Chapter 3 Name:
Study Guide - Answers Date: Per:
1. Define an atom: the smallest particle of matter with unique chemical & physical properties
2. Define an element: a sample of matter in which all atoms are alike and cannot be separated into simpler
substances through a normal chemical reaction
3. Who first proposed the concept of atoms? Democritus
4. State the Law of Conservation of Matter: Mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical
reactions or physical changes.
5. State the Law of Definite Proportions: A chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same
proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound.
6. State the Law of Multiple Proportions: When different compounds are formed by a combination of the same
elements, different masses of one element combine with the same relative mass of the other element in a ratio
of small whole numbers.
7. List the 5 postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.
a. All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
b. All atoms of a given element are identical with same size, mass, and properties. Atoms of different
elements are different in size, mass & properties.
c. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.
d. Atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds.
e. In chemical reactions, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged.
8. Describe a cathode ray tube: a vacuum tube painted with fluorescent paint through which an electrons are
passed
9. Describe the people and processes by which the following were discovered.
Order of Discovery Who How/Process
Discovery
5 Comparing positive charge of hydrogen to
Atomic Number Moseley
other elements
3 Charge of electron Millikan Oil Drop Experiment
2 Cathode Ray Tube
Electron JJ Thomson
(also determined charge to mass ratio)
3 Mass of electron Millikan Oil Drop Experiment
4 Nucleus Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment
7 Neutron Chadwick Not mentioned in book or notes
Revised: 2019-09-04
Chapter 3 Name:
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6 Proton Rutherford Not mentioned in book or notes
1 Radioactivity Becquerel Accident/Photographic Plate
10. Fill in the table below about the 3 primary particles of an atom.
Proton Neutron Electron
Location in Atom Nucleus Nucleus Electron cloud
Charge Positive (+1) Neutral (0) Negative (-)
Mass 1 amu 1 amu (heavier than p+) Essentially 0
11. The number of protons in an atom is its atomic number.
12. An ion is an atom that has a non-zero electrical charge or a difference in number of protons and electrons.
13. The force that holds the nucleus together is called the strong nuclear force.
14. The force that causes the nucleus to be unstable is repulsion between protons.
15. The mass number of an atom is equal to the number of protons + the number of neutrons.
16. The atomic mass unit is based on the mass of carbon-12.
17. The nucleus accounts for almost all of the atom’s mass but very little of its volume.
18. The electron cloud accounts for almost all of the atom’s volume but very little of its mass.
19. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons, but varying numbers of neutrons.
20. Define nuclide: a distinct kind of atom or nucleus characterized by a specific number of protons and neutrons.
21. Complete the following – fill in the isotopic formula or the numbers of particles.
# p+ # n0 # e− # p+ # n0 # e− # p+ # n0 # e − # p+ # n0 # e− # p+ # n0 # e −
a. 8 10 8 b. 22 23 18 c. 25 32 22 d. 6 8 6 e. 80 119 78
18 45 4+ 57 3+ 14 199 2+
8 O 22 Ti 25 Mn 6 C 80 Hg
22. Fill in the table below for the unknown elements.
Atomic Number of Number of Number of
Isotope Mass Number Charge
Number Protons Neutrons Electrons
X 20 42 20 22 18 +2
Z 18 38 18 20 18 0
Revised: 2019-09-04
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R 3 6 3 3 2 +1
T 6 14 6 8 10 -4
23. What is the relationship between the number of protons in an atom and the atom’s identity? The number of
protons determines the identity of the element.
24. The atomic mass of an atom is found by taking the weighted average of the various isotopes of the element.
25. The formula for determining the atomic mass of an element is:
Mass = (abundancea x massa) + (abundanceb x massb) + …
26. Gallium has two naturally occurring isotopes. The mass of gallium-69 is 68.9256 u and it is 60.108%
abundant. The mass of gallium-71 is 70.9247 u and it is 39.892% abundant. Find the atomic mass of gallium.
MassGa = (0.60108 • 68.9256 u) + (0.39892 • 70.9247 u)
MassGa = (41.4297 u) + (28.2932 u)
MassGa = (69.7229 u)
69.723 u
27. Antimony has two naturally occurring isotopes. The mass of antimony-121 is 120.904 u and the mass of
antimony-123 is 122.904 u. Using the average mass from the periodic table, find the abundance of each
isotope. (Remember that the sum of the two abundances must be 100).
(abundances must add to 1) (combine like terms)
MassSb = (x • 120.904 u) + ((1−x) • (122.904 u)) 121.76 u − 122.904 u = 120.904 ux − 122.904 ux
(mass of Sb from periodic table = 121.76 u) (solve for x)
121.76 u = (x • 120.904 u) + ((1−x) • (122.904 u)) −1.144 u = −2.000 ux
(distribute variables) 0.572 = x
121.76 u = 120.904 ux + 122.904 u − 122.904 ux
Sb−121 = 57.2%
Sb−123 = 42.8%
28. What is the difference between a formula mass and a molar mass? Formula mass is used for individual
particles (atoms, molecules, ions, protons, neutrons) and has the unit u, amu or Da. Molar mass represents the
mass of 6.022 x 1023 particles (1 mole) and has the unit grams.
Revised: 2019-09-04
Chapter 3 Name:
Study Guide - Answers Date: Per:
29. Determine the following:
a. the number of moles of aluminum in 35.5 grams of aluminum.
35.5 g Al 1 mol Al 1.32 mol Al
= 1.3156 mol Al
26.982 g Al
b. the number of moles of gold in 5.60 x 1024 atoms of gold.
5.60 x 1024 atoms Au 1 mol Au 9.30 mol Au
= 9.2992 mol Au
6.022 x 1023 atoms Au
c. the number of moles of sodium in 45.6 grams of sodium.
45.6 g Na 1 mol Na 1.98 mol Na
= 1.9834 mol Na
22.990 g Na
d. the number of atoms of carbon in 37.90 grams of carbon.
37.90 g C 1 mol C 6.022 x 1023 atoms C
= 1.90020 x 1024 atoms C
12.011 g C 1 mol C 1.900 x 1024 atoms C
e. the mass of 2.1 x 1029 atoms of neon.
2.1 x 1029 atom Ne 1 mol Ne 20.180 g Ne
= 7.037196 x 106 grams Ne 7.0 x 106 grams Ne
6.022 x 1023 atoms Ne 1 mol Ne
f. the mass of 5.10 x 1025 atoms of xenon.
5.101 x 1025 atom Xe 1 mol Xe 131.29 g Xe 11120 grams Xe
= 11121.0 grams Xe
6.022 x 1023 atoms Xe 1 mol Xe
g. the mass of 3.450 moles of magnesium.
3.450 mol Mg 24.305 g Mg
= 83.8522 g Mg 83.85 g Mg
1 mol Mg
h. the mass of 2.3 moles of manganese.
2.3 mol Mn 54.938 g Mn
= 126.3 g Mn
1 mol Mn 130 g Mn
Revised: 2019-09-04