3/30/2023

Physics For Scientists and Engineers

Fifth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 29
The Magnetic Field

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 1

Chapter 29 The Magnetic Field

IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about magnetism and the

magnetic field.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 2

1
 3/30/2023

Chapter 29 Preview (1 of 5)
What is magnetism?
Magnetism is an interaction between moving
charges.
• Magnetic forces, similar to electric forces,
are due to the action of magnetic fields.
• A magnetic field B is created by a
moving charge.
• Magnetic interactions are understood in
terms of magnetic poles: north and south.
• Magnetic poles never occur in isolation.
All magnets are dipoles, with two poles.
• Practical magnetic fields are created by
currents—collections of moving charges.
• Magnetic materials, such as iron, occur
because electrons have an inherent
magnetic dipole called electron spin.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 3

Chapter 29 Preview (2 of 5)
What fields are especially important?
We will develop and use three important magnetic field
models.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 4

2
 3/30/2023

Chapter 29 Preview (5 of 5)
Why is magnetism important?
Magnetism is much more important than a way to hold a
shopping list on the refrigerator door. Motors and generators
are based on magnetic forces. Many forms of data storage,
from hard disks to the stripe on your credit card, are magnetic.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential to modern
medicine. Magnetic levitation trains are being built around the
world. And the earth’s magnetic field keeps the solar wind
from sterilizing the surface. There would be no life and no
modern technology without magnetism.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 5

Chapter 29 Content, Examples,

and QuickCheck Questions

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 6

3
 3/30/2023

Discovering Magnetism: Experiment 1

• Tape a bar magnet to a
piece of cork and allow it to
float in a dish of water.
• It always turns to align
itself in an approximate
north-south direction.

• The end of a magnet that points north is called the north-

seeking pole, or simply the north pole.
• The end of a magnet that points south is called the south
pole.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 7

Discovering Magnetism: Experiment 2

• If the north pole of one magnet is brought near the north
pole of another magnet, they repel each other.
• Two south poles also repel each other, but the north pole of
one magnet exerts an attractive force on the south pole of
another magnet.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 8

4
 3/30/2023

Discovering Magnetism: Experiment 3

• The north pole of a bar magnet attracts one end of a
compass needle and repels the other.
• Apparently the compass needle itself is a little bar magnet
with a north pole and a south pole.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 9

Discovering Magnetism: Experiment 4

• Cutting a bar magnet in half produces two weaker but still
complete magnets, each with a north pole and a south pole.
• No matter how small the magnets are cut, even down to
microscopic sizes, each piece remains a complete magnet
with two poles.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 10

5
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.1
If the bar magnet is flipped over and the south pole is brought
near the hanging ball, the ball will be

A. attracted to the
magnet.
B. repelled by the
magnet.
C. unaffected by the
magnet.
D. I’m not sure.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 11

QuickCheck 29.1 Answer

If the bar magnet is flipped over and the south pole is brought
near the hanging ball, the ball will be

A. attracted to the
magnet.
B. repelled by the
magnet.
C. unaffected by the
magnet.
D. I’m not sure.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 12

6
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.2
The compass needle can rotate on a pivot in a horizontal
plane. If a positively charged rod is brought near, as shown,
the compass needle will

A. rotate clockwise.
B. rotate
counterclockwise.
C. do nothing.
D. I’m not sure.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 13

QuickCheck 29.2 Answer

The compass needle can rotate on a pivot in a horizontal
plane. If a positively charged rod is brought near, as shown,
the compass needle will

A. rotate clockwise.
B. rotate
counterclockwise.
C. do nothing. Magnetic poles are not the
D. I’m not sure. same as electric charges.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 14

7
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.3
If a bar magnet is cut in half, you end up with

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 15

QuickCheck 29.3 Answer

If a bar magnet is cut in half, you end up with

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 16

8
 3/30/2023

Compasses and Geomagnetism

• Due to currents in the
molten iron core, the earth
itself acts as a large
magnet.
• The poles are slightly offset
from the poles of the
rotation axis.
• The geographic north pole
is actually a south
magnetic pole!

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 17

Electric Current Causes a Magnetic

Field (1 of 3)
• In 1819 Hans Christian Oersted discovered that an electric
current in a wire causes a compass to turn.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 18

9
 3/30/2023

Electric Current Causes a Magnetic

Field (2 of 3)
• The right-hand rule determines the orientation of the
compass needles to the direction of the current.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 19

Electric Current Causes a Magnetic

Field (3 of 3)

• The magnetic field is revealed by the pattern of iron filings

around a current-carrying wire.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 20

10
 3/30/2023

Notation for Vectors and Currents

Perpendicular to the Page
• Magnetism requires a three-dimensional perspective, but
two-dimensional figures are easier to draw.
• We will use the following notation:

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 21

Electric Current Causes a Magnetic Field

• The right-hand rule determines the orientation of the
compass needles to the direction of the current.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 22

11
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.4
A long, straight wire extends into and out of the screen. The
current in the wire is

A. into the screen.

B. out of the screen.
C. There is no current in the
wire.
D. There is not enough
information to determine the
direction.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 23

QuickCheck 29.4 Answer

A long, straight wire extends into and out of the screen. The
current in the wire is

A. into the screen.

B. out of the screen. Right-hand rule
C. There is no current
in the wire.
D. There is not enough
information to
determine the
direction.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 24

12
 3/30/2023

Electric Current Causes a Magnetic

Field (1 of 2)
• Because compass needles
align with the magnetic
field, the magnetic field at
each point must be tangent
to a circle around the wire.
• The figure shows the
magnetic field by drawing
field vectors.
• Notice that the field is
weaker (shorter vectors) at
greater distances from the
wire.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 25

Electric Current Causes a Magnetic

Field (2 of 2)
• Magnetic field lines are
imaginary lines drawn
through a region of space
so that:
– A tangent to a field
line is in the direction
of the magnetic field.
– The field lines are
closer together where
the magnetic field
strength is larger.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 26

13
 3/30/2023

Tactics: Right-Hand Rule for Fields

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 27

The Source of the Magnetic Field:

Moving Charges

• The magnetic field of a

charged particle q moving
with velocity v is given by
the Biot-Savart law:

r  μ qv sin θ 
Bpoint charge   0 , direction given by the right-hand rule 
 4π r 
2

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 28

14
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Field

• The constant μ0 in the Biot-Savart law is called the
permeability constant:
μ0  4π  107 T m/A = 1.257 10 6 T m/A
• The SI unit of magnetic
field strength is the tesla, Table 29.1 Typical magnetic
abbreviated as T: field strengths

1 tesla = 1 T = 1 N/A m Field source Field strength (T)

Earth’s magnetic field 5 × 10-5
Refrigerator magnet 0.01
Industrial electromagnet 0.1
Superconducting magnet 10

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 29

Magnetic Field of a Moving Positive

Charge
• The right-hand rule for finding
r
the direction of B due to a
moving positive charge is
similar to the rule used for a
current carrying wire.

• Note that the component of

r
B parallel to the line of
motion is zero.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 30

15
 3/30/2023

Example 29.1 The Magnetic Field of a

Proton (1 of 4)
r
A proton moves with velocity v  1.0  107 $
i m/s. As it passes the
origin, what is the magnetic field at the (x, y, z) positions (1 mm, 0
mm, 0 mm), (0 mm, 1 mm, 0 mm), and (1 mm, 1 mm, 0 mm)?
MODEL The magnetic field is that of a moving charged particle.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 31

Example 29.1 The Magnetic Field of a

Proton (2 of 4)
VISUALIZE Figure 29.9 shows the geometry. The first point is
on the x-axis, directly in front of the proton, with θ1 = 0°. The
second point is on the y-axis, with θ2= 90°, and the third is in
the xy-plane.
Figure 29.9 The magnetic field of Example 29.1.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 32

16
 3/30/2023

Example 29.1 The Magnetic Field of a

Proton (3 of 4)
SOLVE Position 1, which is along the line of motion, has θ1 = 0°. Thus
r r
B1  0. Position 2 (at 0 mm, 1 mm, 0 mm) is at distance
r2 = 1 mm = 0.001 m. Equation 29.1, the Biot-Savart law, gives us the
magnetic field strength at this point as

μ0 qv sin θ2
B 
4π r22
1.26 106 T m/A 1.60 10 C 1.0 10 m/s  sin 90
19 7 o


4π (0.0010 m) 2
 1.60 1013 T

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 33

Example 29.1 The Magnetic Field of a

Proton (4 of 4)
SOLVE According to the right-hand rule, the field points in the positive z-
direction. Thus
r
B2  1.60 1013 k$T

where k$ is the unit vector in the positive z-direction. The field at

position 3, at (1 mm, 1 mm, 0 mm), also points in the z-direction, but it is
weaker than at position 2 both because r is larger and because θ is
smaller. From geometry we know r3  2 mm = 0.00141m and θ3 = 45°.
Another calculation using Equation 29.1 gives
r
B3  0.57 1013 k$T
REVIEW The magnetic field of a single moving charge is very small.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 34

17
 3/30/2023

Superposition of Magnetic Fields

• Magnetic fields, like electric fields, have been found
experimentally to obey the principle of superposition.
• If there are n moving point charges, the net magnetic field
is given by the vector sum:
r r r r
Btotal  B1  B2 L  Bn

• The principle of superposition will be the basis for

calculating the magnetic fields of several important current
distributions.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 35

The Cross Product

r r
C  D  (CD sin α, direction given by the right - hand rule)

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 36

18
 3/30/2023

Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge

• The magnetic field of a charged particle q moving with
r
velocity v is given by the Biot-Savart law:
r
r μ qv  rˆ
Bpoint charge  0 (magnetic field of a point charge)
4π r 2

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 37

QuickCheck 29.5
What is the direction of the magnetic field at the position of
the dot?

A. Into the screen

B. Out of the screen
C. Up
D. Down
E. To the left

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 38

19
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29. 5 Answer

What is the direction of the magnetic field at the position of
the dot?

A. Into the screen

B. Out of the screen
r
C. Up Direction of v  rˆ
D. Down
E. To the left

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 39

Example 29.2 The Magnetic Field

Direction of a Moving Electron (1 of 2)
The electron in Figure 29.12 is moving to the right. What is
the direction of the electron’s magnetic field at the dot?
Figure 29.12 A moving electron.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 40

20
 3/30/2023

Example 29.2 The Magnetic Field

Direction of a Moving Electron (2 of 2)

VISUALIZE Because the charge is negative, the magnetic

r
field points opposite the direction of v  rˆ. Unit vector r̂
points from the charge toward the dot. We can use the right-
r
hand rule to find that v  rˆ points into the figure. Thus the
electron’s magnetic field at the dot points out of the figure.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 41

The Magnetic Field of a Current (1 of 3)

• The figure shows a
current-carrying wire.
• The wire as a whole is
electrically neutral, but
current I represents the
motion of positive
charge carriers through
the wire:
r
r Δs ΔQ r r
(ΔQ)v  ΔQ  Δs  IΔs
Δt Δt

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 42

21
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Field of a Current (2 of 3)

r
ur μ0 IΔ s  r$
B current segment 
4π r 2
(magnetic field of a very short segment of current)

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 43

The Magnetic Field of a Current (3 of 3)

• The magnetic field of a long, straight wire carrying current
I at a distance r from the wire is
μ0 I
Bwire  (long,straight wire)
2π r
• The magnetic field at the center of a coil of N turns and
radius R, carrying a current I is

μ0 NI
Bcoilcenter  ( N -turn current loop)
2 R

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 44

22
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.6
Compared to the magnetic field at point A, the magnetic field
at point B is

A. half as strong, same direction.

B. half as strong, opposite direction.
C. one-quarter as strong, same
direction.
D. one-quarter as strong, opposite
direction.
E. I can’t compare without knowing I.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 45

QuickCheck 29.6 Answer

Compared to the magnetic field at point A, the magnetic field
at point B is

A. half as strong, same direction.

B. half as strong, opposite direction.
C. one-quarter as strong, same
direction.
D. one-quarter as strong, opposite
direction.
E. I can’t compare without knowing I.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 46

23
 3/30/2023

Problem-Solving Strategy: The

Magnetic Field of a Current

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 47

Example 29.4 The Magnetic Field

Strength Near a Heater Wire (1 of 2)

A 1.0-m-long, 1.0-mm-diameter nichrome heater wire is

connected to a 12 V battery. What is the magnetic field
strength 1.0 cm away from the wire?
MODEL 1 cm is much less than the 1 m length of the wire,
so we will model the wire as infinitely long.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 48

24
 3/30/2023

Example 29.4 The Magnetic Field

Strength Near a Heater Wire (2 of 2)
SOLVE The current through the wire is I = ∆V bat/R, where the wire’s
sub

resistance R is

ρL ρL
R   1.9 Ω
A πr 2
The nichrome resistivity ρ = 1.50 × 10 −6 Ω m was taken from Table 27.2.
super

Thus the current is I = (12 V)/(1.9 Ω) = 6.3 A. The magnetic field strength
at distance d = 1.0 cm = 0.010 m from the wire is
μ0 I (1.26 106 T m/A)(6.3A)
Bwire  
2π d 2π (0.010 m)
4
 1.3 10 T
REVIEW The magnetic field of the wire is slightly more than twice the
strength of the earth’s magnetic field.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 49

Example 29.6 Matching the Earth’s

Magnetic Field (1 of 3)

What current is needed in a 5-turn, 10-cm-diameter coil to

cancel the earth’s magnetic field at the center of the coil?
MODEL One way to create a zero-field region of space is to
generate a magnetic field equal to the earth’s field but
pointing in the opposite direction. The vector sum of the two
fields is zero

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 50

25
 3/30/2023

Example 29.6 Matching the Earth’s

Magnetic Field (2 of 3)
VISUALIZE Figure 29.18 shows a five-turn coil of wire. We
will assume that the coil is thin and model it as a five-turn loop
Figure 29.18 A coil of wire.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 51

Example 29.6 Matching the Earth’s

Magnetic Field (3 of 3)
SOLVE The earth’s magnetic field, from Table 29.1, is 5 × 10
−5 T. We can use Equation 29.8 to find that the current
super

needed to generate a 5 × 10 −5 T field is

super

2 RB 2(0.050 m) (5.0 10 5 T)

I   0.80 A
μ0 N 5(1.26 106 T m/A)

REVIEW A 0.80 A current is easily produced. Although there

are better ways to cancel the earth’s field than using a
simple coil, this illustrates the idea

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 52

26
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Field of a Current Loop

(1 of 2)

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 53

The Magnetic Field of a Current Loop

(2 of 2)

The magnetic field is revealed by the pattern of iron filings

around a current-carrying loop of wire.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 54

27
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.7
The magnet field at point P is

A. into the screen.

B. out of the screen.
C. zero.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 55

QuickCheck 29.7 Answer

The magnet field at point P is

A. into the screen.

B. out of the screen.
C. zero.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 56

28
 3/30/2023

Tactics: Finding the Magnetic Field

Direction of a Current Loop

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 57

A Current Loop Is a Magnetic Dipole

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 58

29
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.8
Where is the north magnetic pole of this current loop?

A. Top side.
B. Bottom side.
C. Right side.
D. Left side.
E. Current loops don’t
have north poles.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 59

QuickCheck 29.8 Answer

Where is the north magnetic pole of this current loop?

A. Top side.
B. Bottom side.
C. Right side.
D. Left side.
E. Current loops don’t
have north poles.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 60

30
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Dipole Moment (1 of 2)

The magnetic dipole moment of a current loop enclosing an
area A is defined as
r
μ  (AI , from the south pole to the north pole)

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 61

The Magnetic Dipole Moment (2 of 2)

r
μ  (AI , from the south pole to the north pole)
• The SI units of the magnetic dipole moment are A m2.
• The on-axis field of a magnetic dipole is
r r
μ 2μ
Bdipole  0 3 (on the axis of a magnetic dipole)
4π z

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 62

31
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.9
What is the current direction in the loop?

A. Out at the top, in at the

bottom.
B. In at the top, out at the
bottom.
C. Either A or B would
cause the current loop
and the bar magnet to
repel each other.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 63

QuickCheck 29.9 Answer

What is the current direction in the loop?

A. Out at the top, in at the

bottom.
B. In at the top, out at the
bottom.
C. Either A or B would
cause the current loop
and the bar magnet to
repel each other.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 64

32
 3/30/2023

Line Integrals (1 of 2)
• Figure (a) shows a curved
line from i to f.
• The length l of this line can
be found by doing a line
integral:

l   Δsk   ds
f

i
k

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 65

Line Integrals (2 of 2)
• Figure (a) shows a curved
line which passes through a
magnetic field B.
• We can find the line
integral of B from i to f
as measured along this
line, in this direction:
r r f r r
Bk
k  Δ s k   B  ds
i

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 66

33
 3/30/2023

Tactics: Evaluating Line Integrals

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 67

Ampère’s Law (1 of 3)
• Consider a line integral of
r
B evaluated along a
circular path all the way
around a wire carrying
current I.
• This is the line integral
around a closed curve,
which is denoted
r
Ñ
 B 
r
ds

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 68

34
 3/30/2023

Ampère’s Law (2 of 3)
r
• Because B is tangent to
to the circle and of constant
magnitude at every point on
the circle, we can write
ur r
Ñ
 B  d s  Bl  B(2πr )
• Here B = μ 0I/2πr where I is
sub

the current through this

loop, hence
ur r
Ñ
 Bd s  μ I 0

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 69

Ampère’s Law (3 of 3)
• Whenever total current I sub

through passes through an

area bounded by a closed
curve, the line integral of
the magnetic field around
the curve is given by
Ampère’s law:
ur r
Ñ
 Bd s  μ I
0 through

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 70

35
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.10
The line integral of B around the loop is μ 0 ∙ 7.0 A. Current I 3
sub sub

is

A. 0 A.
B. 1 A out of the screen.
C. 1 A into the screen.
D. 5 A out of the screen.
E. 5 A into the screen.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 71

QuickCheck 29.10 Answer

The line integral of B around the loop is μ 0 ∙ 7.0 A. Current I 3
sub sub

is

A. 0 A.
B. 1 A out of the screen.
C. 1 A into the screen.
D. 5 A out of the screen.
E. 5 A into the screen.
ur r
Ñ
 Bd s  μ I
0 through

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 72

36
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.11
ur r
For the path shown, Ñ
 B gd s 
A. 0
B. μ 0(I 1 – I 2)
sub sub sub

C. μ 0(I 2 – I 1)
sub sub sub

D. μ 0(I 1 + I 2)
sub sub sub

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 73

QuickCheck 29.11 Answer

ur r
For the path shown, Ñ
 Bds 
A. 0
B. μ 0(I 1 – I 2)
sub sub sub

C. μ 0(I 2 – I 1)
sub sub sub

D. μ 0(I 1 + I 2)
sub sub sub

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 74

37
 3/30/2023

Solenoids
• A uniform magnetic field
can be generated with a
solenoid.
• A solenoid is a helical coil of
wire with the same current I
passing through each loop in
the coil.
• Solenoids may have hundreds
or thousands of coils, often
called turns, sometimes
wrapped in several layers.
• The magnetic field is
strongest and most uniform
inside the solenoid.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 75

The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (1 of 4)

• With many current loops along the same axis, the field in
the center is strong and roughly parallel to the axis,
whereas the field outside the loops is very close to zero.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 76

38
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (2 of 4)

• No real solenoid is ideal, but a very uniform magnetic field

can be produced near the center of a tightly wound solenoid
whose length is much larger than its diameter.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 77

The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (3 of 4)

• The figure shows a cross
section through an infinitely
long solenoid.
• The integration path that we’ll
use is a rectangle.
• The current passing through
this rectangle is I through = NI.
sub

• Ampère’s law is thus

ur r
Ñ
 B gd s  Bl  μ NI 0

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 78

39
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid (4 of 4)

• Along the top, the line integral is
zero since B = 0 outside the
solenoid.
• Along the sides, the line integral
is zero since the field is
perpendicular to the path.
• Along the bottom, the line
integral is simply Bl.
• Solving for B inside the solenoid:

μ0 NI
Bsolenoid   μ0 nl (solenoid)
l
where n = N/l is the number of
turns per unit length.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 79

QuickCheck 29.12
Solenoid 2 has twice the diameter, twice the length, and twice
as many turns as solenoid 1. How does the field B 2 at the sub

center of solenoid 2 compare to B 1 at the center of solenoid

sub

1?

A. B 2 = B 1/4
sub sub

B. B 2 = B 1/2
sub sub

C. B 2 = B 1
sub sub

D. B 2 = 2B 1
sub sub

E. B 2 = 4B 1
sub sub

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 80

40
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.12 Answer

Solenoid 2 has twice the diameter, twice the length, and twice
as many turns as solenoid 1. How does the field B 2 at the sub

center of solenoid 2 compare to B 1 at the center of solenoid

sub

1?

A. B 2 = B 1/4
sub sub

B. B 2 = B 1/2
sub sub

C. B 2 = B 1
sub sub

D. B 2 = 2B 1
sub sub

E. B 2 = 4B 1
sub sub

Same turns-per-length
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 81

QuickCheck 29.13
The current in this solenoid

A. enters on the left,

leaves on the right.
B. enters on the right,
leaves on the left.
C. Either A or B would
produce this field.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 82

41
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.13 Answer

The current in this solenoid

A. enters on the left,

leaves on the right.
B. enters on the right,
leaves on the left.
C. Either A or B would
produce this field.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 83

Example 29.9 Generating an MRI

Magnetic Field (1 of 3)
A 1.0-m-long MRI solenoid generates a 1.2 T magnetic field. To produce
such a large field, the solenoid is wrapped with superconducting wire that
can carry a 100 A current. How many turns of wire does the solenoid
need?
MODEL Assume that the solenoid is ideal.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 84

42
 3/30/2023

Example 29.9 Generating an MRI

Magnetic Field (2 of 3)

SOLVE Generating a magnetic field with a solenoid is a trade-

off between current and turns of wire. A larger current requires
fewer turns, but the resistance of ordinary wires causes them
to overheat if the current is too large. For a superconducting
wire that can carry 100 A with no resistance, we can use
Equation 29.17 to find the required number of turns:

lB (1.0 m) (1.2 T)
N   9500 turns
μ0 I (1.26  106 T m/A) (100 A)

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 85

Example 29.9 Generating an MRI

Magnetic Field (3 of 3)

REVIEW The solenoid coil requires a large number of turns,

but that’s not surprising for generating a very strong field. If
the wires are 1 mm in diameter, there would be 10 layers with
approximately 1000 turns per layer.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 86

43
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Field Outside a Solenoid

• The magnetic field outside a solenoid looks like that of a bar
magnet.
• Thus a solenoid is an electromagnet, and you can use the
right-hand rule to identify the north-pole end.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 87

Ampère’s Experiment
• After the discovery that
electric current produces a
magnetic field, Ampère set
up two parallel wires that
could carry large currents
either in the same direction
or in opposite directions.
• Ampère’s experiment
showed that a magnetic
field exerts a force on a
current.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 88

44
 3/30/2023

Magnetic Force on a Charged Particle

(1 of 2)

• There is no magnetic force on a charged particle at rest.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 89

Magnetic Force on a Charged Particle

(2 of 2)

• There is no magnetic force on a charged particle moving

parallel to a magnetic field.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 90

45
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Force on a Moving

Charge (1 of 3)

• As the angle α between the velocity and the magnetic field

increases, the magnetic force also increases.
• The force is greatest when the angle is 90°.
• The magnetic force is always perpendicular to the plane
r r
containing v and B.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 91

The Magnetic Force on a Moving

Charge (2 of 3)
• The magnetic force on a charge q as it moves through a
magnetic field B with velocity v is
F on q  qv  B  (qvB sin α,direction of right-hand rule)

where α is the angle between

v and B.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 92

46
 3/30/2023

The Magnetic Force on a Moving

Charge (3 of 3)

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 93

QuickCheck 29.14
The direction of the magnetic force on the proton is

A. to the right.
B. to the left.
C. into the screen.
D. out of the screen.
E. The magnetic force is
zero.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 94

47
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.14 Answer

The direction of the magnetic force on the proton is

A. to the right.
B. to the left.
C. into the screen.
D. out of the screen.
E. The magnetic force is
zero.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 95

QuickCheck 29.15
The direction of the magnetic force on the electron is

A. upward.
B. downward.
C. into the screen.
D. out of the screen.
E. The magnetic force is
zero.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 96

48
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.15 Answer

The direction of the magnetic force on the electron is

A. upward.
B. downward.
C. into the screen.
D. out of the screen.
E. The magnetic force
is zero.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 97

QuickCheck 29.16
Which magnetic field causes the observed force?

A. B. C. D. E.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 98

49
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.16 Answer

Which magnetic field causes the observed force?

A. B. C. D. E.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 99

Example 29.10 The Magnetic Force on

an Electron (1 of 4)

A long wire carries a 10 A current from left to right. An electron

1.0 cm above the wire is traveling to the right at a speed of 1.0
× 10 7 m/s. What are the magnitude and the direction of the
super

magnetic force on the electron?

MODEL The magnetic field is that of a long, straight wire.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 100

50
 3/30/2023

Example 29.10 The Magnetic Force on

an Electron (2 of 4)
VISUALIZE Figure 29.36 shows the current and an electron moving
to the right. The right-hand rule tells us that the wire’s magnetic field
above the wire is out of the figure, so the electron is moving
perpendicular to the field.
Figure 29.36 An electron moving parallel to a current-carrying wire.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 101

Example 29.10 The Magnetic Force on

an Electron (3 of 4)
SOLVE The electron charge is negative, thus the direction of
r r
the force is opposite the direction of v  B. The right-hand
r r ur
rule shows that v  B points down, toward the wire, so F
points up, away from the wire. The magnitude of the force is
q vB  evB. The field is that of a long, straight wire at distance
r = 0.010 m:
μ0 I
B  2.0  104 T
2πr

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 102

51
 3/30/2023

Example 29.10 The Magnetic Force on

an Electron (4 of 4)

SOLVE Thus the magnitude of the force on the electron is

F  evB  (1.60  1019 C)(1.0 107 m/s)(2.0 10 4 T)

 3.2  1016 N
r 16
The force on the electron is F  (3.2 10 N, up).

REVIEW This force will cause the electron to curve away from
the wire.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 103

QuickCheck 29.17
Which magnetic field (if it’s the correct strength) allows the
electron to pass through the charged electrodes without being
deflected?

A. B. C. D. E.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 104

52
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.17 Answer

Which magnetic field (if it’s the correct strength) allows the
electron to pass through the charged electrodes without being
deflected?

A. B. C. D. E.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 105

QuickCheck 29.18
A proton is shot straight at the center of a long, straight wire
carrying current into the screen. The proton will

A. move straight into the wire.

B. hit the wire in front of the
screen.
C. hit the wire behind the
screen.
D. be deflected over the wire.
E. be deflected under the wire.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 106

53
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.18 Answer

A proton is shot straight at the center of a long, straight wire
carrying current into the screen. The proton will

A. move straight into the wire.

r r
B. hit the wire in front of the v  B points out of the screen
screen.
C. hit the wire behind the
screen.
D. be deflected over the wire.
E. be deflected under the wire.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 107

The Hall Effect (1 of 4)

• Consider a magnetic field perpendicular to a flat, current-
carrying conductor.
• As the charge carriers move at the drift speed v d, they will sub

experience a magnetic force F B = ev dB perpendicular to

sub sub

ur
both B and the current I.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 108

54
 3/30/2023

The Hall Effect (2 of 4)

• If the charge carriers are positive, the magnetic force
pushes these positive charges down, creating an excess
positive charge on the bottom surface, and leaving negative
charge on the top.
• This creates a measurable Hall voltage ΔV H which is higher
sub

on the bottom surface.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 109

The Hall Effect (3 of 4)

• If the charge carriers are negative, the magnetic force
pushes these positive charges down, creating an excess
negative charge on the bottom surface, and leaving positive
charge on the top.
• This creates a measurable Hall voltage ΔV H which is higher sub

on the top surface.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 110

55
 3/30/2023

The Hall Effect (4 of 4)

• When charges are separated by a magnetic field in a
rectangular conductor of thickness t and width w, it creates
an electric field E = ΔV H/w inside the conductor.
sub

• The steady-state condition is when the electric force

balances the magnetic force, F B = F E: sub

ΔV
FB  evd B  FE  eE  e
w
where v d is the drift speed, which is v d = I/(wtne).
sub sub

• From this we can find the Hall voltage:

IB
ΔVH 
tne
where n is the charge-carrier density (charge carriers per m
3).
super

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 111

Example 29.12 Measuring the

Magnetic Field (1 of 3)

A Hall probe consists of a strip of the metal bismuth that is

0.15 mm thick and 5.0 mm wide. Bismuth is a poor conductor
with charge-carrier density 1.35 × 10 25 m −3. The Hall voltage
super super

on the probe is 2.5 mV when the current through it is 1.5 A.

What is the strength of the magnetic field, and what is the
electric field strength inside the bismuth?

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 112

56
 3/30/2023

Example 29.12 Measuring the

Magnetic Field (2 of 3)

VISUALIZE The bismuth strip looks like Figure 29.41a. The

thickness is t = 1.5 × 10 −4 m and the width is w = 5.0 × 10 −3
super super

m.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 113

Example 29.12 Measuring the

Magnetic Field (3 of 3)
SOLVE Equation 29.25 gives the Hall voltage. We can rearrange
the equation to find that the magnetic field is

tne
B  ΔVH
I
(1.5 104 m)(1.35 1025 m 3 )(1.60 10 19 C)
 0.0025 V
1.5 A
 0.54 T
The electric field created inside the bismuth by the excess charge
on the surface is
ΔVH 0.0025 V
E   0.50 V/m
w 5.0 103 m
REVIEW 0.54 T is a fairly typical strength for a laboratory magnet.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 114

57
 3/30/2023

Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying

Wires (1 of 2)
• There’s no force on a current-carrying
wire parallel to a magnetic field.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 115

Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying

Wires (2 of 2)
• A current perpendicular to the field
experiences a force in the direction
of the right-hand rule.
• If a wire of length l contains a current
I = q/Δt, it means a charge q must
move along its length in a time Δt =
l/v.
• Thus we have Il = qv.
r r r
• Since F  qv  B, the magnetic
force on a current-carrying wire is
r r ur
Fwire  I l  B  ( IlB sin α, direction of right-hand rule)
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 116

58
 3/30/2023

QuickCheck 29.19
The horizontal wire can be levitated—held up against the force
of gravity—if the current in the wire is

A. right to left.
B. left to right.
C. It can’t be done with
this magnetic field.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 117

QuickCheck 29.19 Answer

The horizontal wire can be levitated—held up against the force
of gravity—if the current in the wire is

A. right to left.
B. left to right.
C. It can’t be done with
this magnetic field.

r ur
I l  B points upward

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 118

59
 3/30/2023

Magnetic Forces Between Parallel

Current-Carrying Wires: Current in
Same Direction

μ0 I 2 μ0lI1 I 2
Fparallel wires  I1lB2  I1l 
2πd 2πd
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 119

Magnetic Forces Between Parallel

Current-Carrying Wires: Current in
Opposite Directions

μ0 I 2 μ0lI1 I 2
Fparallel wires  I1lB2  I1l 
2πd 2πd
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 120

60
 3/30/2023

Chapter 29 Summary Slides

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 121

General Principles (1 of 4)
At its most fundamental level, magnetism is an interaction
between moving charges. The magnetic field of one moving
charge exerts a force on another moving charge.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 122

61
 3/30/2023

General Principles (2 of 4)
Magnetic Fields
The Biot-Savart law for a moving point charge

r μ0 qvr  rˆ
B
4π r 2

Magnetic field of a current

MODEL Model wires as simple shapes.
VISUALIZE Divide the wire into short segments.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 123

General Principles (3 of 4)
SOLVE Use superposition:
• Find the field of each segment Δs.
r
• Find B by summing the fields of all Δs, usually as an
integral.
An alternative method for fields with a high degree of
symmetry is Ampère’s law:
ur r
Ñ
 Bds  μ I 0 through

where I through is the current through the area bounded by the

sub

integration path.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 124

62
 3/30/2023

General Principles (4 of 4)
Magnetic Forces
The magnetic force on a moving charge is
ur r ur
F  qv  B
r ur
The force is perpendicular to v and B.
The magnetic force on a current-carrying wire is
ur r ur
F  Il B
ur r
F  0 for a charge or current moving
ur
parallel to B.
The magnetic torque on a magnetic dipole is
r ur ur
τ  m B
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 125

Applications (1 of 3)

Right-hand rule
Point your right thumb in the direction of I. Your fingers curl in
r r
the direction of B. For a dipole, B emerges from the side
that is the north pole.
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 - 126

63
 3/30/2023

Applications (2 of 3)

Charged-particle motion
r r
No force if v is parallel to B
Circular motion at the cyclotron
r
frequency f cyc = qB/2πm if v
sub

r
is perpendicular to B

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 127

Applications (3 of 3)
Parallel wires and current loops
Parallel currents attract.
Opposite currents repel.

Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

29 - 128

64