Prostate information

Prostatitis
Explained
 Prostatitis

Prostatitis (prost-a-ty-tus) is the most common prostate problem for men

under 50, but it can affect men of all ages. In fact, almost 1 out of 2 men
between 18 and 50 may have at least one bout of prostatitis in their lifetime.

Prostatitis is often described as an infection of the prostate but it can also

mean that the prostate is inflammed or irritated. If you have prostatitis, you
may have a burning feeling when passing urine, pass urine more often, be in
a lot of pain, have a fever and chills and feel very tired.

Once your doctor has diagnosed your symptoms as prostatitis, then the
outlook tends to be good. There are many treatments available and your
doctor will work with you to find the treatment(s) most suitable for you
depending on the type of prostatitis you have. So, it may take slightly longer
for some men to see an improvement in their symptoms. However, even
when you feel your symptoms are starting to improve you should still
continue with your treatment or medication.

It may be reassuring to know that prostatitis is neither connected with cancer

nor does it mean there is an increased risk of developing prostate cancer in
the future, but it can cause worrying symptoms.

Table of contents Page

Types of prostatitis 3

Acute bacterial prostatitis 5

Chronic bacterial prostatitis 8

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome 9

Treatment for CBP and CPPS 13

Coping with pain 14

Tips to relieve prostatitis 16

 Prostatitis

There are different types of prostatitis.

Acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP) is swelling and irritation of the prostate
gland that is caused by a bacterial infection (germs). This is the least common
type. Symptoms occur suddenly, can be very severe, causing a lot of pain and
the man usually feels very unwell. Although this can affect any age group, it
is most common in younger and middle aged men.

Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is not common. Symptoms develop

slowly over a longer period of time and are not quite so severe. For
some men chronic bacterial prostatitis may happen after a bout of acute
bacterial prostatitis. This can affect any age but most commonly men between
30 – 50 years of age.

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is diagnosed when a man has

symptoms for at least 3 months out of the past 6 months. This is usually felt
as a constant ache or pain around the penis, anus or lower back. This can
affect men of any age group.

Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (AIP)

Men with asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (AIP) do not have any symptoms,
pain or discomfort even though their prostate is inflammed. AIP is generally found
when the man is having tests or examinations for another condition. In this case,
no treatment is necessary.

There is more information on all types of prostatitis, symptoms and

treatment in this booklet.

If you are having problems or pain when passing urine,

then make an appointment to see your GP as soon as
possible. This is especially important if you have a high
temperature and chills. The earlier a diagnosis is made
and any treatment started the better it will be for you.

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 Prostatitis

What is the prostate?

If you don’t know what your prostate is, where it is or what it does, you’re
certainly not alone. In fact, most people don’t know! Many men still find it
uncomfortable or difficult to talk about the prostate as it plays a role in both
passing urine and sexual intercourse

Only men have a prostate. It starts out about the size of a pea then slowly
grows to the size of a walnut, until the man is in his 20s. Around the age of
40 it starts to grow or enlarge again and this may cause problems for a man
when passing urine or not being able to pass urine.

Where is it?
The prostate is inside the pelvis, just below the bladder and in front of the
back passage. It wraps around the tube, called the urethra, which allows urine
to flow out of the bladder and for semen to pass out through the penis. So,
the prostate cannot be seen or checked from outside the body.

What does the prostate do?

It supplies a thick, clear fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen, called the
ejaculate. This fluid helps to nourish and protect sperm during intercourse. One of
the proteins made in the prostate is Prostate Specific Antigen, or PSA. Some PSA
leaks out into the blood and may be measured. This is called your PSA level.

Medical illustration copyright ©Nucleus

Medical Media, all rights reserved

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 Prostatitis

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis (ABP)

Acute bacterial prostatitis means that there is infection, swelling and
inflammation in the prostate. Although this is the least common prostatitis it
can make the man very unwell. Symptoms occur suddenly, can be very severe
and cause a lot of pain. It is important to see your doctor as ABP needs to
be treated quickly. It usually means a stay in hospital and having antibiotics in
a drip. However, most cases of ABP clear up with the right medication, some
changes in diet and practising safe sex.

What can cause it?

Infection by bacteria (germs) that Some bacteria that live in bowel can get onto
normally live in the bowel the skin near the back passage. For some men
these bacteria multiply and travel up the urethra
and so can cause an infection

Anal intercourse Having anal intercourse without using a condom

Some sexually transmitted diseases This is more likely in men who are under 35 years
Eg chlamydia, gonorrhoea of age. Prostatitis usually develops soon after
sexual intercourse with a partner who has a
sexually transmitted disease (STD). Men who
have lots of sexual partners are more likely to
get this type of prostatitis. Prostatitis cannot be
passed on to a partner during intercourse

An enlarged prostate or after a urinary This is because bacteria can live and increase
tract infection rapidly when urine stays in the bladder for long
periods of time

Damage to the prostate After prostate surgery or biopsy the prostate is

more prone to infection

A catheter passed into the bladder A catheter (long, thin, flexible tube) passed into
through the urethra the urethra and left in place for a long time
can sometimes let bacteria travel up the tube
to the prostate

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 Prostatitis

What are the symptoms?

Although this is the least common type of prostatitis, you will find that you
may feel unwell quite suddenly and that the symptoms are very severe.

How you might feel:

• A high temperature and chills
• Pain around the penis or pubic bone, back passage and lower back
• Feeling or being sick
• Pain during or after ejaculating. There may be blood in your semen
• Pain when passing stools

How you might feel when passing urine:

• It may be difficult and painful to pass urine
• You pass urine more often and have to get to the toilet quickly
• You have a burning feeling when passing urine
• You may feel that you cannot empty your bladder completely
• You have to get up often during the night to pass urine
• You may find blood in your urine

If you cannot pass urine at all this is a serious problem so you must see
your GP straight away

What tests might my GP do?

Urine tests
You will probably be asked for a urine sample. The doctor will be able to do
a quick test with a special dipstick to show if there is likely to be an infection
in your urine.
The doctor may then send the sample to the lab for more tests and to prove
that there is an infection and find out what kind of infection it is.

Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)

This may be one of the examinations your GP will do. It gives the doctor an
idea of the shape, size and condition of your prostate.
You will be asked to lie on the bed on your side. The doctor will put a gloved
finger into your rectum or back passage to feel your prostate. Although you

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Prostatitis

may feel a bit uncomfortable or embarrassed, it shouldn’t hurt. It’s much

better for you and the doctor if you can manage to relax. Remember the
doctor has done this many times before and understands how you might
be feeling. If you have ABP, your prostate will feel tender when the doctor
examines it. The doctor may find the prostate is swollen, smooth and hot
to the touch.

Blood test
The doctor may take a blood sample and send this off to the lab to check
for any signs of infection.

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test

The doctor may also test your blood for PSA. Because some PSA leaks out of the
prostate, it’s normal to find PSA in a man’s blood. This is called your PSA level.
So, a small amount of blood is taken to measure the amount of PSA in your
blood. If there is infection or inflammation in the prostate, the PSA level will
most likely be raised.

Swab
If there is a possibility that you may have a sexually transmitted disease
(STD) then your doctor may refer you to the Genito Urinary Medicine clinic
for tests and treatment.

How is ABP treated?

Antibiotics
These should be started right away. Antibiotics for ABP are usually given through
a drip - in this case you would be admitted to hospital. You may be given more
antibiotics to take at home for a few weeks or possibly slightly longer and
it is essential that you finish the full course even if you feel better. This is to
avoid the infection coming back and becoming chronic (chronic means that the
infection may be there all the time or can flare up). If you know that you have
an allergy to any antibiotic you should tell the doctor.
The antibiotic you take may be changed once the doctor gets the results of
your urine test back from the lab. This shows which bacteria are causing the

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infection and so the doctor can prescribe the best antibiotic to treat that
particular infection.

Painkillers
You may be asked to take paracetamol or ibuprofen every few hours rather
than ‘now and then’ to help with the pain. Your doctor will advise on how
often and how many painkillers you can take each day. These will also help
to bring down your temperature. If these don’t help with your pain then you
may be given stronger painkillers.

Laxatives
If you have difficulty or pain when moving your bowels then a mild laxative
or stool softener may help you pass any hard stools and stop them pressing
on your prostate, making it even more painful. Ask your GP or pharmacist
for more advice on this.

Anything else?
In hospital you will see a doctor, called a urologist, who specialises in
conditions like ABP. The urologist may want you to have some further tests
done in the hospital.

What is the outlook?

For most men with ABP it will clear up after treatment. However, it is essential
to finish the full course of antibiotics even if your symptoms improve. For some
men though, the infection may come back or develop into chronic prostatitis.

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis (CBP)

Chronic bacterial prostatitis means that there is infection, swelling and
inflammation in the prostate. However, CBP is not common. This type of
prostatitis develops more slowly, symptoms are usually not as severe, can
‘come and go’ and can continue for long periods of time. If there is an infection
in the prostate for 3 out of 6 months then the prostatitis is said to be chronic,
which means that it is persistent or doesn’t go away.
CBP is most common in men between the ages of 30 - 50, but men of any
age can get it.

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Prostatitis

What can cause CBP?

Very often there is no obvious cause.

Urine infections Men who have frequent urine infections are

more at risk of developing CBP

Bladder outlet obstruction This means that there is an increased risk of

developing a urinary tract infection and so it
may increase the risk of developing prostatitis

Following a bout of acute bacterial This may especially be the cause if the man did
prostatitis not finish the full course of antibiotics that he
was given by his GP

Anal intercourse Having anal intercourse without using a condom

Having a catheter in to drain urine

Understanding symptoms of CBP?

Men who have CBP tend to have symptoms that come and go. Symptoms
are usually not as severe, and begin gradually. There may not be any
symptoms between bouts of CBP then it can flare up or there could be
mild symptoms all the time.
More information on symptoms and treatment of CBP are given from
pages 10 - 17.

Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS)

This is the most common form of prostatitis. In CPPS, there are no bacteria
(germs) in the urine. CPPS is usually the diagnosis the doctor makes if there
is persistent discomfort or pain in the lower pelvic area and the pain has
lasted for 3 out of the past 6 months. Pudendal Neuralgia (PN) may present
similar symptoms, perhaps discuss with your doctor.

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 Prostatitis

What can cause it?

Although this is the most common type of prostatitis, exactly what causes
it isn’t known.
There are lots of ideas about what may cause it but no-one really knows.
These ideas include:
• A germ that has not been pinpointed yet
• Nerve problems affecting the prostate
• Antibodies that normally fight infection may be attacking the cells in the
prostate
• Inflammation caused by urine being forced backwards into the prostate
• Pelvic floor muscle pain or spasm

Understanding symptoms of CPPS

Symptoms are similar to the symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis but
with CPPS the man tends not to be so ill, may be less likely to have a high
temperature and general aches and pains. Men who have CPPS find that it
may affect their quality of life as they may be in pain fairly often. The pain
can vary in severity from day to day and it may stop the man from leading a
full and active life.

Common symptoms of CBP and CPPS

What you might experience:
• The symptoms can be mild and sometimes are there only when the
prostatitis flares up.
• Possibly a slightly raised temperature
• Lower back pain
• Pain around the penis or pubic bone, sometimes spreading to the tip of the
penis
• Pain in the area between the scrotum and back passage, in the testicles or
inner thighs
• Pain during or after ejaculation
• Pain with a bowel movement
• Lack of interest in having sexual intercourse
• Feeling tired and having general aches and pains
• Feeling anxious and worried and feeling quite stressed

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Prostatitis

What you might experience when passing urine:

• Having some pain when passing urine
• Passing urine more often and having to get to the toilet quickly
• Feeling a burning when passing urine
• Having a weaker stream when passing urine
• Having to wait until urine starts to flow
• Having to get up often during the night to pass urine
• Seeing some blood in the urine

Problems with intimacy

You may find:
• Difficulty in getting an erection, known as impotence
• Pain when ejaculating
• The pain is worse after having sexual intercourse

What tests might my GP do?

Urine test
This will check for infection. You will probably be asked for a urine sample.
The doctor will be able to do a quick test with a special dipstick to show if
there is likely to be an infection in your urine.
The doctor may then send the sample to the lab for more tests and to prove
that there is an infection and find out what kind of infection it is. The test
may also check for signs of any sexually transmitted disease e.g. chlamydia.

Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)

This examination is done to check the shape, size and condition of the prostate.
This may be one of the examinations your GP will do. It gives the doctor an
idea of the shape, size and condition of your prostate.
You will be asked to lie on the bed on your side. The doctor will put a gloved
finger into your rectum or back passage to feel your prostate. Although you
may feel a bit uncomfortable or embarrassed, it shouldn’t hurt. It’s much better
for you and the doctor if you can manage to relax. Remember the doctor has
done this many times before and understands how you might be feeling.

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 Prostatitis

Is there anything else?

Your GP may refer you to hospital to see a specialist doctor called a urologist.
The urologist may do further tests such as:

Prostate massage
The urologist puts a gloved finger into the back passage and gently massages
the prostate. The fluid or secretion freed from the prostate comes down the
urethra (the tube that allows urine to flow from the bladder out through the
penis) and comes out of the penis. This fluid is collected and tested for any
bacteria (germs) which may cause an infection.

Cystoscopy
This may be one of the tests that the urologist does.
The urologist will gently pass a small tube, which has a camera on the end, up
through your penis into your urethra. It may be done with a local anaesthetic
or general anaesthetic depending on whether a flexible or rigid tube is used.
This is to examine your bladder and your urethra. The whole thing should take
only a few minutes. The urologist may do a prostate massage at the same time
as doing the cystoscopy. Afterwards, you may feel a bit sore or have a burning
feeling when you pass urine, or you may see a little blood in your urine. This
should stop after a few days. If it doesn’t, or you find it difficult to pass urine,
contact the hospital or your GP.

Trans Rectal Ultrasound Scan (TRUS)

Another test the urologists may do is a TRUS.
Sometimes to get a better picture of your prostate and urinary tract you will
be asked to have a Trans Rectal Ultrasound scan. A small ultrasound device is
gently passed into your back passage. It works by sound waves giving a clear
picture of your prostate on a screen which the doctor can see. You may find
this uncomfortable, but it shouldn’t hurt and it shouldn’t take too long. You
will need to make sure you have a bowel movement so your back passage is
empty before going for your appointment.

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Urine flow test

This is a simple test that your urologist may ask you to have done and does
not need an internal examination or procedure. A special machine measures
how fast you pass urine and how well the bladder empties. All you have to
do is pass urine into a funnel shaped container and all the measurements
are done automatically by the flow rate machine! The test works best if
you pass a lot of urine so you might be asked to go into the hospital with a
comfortably full bladder, or you might be given water to drink and wait till
your bladder is full. If you have a long journey to hospital and you think this
may cause a problem, then drinking some fluid before you leave and topping
up with more fluid when you arrive at hospital may be a possible solution
for you.

Prostate Specific Antigen test (PSA)

PSA is made in the prostate and a small amount ‘leaks out’ into the
bloodstream so it’s normal for a man to have some PSA in his blood. This
is called the PSA level. If the prostate is affected by disease in some way
then more PSA can leak out. So, the doctor may take a sample of blood to
measure the amount of PSA in your blood.

What kind of treatments are there for CBP and CPPS?

Antibiotics
You will probably be given a course of antibiotics for about 4 weeks. If the
symptoms of CBP or CPPS haven’t cleared up after a 4 week course of antibiotics,
then you may be given a longer course (up to 12 weeks) or the doctor may try
using a different antibiotic. The length of time on antibiotics will depend on
the type of prostatitis and which antibiotic has been prescribed.

Alpha Blockers
Your doctor may prescribe a type of drug known as an alpha blocker. There
are different kinds of alpha blocker e.g. Tamsulosin and Alfuzosin. These
drugs relax the muscle around the prostate and the base of the bladder and
so help to relieve any spasms or muscle tightness that contribute to pain

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when passing urine. Your GP or urologist may advise you to take these to see
if your symptoms improve.

Painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen may help with pain.

Laxatives may help if you find it painful when having a bowel movement or
if you are constipated.

Prostate massage
Some men find it helps to have their prostate massaged, as prostate fluid is
released and reduces pressure inside the prostate.

Physiotherapy
Chronic pelvic pain can have an origin in the myo-facial system. This can be
assessed and treated by a specialist physiotherapist. This involves hands on
treatment techniques, retraining of the pelvic floor combined with relaxation.
Accurate assessment of this condition by an experienced physiotherapist is
an essential step in identifying the problems within this category of pain.
Symptoms can be similar to acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis, however
cultures are always negative with this category of chronic pelvic pain.

Coping with pain

Prostatitis can lead to some men experiencing pain. Pain can vary from person
to person and it can be difficult to describe the pain we feel but it is usually
something like - ‘hot’, ‘sharp’, ‘dull’, ‘aching’, ‘heavy’, ‘slight’ or ‘unbearable’.
Only the person who has the pain can really say how painful something is. It
may not be easy to explain how much the pain is affecting us as individuals as
no two people feel pain in the same way. You know your pain, even though it
can’t be seen or measured, so it can make it difficult to treat.
You may not find it easy to cope if you are in pain every day or if the pain is
severe. However, there are often a number of steps that can be taken to help
control, reduce and even minimise pain.

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So what can be done?

It may help to keep a diary of the pain you are feeling to record:
• How severe it is from day to day
• What time it is a bit better and what times it is at its worst
• If any particular activity makes it worse

By doing this it might help you to see if there is any pattern to the pain. A
diary like this might also make it easier for the pain specialist to understand
what you are going through.

Your GP, urologist or specialist nurse may refer you to a doctor who
specialises in finding treatments which help with your pain. Pain management
services vary from hospital to hospital. It may be a consultant, working on
their own who is interested in helping people cope with pain, whereas in
other places there may be a team of people who are involved, e.g. doctors,
psychologists, specialist nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists
and pharmacists.

They may run pain management programmes which bring together a group
of patients with similar pain problems to look at how best to tackle them
and lead an active life.

It is important to try to explain your pain to your doctors to help them to

understand it, and to help them work with you to find a solution.

Being in constant pain can affect all parts of your life as it can lead among
others to:
• Limiting the things you can do: disturbing your sleep; losing self-esteem;
losing your appetite; weight loss; anxiety and worry; feelings of being left
out; and even having an impact on your work
• Family, friends and others constantly asking how you are and limiting
what they think you should do
• You feeling a bit low and possibly becoming depressed

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If this sounds like you, then it’s important to help those involved in your
treatment understand just how you’re feeling.

Relaxation:
You may be advised to try stress management or relaxation techniques to
help cope with persistent pain. For example this may be yoga or pilates.

What is the outlook?

If CBP or CPPS is diagnosed, it may be reassuring to know that it is not prostate
cancer and that, so far, it has not been proved that there is a link between
CBP and CPPS and prostate cancer.

The outlook for both CBP and CPPS tends to be good and most people get
better, but it may take time to find the treatment or combination of treatments
most suitable for you. Some men may see an improvement in their symptoms
over the following 6 months, but for others it can take longer.

It is important to work with your GP, urologist, pain specialist or physiotherapist

to find a treatment that suits you and to talk this over with them. They can
listen to you, answer your questions and help to reassure you.

In fact, your GP, urologist or specialist nurse will probably want to keep in
touch with you as it is difficult to predict what will happen. Your symptoms
may last a long time, although they may ‘come and go’, or vary in the amount
of pain you feel. If your symptoms are severe, then don’t suffer in silence -
see your GP or urologist.

Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (AIP)

Men with asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis or AIP do not have any
symptoms, pain or discomfort even though their prostate is inflammed. AIP
is generally found when the man is having tests or examinations for another
condition.
In this case, no treatment is necessary.

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Prostatitis

Tips to help relieve prostatitis

If you think you have an infection.........
If you get a urinary tract infection it’s best to see your GP as soon as possible
to start treatment. Signs include a burning feeling when passing urine, smelly
and cloudy urine and feeling you need to pass urine often even if only a
little dribbles out. If you have had an infection and been given medication,
remember to finish the full course of tablets.

Fluids
You will be asked to drink enough fluid to stop you becoming dehydrated
and help flush any bacteria (germs) from your bladder.

Rest
It is best if you can manage to get enough rest each day. However, sitting for
long periods of time may make the soreness worse.

Warm baths
Having a warm bath may help with some of the pain around your penis and
back passage and with pain in your lower back.

Diet
It may help if you avoid foods and drinks that can irritate your bladder like
alcohol, foods with caffeine such as tea and coffee, citrus juices and hot or
spicy foods. Remember, energy and performance drinks or energy shots can
have high amounts of caffeine added.
It may also help if you eat high fibre foods such as fruit, vegetables and
wholegrain cereals to help prevent constipation.

Passing urine
It may help if you try to empty your bladder often and as completely as you
can. This might reduce the number of times you need to rush to the toilet.

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 Prostatitis

Good hygiene
Wash your hands thoroughly after a bowel movement and before touching
your penis. Keep your penis clean to help stop bacteria travelling up the
urethra inside the penis and so reaching the prostate.

Safe sex
Wearing a condom helps prevent catching an infection during sex. This is
especially important if you have anal intercourse.

Exercise
Try to have some exercise every day if possible. This could be as simple as
going for a walk for about 30 minutes every day. If you haven’t exercised for a
while then check with your doctor and build up gradually.
If there is a flare up of your symptoms it may best to avoid cycling and horse
riding for the time being.

Laxatives
If you have difficulty when moving your bowels then a mild laxative or stool
softener may help. Ask your GP or pharmacist for more advice on this.

In addition
Some men try deep breathing, relaxation, yoga, pilates, acupuncture,
meditation or body massage therapy.

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This booklet has been compiled by Prostate Scotland with advice from PAGES (Prostate Advisory Group Prostate Scotland).
Prostate Scotland acknowledges the help and support from the members of the group:
Mr. Alan McNeill, Consultant Urologist, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh (Chair of PAGES)
Karen Edwards, Specialist Urology Physiotherapist, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
Mr Graham Hollins, Consultant Urologist, Ayr General Hospital
Lesley McKinlay, Deputy Charge Nurse Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
Frances McLinden, Clinical Service Manager Urology, Greater Glasgow and Clyde
Rita O’Dea, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
Roy Partington
Peter Phillips
Dr Barbara Phipps, GP, Edinburgh
Mr. Ben Thomas, Consultant Urologist, Borders General Hospital/Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
Prostate Scotland staff: Adam Gaines, Director. Mae Bell, Information and Advice Coordinator
We would also like to acknowledge support from:
Patricia Chalmers
Mr Brian Corr, Urology Clinical Nurse Specialist, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness
Mr David Douglas, Consultant Urologist, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness
Dr Alastair Law, Consultant Oncologist, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
Dr Duncan McLaren, Consultant Oncologist, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
Mr. Grant Stewart, Specialist Registrar in Urological Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
Mr. Mark Underwood, Consultant Urologist, Glasgow Royal Infirmary

The information contained in this leaflet has been developed by Prostate Scotland and reviewed by its Advisory Group of doctors,
nurses and patients. This leaflet is not intended to replace medical advice or seeing a doctor for specific illnesses or symptoms.

The Information and Advice Project for Prostate Scotland has been made possible by funding from the Scottish Government
and Sir Tom Farmer through the Farmer Foundation.

Contact Us
Prostate Scotland, Gf2, 21-23 Hill Street, Edinburgh EH2 3JP
Tel: 0131-226 8157 Email: info@[Link]
[Link]
Date: June 2011 © Prostate Scotland

Prostate Scotland is a charity registered in Scotland (SCO 37494).

Prostate Scotland is a company registered in Scotland (SCO 306268).