CHAPTER 10
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Presentation by: Vergara & Seville
Introduction
Good design is vital for an enjoyable tourism experience, supporting
environmental conservation, cultural respect, inclusivity, and safety.
In equatorial regions, tropical design principles—like natural ventilation
and shading—are recommended to keep spaces cool and comfortable. By
blending functionality with sustainability, well-designed facilities enhance
visitor experience while preserving local environments and respecting
community needs.
Good Design Principles
According to Rawsthorn (2008), a well-designed product is easy to use,
technologically innovative, ethically made, and environment friendly. A well-
designed tourism facility should enable the exploration of place and the
creation of satisfying experiences.
- It should not destroy the natural appearance of the site and introduce
themes that reduce its authenticity and indigenousness.
- A tourism facility must be compatible with a place’s natural and cultural
values
- It should be ethically made, does not involve exploitive labor result to animal
cruelty and must be environmentally sound
- Endangered species and their habitats must be protected from potential
impacts
Choosing a Tourism Site
Natural and Cultural Features
Uniqueness
Socio-Cultural and Historical Significance
Level of Community and Political Support
Accessibility From major international and domestic
gateways
Current Market Demand
Availability of visitor facilities
Local benefits
Peace and Order
Security and Safety
Sustainable Building Design
Five major principle fisher (1992 in Soliman and El-din Rashed 2002)
- Healthful Interior Environment: Creates a comfortable and safe indoor
space that supports occupants' well-being.
- Energy Efficiency: Minimizes energy use through design, reducing costs
and environmental impact.
- Environmental Form: Integrates the building with its natural
surroundings, enhancing aesthetics and environmental harmony.
- Use of Ecological Materials: Utilizes sustainable, non-toxic materials that
have minimal impact on the environment.
- Good Design: Ensures functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability,
creating spaces that are both appealing and practical.
Facility Design
Mehta and Ceballos -Lascorain 2022 focused on the sense of place
Philosophy. feeling of being unique and authentic settings.
Sensory elements:
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Inclusive Design
It is also advisable to make the site accessibility to people with disability
Universal design principles can be applied to certain ecotourism sites to
ensure accessibility for people with disabilities.
This includes providing sufficiently wide paths and boardwalks, gentle
slopes or inclines, and firm surface materials suitable for wheelchair use.
Safety Considerations
Hazards to pertain to natural and man-made elements that could cause
damage to life and property. A tourism facility should be prepared for
emergency situations.
Hazards, whether natural (like storms or earthquakes) or man-made
(such as fires or structural failures), pose risks to life and property.
Therefore, a tourism facility must be equipped and ready to respond to
emergencies to ensure the safety of visitors and staff.
Cultural Sensitivity
In the provision and design facilities, Toilet facilities must
accommodate cultural and religious preference.
Cultural sensitivity in facility design ensures that the needs and values
of diverse cultural and religious groups are respected. For example,
toilet facilities should consider specific preferences, such as providing
spaces for ablution or privacy, to accommodate various cultural
practices
Gender Sensitivity
Societies typically only provide separate facilities for males and females.
In particular, the LGBTQ visitors must have their own comfort rooms. But
in some places, gender-neutral toilets are installed, whereas in other,
there could be three types: for male, female, and gay men. However
more conservative societies will only install separate toilets from male
and female.
It is important to provide appropriate restroom facilities for LGBTQ
visitors to ensure their comfort and safety. While some places offer
gender-neutral toilets, others may have designated options for male,
female, and gay men, but more conservative
Tropical Design
In tropical countries like the Philippines, .tropical architecture is ideal for creating
comfortable and energy-efficient buildings. Key design principles include:
1. Minimizing heat gain during the day and maximizing heat loss at night.
2. Choosing sites based on local climate factors (temperature fluctuations,
humidity, radiation, wind).
3. Optimizing building structures for heat storage and insulation.
4. Controlling solar radiation exposure.
5. Enhancing air circulation within buildings.
To regulate indoor temperatures effectively, strategies include orienting the
building properly, ensuring adequate distance from other buildings, adding
shading devices (e.g., eaves, awnings), installing thick insulation under metal
roofs, using green roofs, adding ventilated attics, having high ceilings with mesh
ventilation, using porous materials, and incorporating large windows and doors.
.
TOURISM FACILITIES
Parking Lots
Potential tourists are more likely to
come to an ecotourism site if they
know that secure parking space is
available. Visitors can shift to
traveling on foot or bicycles while
inside the ecotourism site. In
addition to bike trails, the
ecotourism management entity can
also provide bicycles either for an
additional fee or integrated into the
entrance fee. The bicycles must be
suitable for the kind of bike trail on
the site.
Visitor Center
A visitor center is a detached building that functions much like the reception desk at a
hotel. At the Sohoton Natural Park Visitor Center in Calbiga, Samar the visitor center
contains a registration desk, a desk for buying tours, a map the natural park, a souvenir
counter where items made by the Mamanwa trib are put on sale, a few tables for
meals, and a counter for ordering food an drinks. The visitor center area is also where
the initial orientation is conducted the guides. Another orientation is done just before
visitors are guided inside t Sohoton Cave. Outside the visitor center are comfort
rooms. Some visitor cent also contain a small museum and audiovisual (AV) rooms for
presentations a briefings.
A visitor center serves as a central hub for tourists, providing services such as
registration, tour sales, and a souvenir shop featuring Mamanwa tribal crafts, along
with dining options. At the Sohoton Natural Park Visitor Center in Calbiga, Samar,
visitors receive orientations from guides and have access to comfort rooms, with
some centers also offering educational features like museums and audiovisual rooms.
Blinds and Observation Platforms
Oberbilig (2002) defines a blind or hide as “a structure that conceals
viewers and photographers from birds or other wildlife… making it
possible to see wildlife behaving naturally, undisturbed by human
presence.”
Blinds allow visitors to view or take pictures of wildlife species that are
very sensitive to the presence of humans.
A blind or hide is a structure designed to conceal observers, enabling
them to observe and photograph wildlife without disturbing its natural
behavior. These structures are particularly beneficial for viewing species
that are highly sensitive to human presence, allowing for a more
authentic and undisturbed wildlife experience.
Different Types of Blinds
Viewing or observation blinds are built for birdwatchers, wildlife viewers,
photographers, and nature enthusiasts so that they can view animals at
reasonably close range, while hiding people to avoid disturbing the animals.
Photography blinds must be oriented for best morning or evening light, and
avoid unsightly intrusions in the camera view frame such as power lines.
People must be able to go in and out of such blinds without disturbing
wildlife.
Temporary blinds are best when wildlife viewing opportunity and visitor use
are seasonal or inconsistent; managers desire less impact to site; resources
are limited; the site is remote; or when funds are limited. Mobile hides may
be borne by a land vehicle, a boat, or a hot-air-balloon (Shanks 1998).
Trailhead
A trailhead marks the staring point of a trail for hiking, biking, horseback riding,
or off-road vehicles. Trailheads usually contain the trail map, sign posts, and
informational brochures. Some trailheads have parking areas and comfort
rooms.
Trails
A trail is a "corridor, route or pathway that has strong linkages with the natural
environment, open space networks, and cultural heritage" (Drew et al. 2003).
According to the DENR (2009), trails must be designed for safe and direct foot
traffic away from ecologically sensitive areas.
Different Types of Trails
Shared-use trails or greenways - have gentle grades, more
rounded turns, and hardened surfaces made of asphalt or crushed
stone. They accommodate a variety of uses that includes bicycling,
hiking strolling, jogging, inline skating, birdwatching, dog walking.
horseback riding and picnicking. Directional, regulatory, and
cautionary signs are typically used along greenway trails.
Hiking trails - it is designed for foot travel. They have minimal
impact on the natural environment and therefore have the fewest
and simplest signs.
Mountain bike trails - it is designed for low-impact use and range
from general use to challenging. In addition to markers and
regulatory signage, mountain bike trails include signs indicating the
trail's level of difficulty.
Different Types of Trails
Horse trails - are natural surface trails designed for equestrian use.
They may be either double or single track.
Interpretive trails - interprets natural or cultural features in the
landscape. They are often accessible to persons with disabilities
and have a very gentle grade or strolling at a casual pace.
Interpretive trails can be nature trails that educate users about
natural features, history, or wildlife.
Fitness trails - are designed to increase the physical fitness of
users.
Water trails - are designated for travel by motorized or non-
motorized watercraft. For recreational use, facilities should include
docks, boat launch sites, day use areas, campsites, parking lots,
and public access.
The following are examples of a mountain bike trail
difficulty rating system:
Easy (green): For all users. Has obvious, well-marked trails and
roads, gentle grades, firm and stable tread, and only minor
obstacles.
More difficult (blue): Intermediate to advanced users. Has steeper
terrain, narrower trail, variable tread, and some unavoidable
obstacles.
Most difficult (black): Advanced to expert. Has steep terrain,
narrow with unavoidable obstacles, and variable tread.
In constructing trails, there are various materials that can be
used:
Asphalt is one of the best materials for trail making. It is relatively
expensive but also the longest lasting, is low maintenance, and can
be painted with directions or an artistic design.
Rubber surface which is made from recycled ground rubber tires,
offer pedestrians and joggers a low-impact good traction, firm but
resilient surface.
General Guidelines for Marking Trails:
Drew et al. (2003) recommend the following guidelines for
marking trails:
Use aluminum nails as aluminum resists corrosion better than
other metals and will not damage a saw.
When driving nails into trees, leave about 1/2 inch to allow
future tree growth.
Place marks at eye level, or higher in case of horse trails.
Mark trails in both directions to gain each perspective.
General Guidelines for Marking Trails:
Drew et al. (2003) recommend the following guidelines for
marking trails:
Trails need to be continuously marked; mark trails such that
the next is clearly visible from a previous one.
Prune vegetation in front of way marks.
Painted blazes (trail signs) should have sharp corners and
straight edges so that they are easily spotted from a distance.
Boardwalks
Boardwalks are raised platforms that facilitate movement over
wetlands, mangrove swamps, rainforests, or along a beachfront.
Boardwalks are built on spots where the soil or surface is not
suitable for walking, such as over sharp rocks or muddy ground.
Boardwalks protect people from accidents by enabling them to
traverse over craggy trails and hidden pointed objects in murky
waters.
Ecolodge
Ecolodges are accommodation facilities that fit into the existing
context, rather than imposing on it" (Glenski 2010). Ecolodge's
principles include water conservation, preservation of flora and
fauna, design to create a small footprint and interpretive
programs to educate both employees and tourists about the
surrounding natural and cultural environments (Mehta 2002, p. 5
in Glenski 2010).
The criteria for the construction of an ecolodge in the
International Ecolodge Guidelines are basically the same
for ecotourism itself:
Conserve the surrounding natural and cultural elements.
Have minimal impact on the natural surroundings during construction.
Fit into its specific physical and cultural contexts through careful
attention to form, landscaping and color, as well as the use of localized
architecture.
Use alternative sustainable means of water acquisition and reduce
water consumption.
Provide careful handling and disposal of solid waste and sewage.
The criteria for the construction of an ecolodge in the
International Ecolodge Guidelines are basically the same
for ecotourism itself:
Meet its energy needs through passive design and combine these with
their modern counterparts for greater sustainability.
Endeavor to work together with the local community.
Offer interpretative programs to educate both its employees and
tourists about the surrounding natural and cultural environments.
Contribute to sustainable local development through research
programs.
Canopy Walks
Canopy walks or suspended walkways are a great way to
learn about the ecosystem at the tree tops in relative
safety. Walking over canopy walks can be thrilling as
they are designed to sway slightly. It may be constructed
from rope and wood, aluminum alloy, trussed
suspension walkways, and adjustable cables and braces
that allow trees to grow naturally.
Glass Viewing Platforms
The "Flying Disk/UFO" sightseeing platform in Beijing,
China, opened in 2016. It's suspended 32.8 meters out
from a cliff and is the largest platform of its kind in the
world. The structure is made of titanium alloy and can
carry up to 2000 people.
Zip Lines
A zip line consist of a pulley suspended on a cable that is
mounted on a slope. It is used as a means of access in places like
a rainforest canopy but may be used for thrill rides in resorts or
theme parks. Zip Line Consulting says that zip lines are inherently
dangerous, so you need to consider the risks involved in
providing for this type of facility.
The various types of zip lines according to Zip Line
Consulting are as follows:
Center Dismount Zip Lines - Hangs with a considerate belly or drape in
the cable. The passenger launches and speeds down to the center then
starts up the other side.
Walk-up landing Zips - Are used for most commercial canopy tours and
zip line tours where riders start from one end and land on a platform or
ground near the other end of cable.
Tower to Tower Zip Lines - Are typically less than 800 ft. And have
multiple cables going back and forth. Pre- Engineered steel tower or
wood pole structures can be used for any venue. The towers are
accessible by staircases.
The various types of zip lines according to Zip Line
Consulting are as follows:
Pole and steel mount zip lines - Allow complete control over length,
landing speed, height, and configuration. They can be used with trees to
create a through wooded areas and built over canyons, cliffs, and open
range up to over 5,000 ft.
Tree zip lines - Are totally dependent on the layout of trees and
clearance of zip corridors. Tree courses usually use walk-up landings
which require meticulous cable placement, platform design, and cable
drape ratios, trees are also used for center dismount designs. It is
important to determine the health and longevity of the zip line support
trees.
Zip Lines
Center Dismount Walk-up landing Tower to Tower
Pole and steel mount Tree zip lines
Composting Toilets
A composting toilet treats human waste by composting. These
are ideal in areas without sewerage systems. Organic bulking
agents are required like grass clippings, leaves, sawdust, wood
shavings, or finely chopped straw. The end product must be
removed periodically (USEPA 1999). Disadvantages include
maintenance needs, health hazards, limited capacity, and
visibility of excrement.
Shower Rooms
Shower facilities can be designed using
minimal materials. The Tua Koin Ecovillage in
East Timor has open-air shower enclosures
with banana plants as decorative elements.
Elevated storage tanks can be used to
increase water pressure.
Facilities for Animals
Structures can be built to enable the mobility of
animals in their native habitats, enabling feeding and
breeding patterns. These structures could be their
artificial shelters, medical clinics, or any other
establishment that can meet their needs. It should be
animal-friendly.
Philippine Guidelines
The (Philippines) Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order
Number 2009-09 contain the specifications for signs,
facilities, structures, and buildings in protected areas.
Signs
A sign is defined by DENR as “any letter, word,
numerical or pictorial presentation, illustration,
decoration, emblem, device, symbol or trademark, flag,
banner or any other figure of similar character that is
attached to, painted on or in any manner represented
on a building or structure, used to announce, direct
attention to, or advertise, and is visible to the public.”
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R STAFF
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Classification of Signs
Signs are classified into:
1. Administrative sign - a sign inscribed with the information on the
protected area, its boundaries, and facilities.
2. Directional sign - a sign inscribed with the symbols showing the location
and direction of the different facilities and important featured sites in a
protected area.
3. Interpretive sign - a sign in a written, visual, or interactive way which
relates a story or a message to improve the visitors’ understanding and
appreciation of the features of a particular area.
4. Restrictive sign - a sign inscribed with symbols for limiting the activities
or access of visitors in a protected area or some places within it.
Specifications for Signs
The standards of design, construction, installation, and
maintenance of signs are specified to promote public
safety, convenience, and good viewing. The signs must
be harmonious and observe uniform aesthetics.
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Information Board
A protected area information board should include the protected
area's name, legal basis, establishment date, area, elevation,
location, and DENR logo. The name should be in white capital
letters, area and location in yellow, and managing agency
information in white with a white silhouette logo. All text should
be in Arial font and readable from at least 30 meters.
Information Board
The information board should have no more than 10 items of
information. It should be rectangular (portrait layout) with a
maximum size of 1.20 m x 2.40 m and made of a durable material.
The board should be painted green with a yellow band at the top
and hung at a minimum height of 1.80 m.
Boundary Marker
A boundary marker may be a monument, buoy, or marking, such
as a tree or a big rock, which is installed or painted for protected
area and buffer zone boundaries.
Buoys
Red buoys can be used to mark corner points of a protected area
located on water bodies. These buoys must have "PA"
(Precautionary Area) or "BZ" (Buffer Zone) engraved on them and
be properly chained and anchored. The geographic coordinates
of each buoyed corner should be recorded.
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