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Physics Alternating Current
Chapter:- 7
Class: - 12th
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A.C. Generator or A.C. Dynamo: -
An a.c. generator/dynamo is a machine that produces alternating current energy from
mechanical energy.
Principles: -
An a.c. generator/dynamo is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction, i.e., whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil change, an
e.m.f. is induced in the coil. It lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux through the
coil continues.
Construction: -
The essential parts of an a.c. dynamo is
1. Armature. ABCD is a rectangular
armature coil. It consists of a large
number of turns of insulated copper
wire wound over a laminated soft iron
core, /. The coil can be rotated about
the central axis.
2. Field Magnets. N and S are the pole
pieces of a strong electromagnet in
which the armature coil is rotated. Axis
of rotation is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.
3. Slip Rings. S₁ and S₂ are two hollow metallic rings, to
which two ends of the armature coil are connected.
These rings rotate with the rotation of the coil.
4. Brushes. B1 and B2 are two flexible metal plates or
carbon rods. They are fixed and are kept in light
contact with S1 and S₂ respectively. The purpose of
brushes is to pass on current from the armature coil to
the external load resistance R.
Theory and Working: -
As the armature coil is rotated in the magnetic field, angle & between the field and normal
to the coil changes continuously. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes.
An e.m.f. is induced in the coil.
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Transformer: - A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the a.c.
voltages. A transformer which increases the ac voltages is called a step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the a.c. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Principle: - A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction, i.e., whenever the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil change, an e.m.f. is induced in the
neighboring coil.
Construction: - A transformer consists
of a rectangular soft iron core made
of laminated sheets, well insulated
from one another. There are two
coils primary coil and secondary coil.
The source of alternating e.m.f.(V1)
is connected to the primary coil and
a load resistance R is connected to the secondary coil.
N1 and N2 be the number of turns in the primary and secondary coil.
E1 and E2 be the voltage across primary and secondary coil.
Theory and working: -
Let the alternate e.m.f. supplied by the a.c. source connected to primary coil
E = Eosinωt ………………(1)
The alternating primary current induces
an alternating magnetic flux on in the iron
core. Because the core extends through the
secondary winding, the induced flux also
extends through the turns of secondary coil.
According to Faraday's law of
induction, the induced e.m.f. per turn is same
for both the primary and secondary. Also, the
voltage Eacross the primary is equal to the
e.m.f. induced in the secondary.
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