Scanned with CamScannerDC Circuits 1.5 No. of nodes, N= 4 (i.e., A, B, C, D) No. of branches, B = 5 (i.e., AB, BC, BD, CD, AD) Independent meshes, M=B—N+1 =S-4+1=2 (ie. ABDA, BCDB) No. of loops = 3 (i.¢., ABDA, BCDB and ABCDA). It is seen that a loop ie,mesh I and mesh 2. 1.3.2 Voltage and Current Sources ‘A source is a device which converts mechanical, thermal, chemical or electrical energy. There are two types of sources: voltage sources and Voltage source Voltage sources are further categorized as ideal voltage source and of voltage sources are batteries, dynamos, alternators, etc. Ideal volta; source which gives constant voltage across its terminals irres nals. The symbol of ideal voltage source is shown in Fig. 1.3 (a). Inan “Foliage is independent of the value of the load resistance, R, co of the source, the same voltage is available across the load terminals condition as shown in Fig. 1.3 (b). There is no drop of voltage in load. The internal resistance of the source is therefore, zero. Ina practical voltage source, voltage across the load will be less age drop in the resistance of the source itself when a load is connect Current source In certain applications a constant current flow through the circuit is is connected between the output terminals, a constant current I, The examples of current sources are photo electric cells, symbol of current source is shown in Fig. 1.4. Practical voltage and current sources A practical voltage source like a battery has the resistance. A voltage source has small internal resist internal resistance in parallel. For ideal voltage source R,, = 0 For ideal current source R,, = ” ce Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerDC Circuits 1.7 wO) b—ww—0 eo Voltage source Current source Figure 1.6 Equivalent current source Current source Voltage source Figure 1.7 Equivalent voltage source 1.3.3 Source Transformation A voltage source can be represented as a current source. Similarly a current source can be represented as a voltage source. This often helps the solutions of circuit problems. Voltage source into current source and current source into voltage source A voltage source is equivalent to a current source and vice-versa if they produce equal values of I, and V, when connected to the load R,. They should also provide the same open-circuit voltage and short- cireuit current. If voltage source is converted into current source as in Fig. 1.6, we consider the short circuit current equivalence then 1, = »*. [Short circuit current in the two equivalent cireuits are respectively VJR,. and I,J Ry If current source converted into voltage source, as in Fig. 1.7, we consider the open-circuit voltage equivalence, then, V, = 1, Ry, ‘A few examples will further clarify this concept, Example 1.1 Convert a voltage source of 20 volts with intern; current source. Solution: Given V,= 20V, R= 52 ve ‘The short circuit current, he The internal resistance will be the same as R,, in both ‘The condition for equivalence is checked from I, should also be same. In Fig. 1.8 (a), V,,=20V. In Fig, 1.8 (b), V.= 4A «5 Q=20V, Scanned with CamScanner“Mental | ‘9 trans ring for ies Engines 1.8 Basic Electrical and Electrom ai —9 + Voe 20 B i into acl Figure 1.8 Conversion of a yoltage source A Aand B are short because I, =20/5=4 ), 4A, This is : I, in Fig. 1.8 2), ge when terminals Tin Fig. L8 (6), 4. This is throagh the short circuit path. ‘This two circuits are equivalent because the open circuit voltage same in both the circuits. Example 1.2 Convert a current source of 100 A with internal resistane voltage source, d Solution: os 1=100A,R, = 10.2 For an equivalent voltage source V=IxR,, =100 x 10=1000 V R,=R,, = 10Q in series The open circuit voltage and short circuit current i are he in Fig. 1.9 (a) and 1.9 (b), respectively. ieee eZ AMAT way, B (a) Figure 1.9 Conversion of a current sou 1.34 Series-Parallel Circuits Resistances, capacitances, and induc series and parallel, We need to caley Series circuits When a number of resistances Path for-the current to flow as ane i The voltage drops across the near & flowing through all the resistance wet Vim, ances are often g tthe iis Scanned with CamScannerDC Circuits 1.9 Figure 1.10 DC series circuit Again, the total voltage, V applied is equal to the sum of the voltage drops across the resistances, ‘Thus we can write V=V,+V,+V,+V, To find the value of equivalent resistance of a number of resistances connected in series, we equate the voltage, V of the two equivalent circuits as shown in Fig. 1.10 (a) and Fig, 1.10 (b) as or, TR,=IR,+IR,+IR,+IR, or, R,=R+R+R+R, Assuming R,, as equal to R, R=R, +R, +R, +R, (12) Thus, when resistances are connected in series, the total equivalent resistance appearing across the supply can be taken as equal to the sum of the individual resistances. Parallel circuits When a number of resistors are connected in such a way that both the ends of individual resistors are connected together and two terminals are brought out for connection to other parts of a circuit, then the resistors are called connected in parallel as shown in Fig. 1.11. Voltage V is connected across the three resistors R,, R,, R, connected in parallel. The total current drawn from the battery is I. This current gets divided into I,, I,, I, such that |, + 1, + I,. As voltage V is appearing ‘of these three resis- tors, applying Ohm’s law we write vv Te1thth- ee eae 1 RR, Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerDC Circuits 1.11 RAR, : R +R, Total resistance, R = Series combination Of Raat Rye t Rey Rep = RR, R,R. Aupeee RR? R+R, In any electrical circuit il . a We will find a number of such resistances connected in 1.3.5 Voltage and Current Divider Rules Voltage divider rule For easy calculation of voltage drop across resi f et ‘ Beertiauineaciedin Fie’. P across resistors in a series circuit, a vol eae R,+R,+R, v v V, =1R, = xR, =, -*R CR CER SARs oo Rr ae where R, = R(Total) =R, +R, +R, Similarly, Bat V, =IR,=_-*Rs Thus, the voltage divi tional to the ratio of it Current divider rule Current divider rule is used To illustrate, this rule is app’ in parallel circuits to fi ied to two parallel br Scanned with CamScanner1.12 Bosic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Example Fig. 1.15, Scanned with CamScanner