Chapter (4) Integration

4.1 Anti-derivatives (Indefinite Integral):

It is the reverse process of the differentiation, (Undo differentiation)
If the derivative of F (x) is the function f (x) i.e.
d [ F ( x )]
= f ( x)
dx

Then F ( x) = ∫ f ( x ) dx (Undo differentiation)

where F (x) is called the anti-derivative function of f (x) or indefinite integral

f (x) is called the integrand, dx is called the variable of integration.

2 2
Example: Prove that [sin( x 3 ) + e x ] is an anti-derivative of [3 x 2 cos( x 3 ) + 2 xe x ]

2 d 2
Solution: F ( x ) = sin( x 3 ) + e x [ F ( x )] = 3 x 2 cos( x 3 ) + 2 xe x
dx

Example: Find the anti-derivative of f ( x) = x 2

1 3 d 1 3
Solution: F ( x ) = ∫ x 2 dx = x For [ x ] = x2
3 dx 3

Note that: By adding any constant C to the anti-derivative function F (x ) the derivative does not
change, i.e.
1 3
∫ f ( x) dx =F ( x) + C General solution F ( x) =
3
x +C

C is an arbitrary constant

i.e. we have family of curves that are shifted by C in

y − direction.
1 3
Example: If F ( x ) = ∫ x 2 dx = x is one solution,
3
1 3
Then F ( x ) = x + C is also a solution (General
3
solution) which is a family of curves. family of anti - derivative curves
1
 Basic Anti-derivative Formulas:

Differentiation Integration
d r +1 r +1
( x ) = (r + 1) x r r x
1
dx ∫ x dx = r + 1 + C , r ≠ −1

d
2
dx
(sin x) = cos x ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
d
3
dx
(cos x) = − sin x ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
d
4 (tan x) = sec 2 x 2
∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
dx
d
5 (cot x) = − csc 2 x 2
∫ csc x dx = − cot x + C
dx
d
6
dx
(sec x) = sec x tan x ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
d
7
dx
(csc x) = − csc x cot x ∫ csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C
d x
8 (e ) = e x x x
∫ e dx = e + C
dx
d x 1
9 ( a ) = a x ln a x x
∫ a dx = ln a a + C
dx
d 1 1
10
dx
(ln x ) =
x
, x≠0 ∫ x dx = ln x + C
d 1 1
11 (sin −1 x) = , −1 < x < 1 ∫ dx = sin −1 x + C
dx 1− x 2
1− x2
d 1 1
12 (tan −1 x ) = ∫ dx = tan −1
x+C
dx 1+ x2 1+ x2
d 1 1
13 (sec −1 x ) = , x >1 ∫ dx = sec −1 x + C
dx x x −1 2
x x2 −1
d
If [ F ( x)] = f ( x) , then
dx 1
14
d ∫ f (ax + b) dx = a F (ax + b) + C
[ F (ax + b)] = af (ax + b)
dx
If f ( x) ≠ 0 , then
' f ' ( x)
15 d
[ln f ( x ) ] =
f ( x) ∫ f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x) + C
dx f ( x)
d f ' ( x) f ' ( x)
16 If
dx
[ f ( x) ] =
2 f ( x)
∫ f ( x)
dx = 2 f ( x ) + C

2
 4
Example: Find ∫ ( x 3 + 3 x − ) dx
x2
4
Solution: From (1) ∫ ( x 3 + 3 x − 2 ) dx = ∫ x 3 dx + 3∫ x1 / 2 dx − 4 ∫ x −2 dx
x
x4 x (1/ 2 )+1 x −2+1 x4 4
= + (3) −4 +C = + 2 x3 / 2 + + C
4 (1 / 2) + 1 − 2 +1 4 x
Example: Find ∫ (2 cos 3t + 5 sin 4t ) dt

Solution: From (2), (3), (14)

sin 3t − cos 4t
∫ (2 cos 3t + 5 sin 4t )dt = 2 3
+5
4
+C

∫ (2 x + 5)
10
Example: Find dt

Solution: From (1), (14)

1 (2 x + 5)11
∫ (2x + 5) dx = 2 11 + C
10

20
Example: Find ∫ dx
(4 − 5x)3
Solution: From (1), (14)
20 1 ( 4 − 5 x ) −2 2
∫ (4 − 5x)3 dx = 20∫ (4 − 5 x) dx = 20[ − 5 − 2 ] + C = (4 − 5 x) 2 + C
−3

Example: Find ∫ [(3e 2 x − 2 sec 2 (5 x)] dx

Solution: From (4), (8), (14)

3 2x 2
∫ [3e
2x
− 2 sec 2 (5 x) ]dx = e − tan(5 x ) + C
2 5
sec 2 x
Example: Find ∫ dx
tan x
sec 2 x
Solution: From (15) ∫ tan x dx = ln tan x + C
sec 2 x
Example: Find ∫ tan x
dx

sec 2 x
Solution: From (16) ∫ tan x
dx = 2 tan x + C

2
Example: Find ∫ (3e 3 x − ) dx
1+ x2
2 3
∫ (3e )dx = e 3 x − 2 tan −1 x + C
3x
Solution: From (8), (12), (14) − 2
1+ x 3
3
 x3 + 1
Example: Find ∫ ( ) dx
x
x3 +1 1 x3
Solution: From (1), (10) ∫( x
) dx = ∫ ( x 2 + ) dx =
x 3
+ ln x + C

Rectilinear Motion (Motion of particle in straight line)

dv
If = v ′ = a (t ) then v (t ) == ∫ a(t ) dt + C1
dt
where v (t ) is the velocity, a (t ) is the acceleration and C1 is an arbitrary constant that can be obtained
from the initial condition, i.e. x ′(0) = v(0) = vo .
dx
If = x′ = v (t ) then x (t ) == ∫ v(t ) dt + C 2
dt
where x (t ) is the position function, v (t ) is the velocity and C 2 is an arbitrary constant that can be
obtained from the initial condition, i.e. x (0). = xo .

In a typical situation, the following information is known:

Initial Position
a (t ) The particle acceleration from
Newton's second law
x (0) = xo Its initial position
v (0) = vo . Its initial velocity

Example: A particle starts from rest at the point x = 10 and moves along x − axis with acceleration
a(t ) = 12 t . Find its resulting position function.
dv
Solution: v ' (t ) = = a (t ) = 12t ,
dt
Then v(t ) = ∫ a (t ) dt + C1 = ∫ 12t dt + C1 = 6t 2 + C1

Using the initial condition v(0) = 0 then

0 = 0 + C1 C1 = 0 v = 6t 2
dx
x ' (t ) = = v (t ) = 6t 2
dt
Then x(t ) = ∫ v(t ) dt + C 2 = ∫ 6t 2 dt + C 2 = 2t 3 + C 2

Using the initial condition x (0) = 10 then

10 = 0 + C 2 C 2 = 10 x(t ) = 2t 3 + 10
4
4.2 Sums and Sigma Notation:
n
The symbol ∑ ai is used to abbreviate the sum of the n numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , K , an
i =1

i.e.
∑ ai = a1 + a2 + a3 + L + an
i =1

For examples:
10
∑ i 2 = (1) 2 + (2) 2 + (3) 2 + (4) 2 + (5) 2 + (6) 2 + (7) 2 + (8) 2 + (9) 2 + (10) 2 , n = 10
i =1

5
∑ i = 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 , n=5
i =1

50
∑ i 3 = (3)3 + (4)3 + (5)3 + L + (50) 3 , n = 48
i =3

Example: Write in summation notation: 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + L + 17 and compute the sum

8
Solution: 31+4
54+ 74
+4 + 11
92 44 +L 17 = ∑ (2i + 1) = 80
4+43
n =8 i =1

Example: Write in summation notation: 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 and compute the sum

10
Solution: 51+4
54+ 54
+45 +4
4 + 54+4
52 54+ 54
+4 +35 = ∑ 5 = (10)(5) = 50
54
n =10 i =1

Theorem: If n is any positive integer and c is any constant, then

n n
n( n + 1)
i- ∑ c = nc ii- ∑ i =
2
i =1 i =1
2
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n
 n( n + 1) 
iii- ∑ i = 2
iv- ∑ i = 3

i =1 6 i =1  2 

Theorem: For any constants c and d

n n n
∑ [cai + dbi ] = c∑ ai + d ∑ bi
i =1 i =1 i =1

5
 8
Example: Compute ∑ (2i + 1)
i =1
8 8 8
(8)(8 + 1)
Solution: ∑ (2i + 1) = 2∑ i + ∑1 = (2) 2
+ (8)(1) = 72 + 8 = 80
i =1 i =1 i =1

20
i
Example: Compute ∑ ( 20 ) 2
i =1
20
i 2 1 20 2 1 20( 20 + 1)(40 + 1) 2870
Solution: ∑( 20
) = 2 ∑
( 20) i =1
i =(
400
)
6
=
400
= 7.175
i =1

 n 
Example: Compute the sum of the form ∑ f ( xi ) ∆x  if f ( x) = x 2 + 3 , and
 i=1 
xi = 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.3,L , 1.0 ; (i = 1, 2,L, 10) , ∆x = 0.1 , n = 10

10
Solution: ∑ f ( xi ) ∆x = [ f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) + f ( x3 ) + L + f ( x10 )]∆x
i =1
10
Then ∑ f ( xi ) ∆x = [ f (0.1) + f (0.2) + f (0.3) + L + f (1.0)] (0.1) = 3.385
i =1

Or, Note that: If x1 = 0.1 ,

x 2 = x1 + ∆x = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
x3 = x1 + 2∆x = 0.1 + (2)(0.1) = 0.3, L
…………………………………………..

Then xi = x1 + (i − 1)∆x = 0.1 + (i − 1)(0.1) = (0.1)i

Then
10 n 10 10 10
∑ f ( xi ) ∆x = ∑ ( x 2
i + 3)(0.1) = ∑ [(0.1i ) + 3](0.1) = (0.1)
2 3
∑i 2
+ (0.1)∑ 3
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
10(11)( 21)
= (0.001) + (0.1)(3)(10) = 3.385
6

6
4-3 Area:
To estimate the area of the region S bounded by the continuous function f ( x) ≥ 0 on the interval
[a, b] and above x − axis, we start with dividing the region S into n strips of equal width
b−a *
∆x = and let xi ∈ [ xi −1 , xi ] as shown in the figure.
n

xo = = xn

Then the area of the ith strip may be approximated by the rectangle with base ∆x and height f ( xi* ) ,
[ ]
i.e. f ( xi* )∆x . So the total area of the region S is approximated by sum of the areas of these rectangles

n
Aproximate area = A ≈ An = f ( x1* )∆x + f ( x *2 ) ∆x + L + f ( xi* ) ∆x + L + f ( xn* )∆x = ∑ f ( xi* ) ∆x
i =1
*
where x i , (i = 1, 2,L, n) are called evaluation points which may be

right endpoint left endpoint mid point

xi* = xi = a + i∆x xi* = xi −1 = a + (i − 1)∆x xi −1 + xi 1
xi* = = a + (i − ) ∆x
2 2

As n → ∞ , ∆x → 0 , the sum will approach a finite number and the area of the region S is given by
n
A = lim An = lim ∑ f ( xi* ) ∆x
n →∞ n →∞
i =1
Note that: For any continuous function, the previous limit is the same for any choice of the
evaluating points xi* , so we will use the right endpoint xi* = xi for convenient.
7
Example: Find the approximate area under the curve f ( x) = 2 x − 2 x 2 on the interval [0,1] , using
n = 10, 20, 40 . Compute the exact area.

1− 0
Solution: n = 10 , ∆x = = 0.1
10
Using the right endpoint, we will have

10
A ≈ A10
A ≈ A10 = ∑ f ( xi ) ∆x
i =1
= [ f (0.1) + f (0.2), f (0.3) L + f (1.0)](0.1)
= (0.18 + 0.32 + 0.42 + 0.48 + 0.5 + 0.48 + 0.42 +
0.32 + 0.18 + 0)(0.1) = 0.33
10 10
Or, A ≈ A10 = ∑ f ( xi ) ∆x = ∑ ( 2 xi − 2 xi2 )∆x
i =1 i =1
10 10(10 + 1) 10(10 + 1)(20 + 1)
A ≈ A10 = ∑ [2(i∆x ) − 2(i∆x ) 2 ]∆x = 2(0.1) 2 − 2(0.1) 3 = 0.33
i =1 2 6

Similarly for
A ≈ A20
1− 0
n = 20 , ∆x = = 0.05
20
20
A ≈ A20 = ∑ f ( xi )∆x = 0.3325
i =1

For

1− 0 A ≈ A40
n = 40 , ∆x = = 0.025
40
40
A ≈ A40 = ∑ f ( xi )∆x = 0.332963
i =1

As we expected, the larger we make n ,

the better approximate the actual result.

8
The exact area

n → ∞ ) does not depend on the evaluating points, then we will use the right
Since the exact area (i.e.
b−a
endpoints, i.e. xi = a + i∆x , and ∆x =
n
1− 0 1 1 i i i
∆x = = , xi = 0 + i = , then f ( xi ) = 2 xi − 2 xi2 = 2( ) − 2( ) 2
n n n n n n
n n
i i 1 2 n 2 n
A ≈ An = ∑ f ( xi ) ∆x = ∑ [ 2( ) − 2( ) 2 ]( ) = 2 ∑ i − 3 ∑ i 2
i =1 i =1 n n n n i =1 n i =1
2 n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= 2 − 3
n 2 n 6
n + 1 (n + 1)(2n + 1) ( n + 1)(n − 1)
= − =
n 3n 2 3n 2

( n + 1)( n − 1) n2 −1 1
A = lim An = lim[ ] = lim[ 2 ] =
n →∞ n →∞ 3n 2 n →∞ 3n 3

9
4-4 Reimann Sum and Definite Integral:

Definition: Riemann sum

Let f (x) be a function defined on the interval [a, b] , and let {xo , x1 , L, xn } be a regular
b−a
partition of the interval [a , b] , with xi − xi −1 = ∆x = , for all i . If {c1, c2 L, cn }
n
are the evaluation points where ci ∈ [ xi −1 , xi ] , then the Riemann sum for this partition and
the set of evaluation points is defined by
n
Rn = ∑ f (ci ) ∆x
i =1

y
f (x )
f (ci )





∆x 
xo = a 
x
xi −1 ci xi xn−1 xn = b

10
 Definition: Definite Integral

For any function f (x) defined on the interval [a, b] , the definite integral of f from a to
b is given by
b n
∫ f ( x) dx = nlim Rn = lim ∑ f (ci ) ∆x
a →∞ n→∞ i =1

whenever the limit exist and is the same for any choice of evaluation points {c1 , c2 L, cn } .
The function f is called integrable on [ a , b] if the limit exists.

Notice that the difference ∆x → 0 , becoming differential dx . The ci have become so crowded
together in the limit that we no longer think of a choppy selection of x values between a to b , but
rather of a continuous, unbroken sampling of x values from a to b . The symbol ∫ is an elongated
S and was chosen because an integral is a limit of sum.

Summary:

In the problems that involve the accumulation of some quantity over an interval [ a, b] , (e.g. area,
distance), an approximate value can be obtained by partitioning the interval into subintervals pertaining
the rate on each subinterval is constant, then accumulation quantity is given by Reimann sum

n
Approximate value (accumulation quantity) = ∑ f ( xi ) ∆x
i =1
The exact value can be obtained by taking n → ∞ , (i.e. ∆x → 0 ) which is known as the Integral and is
denoted by
b
Exact value (accumulation quantity) = ∫ f ( x ) dx
a

11
Note that:

The approximating area A f ( x) ≥ 0 from a to b is a special case of

under the curve
Riemann sum and the exact area is the definite integral of f (x) from a to b
( A ≥ 0)

n
A ≈ Approx. area = ∑
n f ( xi )∆ x A = Exact barea
A ≈ Approximate area = i∑
= 1 f ( xi ) ∆ x A = Exact area = ∫ f ( x ) dx
i =1 a

If f takes on both positive and negative as shown in the figure, the Reimann sum will
estimate the approximate net area [the area above x − axis ( A1 ) − the area below
x − axis ( A2 )] , and the definite integral will calculate the exact net area ( A1 − A2 ).

The definite Integral = net area

c
= ∫ f ( x) dx = A1 − A2
a

The total area will be the sum of absolute areas

( A1 + A2 ).

The total area = sum of the absolute areas

= A1 + A2
b c
= ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
a b

12
 3
Example: Use Riemann sum to estimate ∫ ( x 3 − 6 x ) dx taking the evaluation points to be right
0
endpoints with n = 6 . Evaluate the integral.

Solution: With n = 6 we have

3 6

∫ ( x − 6 x) dx ≈ ∑ f (ci )∆x
3
+
0 i =1

b−a 3−0
∆x = = = 0.5 _
n 6
ci = xi
ci = (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0)
3

∫ (x
3
− 6 x) dx ≈ [ f (0.5) + f (1.0) + f (1.5) + f ( 2.0) + f (2.5) + f (3.0)] (0.5)
0
3

∫ (x
3
− 6 x) dx ≈ [ −2.875 − 5.0 − 5.625 − 4.0 + 0.625 + 9.0] (0.5) = −3.9375
0

For exact, we may use the right endpoints, so

b −a 3−0 3  3  3i
∆x = = = , ci = a + i∆x = 0 + i  = , then
n n n n n
3 n n

∫ ( x − 6 x) dx = lim ∑ f (ci )∆x = lim ∑ (ci − 6ci )∆x

3 3
n→ ∞ n →∞
0 i =1 i =1

n  3i  3  3i   3   3  n  27i   18i 

3
= lim ∑   − 6    = lim  ∑  3  −  
n→ ∞
 n 
i =1   n   n  n→∞ n  i =1  n   n 
n
 81 54   81 n 54 n 
( )
= lim ∑  4 i 3 − 2 (i ) = lim  4 ∑ i 3 − 2 ∑ i 
i =1  n n  n→∞  n i =1 n n→1 
n→ ∞

 81  n(n + 1)  2 54 n(n + 1)   81  1  2  1 

= lim  4   − 2  n→∞ 
= lim  1 +  − 271 +  
n →∞  n  2  n 2   4  n   n 
  
81
= − 27 = −6.75
4

Note that:

Most often, we can not compute the limit of Riemann sums. However, we can obtain an
approximation to the definite integral by calculating the Riemann sum for large values of n .
3
For example, if n = 40 , then ∫ ( x 3 − 6 x) dx ≈ −6.3998
0

13
The existence of definite integrals:

Theorem:

If f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [ a, b] , then f is integrable on [ a , b ].

(i.e. the limit of Riemann sum exist).

Note that: f (x) is also integrable if it is a piecewise function that has a finite
number of jump discontinuities (but not infinite discontinuities).
y

 f1 , a ≤ x ≤ b f3
 f1
If f ( x) =  f 2 , b < x ≤ c , then
f ,c< x≤ d
 3

d b c d
f2
∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f1 dx + ∫ f 2 dx + ∫ f3 dx a c
a a b c b d
x
3
Example: Evaluate ∫ f ( x) dx where
0

2 x, If x≤2
f ( x) = 
1, If x>2

Solution:

3 2 3
∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx = A1 + A2
0 0 2
3
1
∫ f ( x) dx = 2 (2)(4) + (1)(1) = 5
0 A1
A2

14
Basic Rules of the definite integral:

b b b
1) ∫ [cf ( x) + dg ( x)] dx = c ∫ f ( x) dx + d ∫ g ( x) dx where c and d are constants.
a a a
b c b
2) ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx , where c ∈ [a, b]
a a c
b a
3) ∫ f ( x) dx = − ∫ f ( x) dx
a b
b b
4) If f ( x) ≥ g ( x) , for all x ∈ [ a, b] , then ∫ f ( x) dx ≥ ∫ g ( x ) dx
a a
b
5) If m ≤ f ( x) ≤ M , for all x ∈ [ a, b] , then m(b − a ) ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx ≤ M (b − a )
a

1
Example: Using the property (5) to estimate the value of ∫ x 2 + 1 dx
0
1
Solution: Since 1 ≤ x 2 + 1 ≤ 2 for all x ∈ [0,1] then 1(1 − 0) ≤ ∫ x 2 + 1 dx ≤ 2 (1 − 0)
0
1
Then 1 ≤ ∫ x 2 + 1 dx ≤ 2
0

15
4-5 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

The evaluation of the definite integral by using limit of Riemann sum is not easy to
apply. Fortunately, the definite integral can be evaluated by the anti-derivative
function according to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I:

If f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] , and F (x) is any anti-derivative
of f (x) , then
b
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x)]a = F (b) − F (a)
a

2
Example: Evaluate ∫ ( x 2 − 2 x) dx
0
2
2
 x3 x2   ( 2) 3 2 4
∫  − [0] = −
2
Solution: ( x − 2 x ) dx =  − 2  =  − ( 2)
0 3 2 0  3  3

5
Example: Evaluate ∫ 3 x + 1 dx
1
5
5 5
 (3 x + 1) 3 / 2 
∫ 3 x + 1 dx = ∫ (3x + 1) 1/ 2
Solution: dx =  
1 1  (3)(3 / 2) 1
2 112
= {[(3)(5) + 1]3 / 2 − [(3)(1) + 1]3 / 2 } =
9 9
−1
2
Example: Evaluate ∫ x dx
−3
−1
2 1
Solution: ∫x dx = 2[ln x ]−1
−3
= 2[ln − 1 − ln − 3 ] = 2 ln( )
−3 3

1
1
Example: Evaluate ∫ dx
−11 + x2
1
Solution: ∫
1
x2
[
dx = tan −1 x −1] 1

−11 +
= tan −1 (1) − tan −1 ( −1) = π / 4 − ( −π / 4) = π / 2

16
 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part II:
x
If f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] , and F ( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt , then
a
dF
= F ′( x) = f ( x ) , on [a, b]
dx
where F is the anti-derivative of f on .

x
Example: If F ( x ) = ∫ (t 2 − 2t + 3) dt , find F ′( x)
1
Solution: From the theorem we have

F ′( x ) = x 2 − 2 x + 3

x2
Example: If F ( x ) = ∫ cos t dt , compute F ′( x)
2
u
Solution: Let u = x , then 2
F (u ) = ∫ cos t dt , then
2
dF
F ′(u ) = = f (u ) = cos u
du
dF dF du du
F ′( x ) = = = f (u ) • = cos( x 2 ) • ( 2 x )
dx du dx dx

x2
Example: If F ( x ) = ∫ t 2 + 1 dt , compute F ′( x)
2x

Solution: The Fundamental Theorem applies only with variables in the upper limit, so first rewrite the
integral in the form

0 x2 2x x2

∫ ∫ t + 1 dt = − ∫ t + 1 dt + ∫
2 2 2
F ( x) = t + 1 dt + t 2 + 1 dt
2x 0 0 0

F ′( x) = −(2) ( 2 x ) 2 + 1 + (2 x) ( x 2 ) 2 + 1 = −2 4 x 2 + 1 + 2 x x 4 + 1

17
 x2
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line for the function F ( x) = ∫ ln(t 3 + 4)dt at x = 2 .
4
du.
Solution: Let u = x 2 , then F ′( x ) = f (u ) • = [ln(u 3 + 1)](2 x ) = [ln( x 6 + 4)] ( 2 x )
dx
6
F ′( 2) = [ln(2 + 4)] ( 2)(2) = 4 ln(68)
4
Then the equation of the tangent line at x = 2 , and y = F ( 2) = ∫ ln(t 3 + 4) dt = 0 , with slope
4
'
F ( 2) is
y − F ( 2)
= F ′(2) = 4 ln(68)
x−2
y = 4 ln(68)( x − 2)

Example: Suppose that the downward velocity of a sky diver is given by v(t ) = 30 1 − e − t ( ) ft / sec for
the first 5 seconds of a jump. Compute the distance fallen.

dx
Solution: Q v(t ) =
dt
( )
= 30 1 − e −t , Integrating from t = 0 to t = 5 we have
5 5
dx
(
∫ dt dt = ∫ 30 1 − e dt
−t
)
0 0
t =5 t =5
x(t )
t=0
(
= 30 t + e −t )
t =0
( )
x(5) − x (0) = 30 5 + e −5 − 30(0 + e 0 ) , since at t = 0 , x (0) = 0 , then
x(5) = 30(5 + e −5 ) − 30 = 120.2 ft

18
4-6 Integration by Substitution:

In many cases of integration we can not find the anti-derivative function of f (x) .
By changing the variable x into another variable u using suitable substitution we
may obtain the anti-derivative.

Example: Evaluate ∫ 2 x 1 + x dx
2

Solution: Let u = 1 + x 2 , then the differential dx should change to the differential du through

du = 2 xdx , So, the integration with the new variable becomes

u 3/ 2 2
∫ 2 x 1 + x dx = ∫ u du =
2
+ C = (1 + x 2 ) 3 / 2 + C
3/ 2 3

1
Example: Find ∫ dx
1− 4x2
1 1
Solution: ∫ dx = ∫ dx , let u = 2 x then du = 2dx ,
1 − 4x2 1 − (2 x) 2
1 1 1 1 1
So, ∫ dx = ∫ du = sin −1 u + C = sin −1 ( 2 x) + C
1 − 4x 2 2 1− u2 2 2

1
Example: Find ∫ 9 + x2 dx
1 1 1 x dx
Solution: ∫ dx = ∫ dx , let u = , then du =
9 + x2 9 1 + ( x / 3) 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
So, ∫ 2
dx = (3) ∫ 2
du = tan −1 u + C = tan −1 ( x / 3) + C
9+ x 9 1+ u 3 3

1
Example: Find ∫ 2
dx
x 2x −1
1 2
Solution: ∫ dx = ∫ dx , let u = 2 x , then du = 2 dx
2 2
x 2x −1 ( 2 x ) ( 2 x) − 1
1 1 2
So, ∫ dx = ∫ du = sec −1 u + C = sec −1 2 x + C
x 2x2 −1 2
2 u u −1

19
This method is working when ever the integrand function in the form

∫ f [ g ( x)] g ′( x ) dx = ∫ f (u ) du where u = g (x) , and du = g ′( x ) dx

The most common choice of u is the innermost expression (inside) term of a composition functions.
The main challenge in using Substitution Rule is to replace a relatively complicated integral by a
simpler integral. Finding the right substitution is a bit of art. It's not unusual to guess Wrong: if the first
guess doesn't work try another substitution.

∫ 3x cos( x
2
Example: Evaluate ) dx
Solution: Let u = x 2 , then du = 2 xdx
1 3 3
∫ ∫ 2
2
3 x cos( x ) dx = 3 cos u du = sin u + C = sin( x 2 ) + C
2 2

In some simple cases we can eliminate the substitution step as u = g (x ) and du = g ′( x) dx , by

recognizing that
Integration Differentiation

g ′(x ) d x = d g (x)

g (x) is equal to the derivative of g (x) times the differential of x .

i.e. the differential of
Any function taken after d should be integrated, and any function taken out of d should be
differentiated. Then

1 3
∫3 x cos( x 2 ) dx = 3∫ cos( x 2 ) dx 2 = sin( x 2 ) + C
2 2

Example: Evaluate ∫ 3 sin 3 x cos x dx

Solution: Let u = sin x , then du = cos x dx

u4 3 4
∫ 3 sin x cos x dx = ∫ 3u du = 3 4 + C = 4 sin x + C
3 3

3
∫ 3 sin x cos x dx = 3∫ sin 3 x d sin x = sin 4 x + C
3
Or,
4

20
 sin x
Example: Evaluate ∫ x
dx

1
Solution: Let u = x , then du = dx
2 x
sin x
∫ x
dx = 2∫ sin u du = −2 cos u + C = −2 cos x + C

sin x 1
Or, ∫ x
dx = ∫ sin x
x
dx = 2 ∫ sin x d x = −2 cos x + C

(tan −1 x) 2
Example: Evaluate ∫ dx
1+ x2
1
Solution: Let u = tan −1 x , then du = dx
1+ x2
(tan −1 x) 2 u3 1
∫ 1+ x2 ∫ + C = (tan −1 x ) 3 + C
2
dx = u du =
3 3

(tan −1 x ) 2 1 1
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = ∫ (tan x) dx = ∫ (tan −1 x ) 2 d (tan −1 x) = (tan −1 x ) 3 + C
−1 2
Or,
1+ x2 3

Substitution in the Definite Integral

15
−t 2 / 2
Example: Evaluate ∫t e dt
0

t2
Solution: Let u=− , then du = −t dt
2
15 −225 / 2

∫t e
−t 2
/2
dt = − ∫e
u
du = − e u[ ] − 225 / 2
0 [
= − e −225 / 2 − 1 ]
0 0

Note that:
t2
• The limits of integration will be for the new variable u through the relation u = −
2
At t=0 then u=0
225
At t = 15 then u=−
2

• The limits of integration can be left blank until we needed for calculation, i.e.

−
[ ]
15

∫t e
−t 2
/2
dt = − ∫ e u du = − e u [ ] −
− = − e −t
2
/2
15
0 [ ]
= − e −225 / 2 − 1
0 −

21
 5
xdx
Example: Evaluate ∫ (30 − x 2 ) 2
3
5
5
xdx 1 5 d (x2 ) 1 1  1 1 1  8
Solution: ∫ 2 2
(30 − x )
= ∫ 2 2
2 3 (30 − x )
=  2 
=  − =
2  (30 − x )  3 2  5 21 105
3

1/ 4
1
Example: Find ∫ 2
dx
0 1− 4x
1/ 4 1/ 4
1 1 1 1 1 π
Solution: ∫ dx = ∫ dx = [sin −1 (2 x)]10/ 4 = [sin −1 ( ) − sin −1 (0)] =
0 1− 4x2 0 1 − (2 x) 2 2 2 2 12

2
1
Example: Find ∫ dx
1 x 2x 2 −1
Solution:

2 2

∫
1
dx = ∫
2
dx =
2
[
sec −1 2 x ]
1
2
= sec −1 ( 2) − sec −1 ( 2 ) =
π
12
1 x 2x 2 − 1 1 ( 2 x) ( 2 x ) 2 − 1 2

22