone and chloroform because hydrogen bond is
formed between them and therefore, intermolecular forces increases.

8. Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solution. 2

Ans :

9. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by a solution of acetone and chloroform? Justify 2
on the basis of strength of intermolecular interactions that develop in the solution.

Ans : • It will form maximum boiling azeotrope.

• It is because of new H-bonds formed between acetone and CHCl3 i.e., strength of force
of attraction increases, hence vapour pressure decreases, boiling point increases.

10. For a 5% solution of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/ mol), calculate the osmotic pressure at 300 K. [R = 2
–1 –1
0.0821 L atm K mol ]

Ans :

11. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AlCl3 freezes at – 0.068 °C. Calculate the percentage of 2
–1
dissociation. [Given: Kf for Water = 1.86 K kg mol ]
Ans : m = 0.01 m, ΔTf = 0°C – (– 0.068°C) = +0.068°C

ΔTf = i K f × m

[where ‘i’ is van’t Hoff factor]

0.068 = i × 1.86 × 0.01

α = 0.885 × 100 = 88.5% The percentage dissociation of AlCl3 is 88.5%.

12. (a) Give an example each of solid in gas and liquid in gas solution. 3

(b) Define mole fraction.

Ans : (a) Solid in gas-Camphor in N2 gas Liquid in gas-Water vapour in air

(b) The ratio of the number of moles of one component of a mixture to the total number
of moles of all components is called mole fraction.

13. Calculate the molality and mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) in a solution containing 20% 3
of C2H6O2.

Ans :

14. Answer the following questions: 3

(a) State Henry’s law and explain why are the tanks used by scuba divers filled with air diluted with
helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen)?

(b) Assume that argon exerts a partial pressure of 6 bar. Calculate the solubility of argon gas in
water. (Given: Henry’s law constant for argon dissolved in water, KH = 40 kbar)
Ans : (a) Henry’s law: the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.

The pressure underwater is high, so the solubility of gases in blood increases. When the
diver comes to surface the pressure decreases so does the solubility causing bubbles of
nitrogen in blood, to avoid this situation and maintain the same partial pressure of
nitrogen underwater too, the dilution is done.

(b) p = KH x, where, KH is Henry’s law constant, ‘p’ is partial pressure of gas, ‘x’ is mole
fraction.

Mole fraction of argon in water x =

= 1.5 × 10–4

Solubility of Argon gas in water = 1.5 × 10–4

15. (a) What are the values of ΔH and ΔV for positive deviation from ideality? Give one example. 3

(b) Can we separate an azeotropic mixture by distillation? Why do we call it a mixture?

(c) Give two examples of ideal solution.

Ans : (a) ΔH = + ve, ΔV = +ve. The solution of ethanol and water shows positive deviation.

(b) No, we cannot separate azeotropic mixture with the help of distillation because they
boil together. Its composition can vary with the change in external pressure, that is why it
is called a mixture.

(c) Benzene and Toluene, hexane and heptane are ideal solutions.

16. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17·536 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of aqueous 3
solution when 20 g of glucose (Molar mass = 180 g mol–1) is dissolved in 500 g of water.

Ans :
17. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the 3
freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K. Given: (Molar mass
of sucrose = 342 g mol–1) (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol–1)

Ans : ΔTf = 273.15 – 269.15 = 4.0 K

Freezing point of glucose solution

= 273.15 – 7.60 = 265.55 K

18. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution 10.5 g of MgBr2 in 200 g of water, assuming 3
–1
complete ionisation of MgBr2. [Molar mass of MgBr2 = 184 g mol , Kf of H2O = 1.86 K/m]

Ans : MgBr2(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2Br–(aq)

i=3

Freezing point of solution = Freezing point of water

– ΔTf = 273.15 – 1.59 = 271.56 K.

19. A solution 0.1 M of Na2SO4 is dissolved to the extent of 95%. What would be its osmotic pressure 3
at 27°C? (R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1)
Ans : Na2SO4 → 2Na+ + SO4 2-

R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1, a = 95% n = 3, i = ? M =

0.1, T = 27°C + 273 = 300 K, p = ?

⇒ i – 1 = 1.90 ⇒ i = 2.90

π = iCRT RT RT [where ‘C’ is molarity]

π = 2.90 × 0.1 × 0.0821 × 300

π = 7.1427 atm.

20. If the capacity of a car’s radiator to hold water is 1 kg, how many grams of ethylene glycol must be 3
added to lower freezing point of water from 0°C to –2°C. Molar mass of ethylene glycol = 62 g/mol,
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1.

Ans : ΔTf = 6 × kg × m, ΔTf = 0 – (–2°C) = 2°C, i = 1 as ethylene glycol is non-electrolyte.

2 = 1 × 1.86 ×

21. (a) Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law. What are 5
these deviations and how are they caused?

(b) State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. Write two characteristics of the
solution which obeys Raoult’s law at all concentrations.
Ans : (a) Positive Deviation from Raoult’s Law: Those non- ideal solutions, in which partial
pressure of each component ‘A’ and ‘B’ is higher than that calculated from Raoult’s law
show positive deviation from Raoult’s law, e.g. water and ethanol show positive deviation
because the force of attraction between ethanol-water is less than between ethanol-
ethanol and water-water molecules, therefore, vapour pressure is high.

A solution that shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

Negative Deviation from Raoult’s Law: The partial vapour pressure of component ‘A’ is
found to be less than that calculated from Raoult’s law on adding the second component
‘B’ and when A is added to B, the partial vapour pressure of component ‘B’ is found to be
less than that calculated from Raoult’s law. The total vapour pressure of solution is less
than that of ideal solution of same composition. Boiling point of such solution is relatively
higher than the boiling points of A and B respectively. This type of deviation from ideal
behaviour is known as negative deviation from Raoult’s law, e.g. chloroform and acetone
show negative deviation because the force of attraction between chloroform and acetone
is higher than chloroform-chloroform and acetone-acetone molecules, therefore, vapour
pressure is low.

A solution that shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law

(b) (i) Raoult’s law: It states that partial vapour pressure of each component is directly
proportional to its mole fraction when both solute and solvent are volatile.

and

(ii) 1. ΔHmix = 0

2. ΔVmix = 0

3 They follow Raoult’s law

 3. They follow Raoult s law.

4. They can be separated by fractional distillation. [Any two]

22. (a) A 4% solution (W/w) of sucrose (M = 342 g mol–1) in water has a freezing point of 271.15 K. 5
–1
Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose (M = 180 g mol ) in water. (Given: Freezing point of pure
water = 273.15 K) [Delhi 2019]

(b) A solution prepared from 1.25 g of oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) in 90.0 g of benzene has
a boiling point of 80.31 °C. Determine the molar mass of this compound. (Boiling point of pure
benzene = 80.10 °C and Kb for benzene = 2.53 °C kg mol–1).
Ans :
 (b) Given; WB = 1.25 g, WA = 90 g,

–1
∆Tb = 80.31 – 80.10 = 0.21 °C, MB = ?, Kb = 2.53 °C kg mol

23. The value of Henry’s constant KH is _____________. 1

(a) greater for gases with higher solubility.
(b) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(c) constant for all gases.
(d) not related to the solubility of gases.

Ans : (b) Higher the value of KH, lower will be solubility.

24. Consider the figure and mark the correct option. 1

(a) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if a pressure lower than osmotic pressure is applied on
piston (B).
(b) water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on
piston (B).
(c) water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied on
piston (B).
(d) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied on
piston (A).

Ans : (b) Reverse osmosis will take place.

25. If molality of dilute solution is doubled, the value of molal depression constant (Kf ) will be 1
(a) halved (b) tripled
(c) unchanged (d) doubled
Ans : (c) Kf does not depend upon ‘m’. It depends upon nature of solvent.

26. Which of the following is correct. 1

(a) KH increases with increase in temperature (KH is Henry’s law constant).
(b) Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increases in temperature.
(c) KH decreases with increase in temperature.
(d) Solubility of gas in liquid increases with increase in temperature.

Ans : (a) and (b) are correct pgas = KH × xgas

KH increases with increase in temperature, xgas decreases, i.e., solubility of gas in liquid
decreases with increase in temperature.

27. Benzoic acid, when dissolved in benzene, which of the following is correct. 1
(a) The benzoic acid will undergo dissociation.
(b) The benzoic acid will undergo association.
(c) Observed molar mass of benzoic acid in benzene will less than normal molar mass.
(d) Observed molar mass of benzoic acid in benzene is more than normal molar mass.

Ans :

Molar mass will be nearly double due to dimerisation.

28. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property because _____________. 1

(a) It depends on the concentration of a non electrolyte solute in solution and does not depend on
the nature of the solute molecules.
(b) It depends on number of particles of electrolyte solute in solution and does not depend on the
nature of the solute particles.
(c) It depends on the concentration of a non electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the nature of
the solute molecules.
(d) It depends on the concentration of an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte solute in solution as well as on
the nature of solute molecules.

Ans : (a) and (b) colligative property depends upon number of particles of solute in both
electrolyte and nonelectrolyte.

29. Which of the following is maximum boiling azeotropic? 1

(a) CH3COOH + C5H5N (pyridine)
(b) H2O + ethanol
(c) cyclohexane + ethanol
(d) H2O + methanol

Ans : (a) is maximum boiling azeotropic due to increase in force of attraction on mixing
whereas others are minimum boiling azeotropes.

30. Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution will cause 1

[CBSE 2021]
(a) Increase in Molarity
(b) Increase in Molality
(c) Decrease in Molarity
(d) Decrease in Molality

Ans : (c)

31. The value of KH (Henry’s law constants) for the given gases in water at 293 K are 1

I. He – 144.97 k bar
II. H2 – 69.16 k bar
III. N2 – 76.45 k bar
IV. O2 – 34.86 k bar
Which gas has the lowest solubility in water?
(a) He
(b) H2
(c) N2
(d) O2

Ans : (a) Higher KH means, lower solubility.

32. Solubility of CO2 in soda water increases with 1

(a) Increase in pressure and temperature.

(b) Increase in pressure and decrease in temperature.
(c) Decrease in pressure and increase in temperature.
(d) Decrease in pressure and temperature.

Ans : (b) Solubility of CO2 in soda water increases with increase in pressure and decrease in
temperature.

33. If concentration of N2 gas in water at constant pressure increases quadratically, how will value of 1
KH change?

Higher the value of KH, the lower is the solubility of gas in the liquid.

Solubility of a gas in liquid decreases with increase in temperature because KH increases with increase in temperature, so, solubility
decreases.

Application: Cold drink bottles are filled at high pressure so as to increase solubility of CO2 gas in water.

[CBSE Learning Framework]

(a) Remains same

(b) Increases linearly

(c) Decreases linearly

 (d) Decreases quadratically

Ans : (a) Because the value of KH only depends upon temperature.

34. The value of KH (Henry’s law constant) 1

[CBSE 2023]

(a) increases with decrease in temperature

(b) decreases with increase in temperature
(c) increases with increase in temperature
(d) remains constant

Ans : KH increases with increase in temperature.

35. KH value for H2, He(g), N2(g) and O2(g) are 69.16, 144.97, 76.48, 34.86 respectively. Identify the 1
correct order of their increasing solubility in water.

(a) O2 < H2 < He < N2

(b) He < N2 < H2 < O2
(c) He < H2 < N2 < O2
(d) N2 < He < O2 < H2

Ans : (b) Higher the KH, Lower will be solubility.

36. Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increrase in 1

[CBSE 2023]

(a) Pressure
(b) Temperature
(c) Volume
(d) Number of solute molecules

Ans : (b) At higher temperature gas escapes from liquid.

37. The solution which forms maximum boiling azeotropes is 1

[KVS 2023]

(a) CS2-Acetone
(b) Benzene-Toluene
(c) Acetone-CHCl3
(d) n-hexane-n-heptane

Ans : (c) ∵ Vapour pressure of solution is lower.

38. Isotonic solutions have 1

[CBSE 2023]

(a) same osmotic pressure

(b) same boiling point
(c) same melting point
(d) same vapour pressure

Ans : (a) They have same osmotic pressure.

39. The molarity of a solution containing 5g of NaOH in 450 mL of solution is 1

(a) 0.278 × 10–3 M

(b) 0.278 M

(c) 2.78 × 10–3 M

(d) 2.78 M

Ans :

40. A t 100°C, the vapour pressure of a solution of 6.5 g of solute in 100 g of water is 732 mm. If Kb is 1
0.52 K/m, the boiling point of solution will be

(a) 102°C

(b) 103°C

(c) 101°C

(d) 100°C

Ans :

[Link] = 100 + 1.06 = 101°C