MODULE 2

Types of PPE
Head protection:
• Frequent causes of head injuries
• Falling objects from above striking on the head;
• Bump head against fixed objects, such as
exposed pipes or beams; or
• Accidental head contact with electrical hazards.

Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
Why head protection is important…

Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
• Classes of hard hats:
• CLASS G (General)
• Protect against impact, penetration
• Low-voltage electrical protection (proof-tested to
2,200 volts)

Source of graphics: OSHA

Types of PPE
• CLASS E (Electrical)
• Designed for electrical/utility work
• Protect against falling objects, impact
• Electrical protection against high-voltage
(proof-tested to 20,000 volts)

Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
• CLASS C (Conductive)
• Designed for comfort; offers limited protection
• Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects
• Does not protect against falling objects or electrical
hazards

Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
Eye and face protection:

Source of images: OSHA

Types of PPE
• Common causes of eye injuries
• Chemical splashes
• Blood or OPIM splashes or sprays
• Intense light
• Dust and other flying particles
• Molten metal splashes

Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
• Selecting eye and face protection –
elements to consider:
• Ability to protect against workplace hazards
• Should fit properly
• Should provide unrestricted vision and
movement
• Durable and cleanable
• Allow unrestricted functioning of other PPE
Types of PPE
• Safety glasses
• Used to protect against moderate impacts
from particles

Source of graphics: OSHA

Types of PPE
• Prescription glasses
• Employees who use
prescription glasses while
performing operations with
potential eye hazards must use
eye protection that: Source: OSHA

• Incorporates the prescription in its design, or

• Can be used over your prescription glasses without
interfering with the proper positioning of the
prescription glasses or goggles
Types of PPE
• Goggles
• Protect eyes, and the
facial area immediately
surrounding the eyes from
impact, dust, splashes.
Source: OSHA

• Some can be used over

corrective lenses, if they fit them.
Types of PPE
• Goggle types

Direct-ventilated Indirect-ventilated Non-ventilated

• Resist direct passage • Prevents fogging • Does not allow the
of large particles into by allowing air passage of air into the
the goggle circulation goggle
• Prevents fogging by • Protects against • Prevents splash entry
allowing air circulation liquid or chemical
• May fog and require
splash entry
frequent lens cleaning
Source: [Link]
Types of PPE
• Face shields
• Protect face from nuisance
dusts and potential splashes
or sprays of hazardous liquids
• Shields do not protect from
impact hazards unless so rated
• Shields are for face protection, not eye Source: OSHA

protection. To protect the eyes, wear safety

glasses with side shields, or goggles under
the face shield.
Types of PPE
• Welding shields
• Protect eyes from burns
caused by:
• Infared light
• Intense radiant light

• Protect eyes and face from

flying sparks, metal spatter,
and slag chips

Source of photos: OSHA

Types of PPE
• Laser safety goggles
• Provide protection from hazards:
• physical contact such as flying particles
• ultraviolet light, laser, and welding

Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
Respiratory protection:

Source of photos: OSHA

Types of PPE
• Elimination/substitution or Engineering controls
• Eliminate toxic material or substitute a less toxic
material
• Enclose or confine operation
• General or local exhaust
ventilation
• Only when engineering
controls are not feasible,
will respirators be used

Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
• Types of respirators
• Air-Purifying (APR) –
remove contaminants
from air
• Particulate respirators
• Chemical cartridge/
gas mask respirator
• Powered Air-Purifying
Respirator (PAPR)

Source of photos:
OSHA
Types of PPE
• Atmosphere-Supplying – provide clean,
breathable air
• Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
• Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR)

Source of photos:
OSHA
 Types of PPE
• Medical evaluation
• Before f it tests are conducted and employee is authorized the use of a
respirator, a medical evaluation must be provide to determine the ability
of the employee to use a respirator.

• Identify a physician or other license health care professional (PLHCP) to

perform medical evaluations using a medical questionnaire or an initial
medical evaluation with which the same information is obtained.
Types of PPE
• Inspecting and cleaning respirators
• Inspect all respirators for wear and tear before
and after each use
• Wash in a detergent solution; then, disinfect by
immersing in a sanitizing solution

Source of photos: Carmen Vazquez

Types of PPE
• Storing respirators
• Protect against dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold,
excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals
• Store in position to retain natural configuration

Source of photos: Carmen Vazquez

Types of PPE
Hearing protection:

Source of photos:
OSHA
Types of PPE
• Exposure to noise levels
over 85 dB can cause
hearing loss
• Hearing protection
required at 90 dB
• Implement effective
Hearing Conservation
Program

Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
• The employer must
Permissible Noise Exposure
provide ear protection 29 CFR 1910.95(b)(1)
when the noise level in the Duration per
work area is greater than Sound Level (dBA)
Day (hours)
indicated in this table. 8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 115
Source: NIOSH
Impact noise should not exceed 140 dB
Types of PPE
• Examples of hearing protection:
• Disposable foam plugs
• Molded ear plugs
• Noise-cancelling ear plugs Source of photos: OSHA

• Ear muffs
• Consider Noise Reduction
Rating (NRR) of devices

NIOSH/John Rekus/[Link]
Types of
PPE
• How to insert
ear plugs
properly

Source: NIOSH
 Types of PPE
Hand protection:
• Potential hazards for hands
• Skin absorption of hazardous
substances
• Lacerations or severe cuts
• Punctures
• Chemical burns
• Thermal burns
• Extreme temperatures

Source of photos: OSHA

Types of PPE
• Types of gloves

Anti-vibration
Chemical-resistant Leather Palm

Heat-resistant Cut-resistant
Permeation-resistant
Source of photos: OSHA
Types of PPE
Foot and leg protection:
• Causes of foot injuries:
• Falling or rolling of heavy objects
• Crushing or penetrating materials
• Sharp objects that can penetrate
the sole
• Exposure to molten metal
• Working on, or around, hot, wet, or
slippery surfaces Source: OSHA

• Working when electrical

hazards are present.
Types of PPE
• Conditions requiring
foot protection
• Impacts
• Compressions
• Cuts/punctures
• Chemicals
• Temperatures
Source: OSHA
Types of PPE
• Examples of foot and leg protection
• Impact-resistant toe and/or instep
• Steel
• Composite
• Heat-resistant soles
• Metal shanks
• Specialty footwear may be needed
• Metatarsal guards
• Liquid- or chemical-resistant
• Conductive or nonconductive
Source of photos: OSHA
Types of PPE
• Protection from hazards
• Shoes with metal toe-cap
protects against knocks, falling
objects
• Rubber shoes protect against
chemical materials, as directed
by the SDS

Source of photos: OSHA

Types of PPE
Body protection –
protective clothing:

Source of photos: OSHA

Types of PPE
• Provide protective clothing for
those parts of the body exposed
to possible injuries
• Types of body protection
• Laboratory coats
• Coveralls
• Vests
• Jackets
• Aprons
• Surgical gowns
Source of photos: OSHA
• Full-body suits
Types of PPE
• Selection of body protection –
variety of materials effective
against particular hazard
• Paper-like fiber – dust and
splashes
• Treated wool and cotton – fire-
resistant; dust, abrasions,
rough/irritating surfaces
• Duck – cuts, bruises
• Leather – dry heat, flames
• Rubber, rubberized fabrics,
neoprene, and plastics – certain
chemicals and physical hazards Source of photos: OSHA
Types of PPE
• Protective clothing is required for HAZWOPER
activities
• EPA’s levels of PPE
• Level A
• Provides highest level of protection
• Required when greatest potential for exposure exists and
greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is
required
• Examples
• Positive pressure, full facepiece SCBA, or positive pressure supplied
air respirator with escape SCBA
• Totally encapsulated chemical- and vapor-protective suit
• Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves
• Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots
Types of PPE
• Level B
• Required for highest level of respiratory protection
and lesser level of skin protection
• Examples
• Positive pressure, full facepiece SCBA, or positive pressure
supplied air respirator with escape SCBA
• Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves
• Face shield
• Hooded chemical-resistant clothing
• Coveralls
• Outer chemical-resistant boots
Types of PPE
• Level C
• Required when concentration and type of airborne
substances are known and criteria for using APR is
met
• Examples
• Full-face air-purifying respirators
• Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves
• Hard hat
• Escape mask
• Disposable chemical-resistant outer boots
Types of PPE
• Level D
• Required when minimum protection is needed
• Sufficient when no contaminants are present or work
operations preclude splashes, immersion, or
potential for unexpected inhalation or contact
• Examples
• Gloves
• Coveralls
• Safety glasses
• Face shield
• Chemical-resistant, steel-toe boots or shoes
What does 1000000 mean ?
• No of workers in a year = 500
• Daily Hour Worked = 8 hrs
• No. of days worked in a week = 5 days
• Total hours worked in a week = 8 * 5 = 40 hrs
• Total week in a year = 50 week
• So, In a year = 50 week * 40 hrs/week * 500 workers = 10 00 000

• The frequency rate is the number of disabling injuries per one

million man-hours worked
 Man-Hours Worked
• The total number of employee-hours worked by all employees in
the industrial premises,
• It includes managerial, supervisory, professional, technical,
clerical and other workers including contractors labour
• It shall be calculated from the pay roll or time clock recorded
including overtime.
• When this is not feasible, the same shall be estimated by
multiplying the total man-days worked for the period covered by
the number of hours worked per day
• Total number of man-days is the sum of the number of men at
work on each day of the period
• Disabling Injury ( Lost Time Injury ) - An injury causing
disablement extending beyond the day of shift on which the
accident occurred.

• Reportable Disabling Injury ( Reportable Lost Time Injury ) - An

injury causing death or disablement to an extent as prescribed
by the relevant statute.
• Example [Link] the following data calculate the frequency rate
of accident in an industrial plant.
1. Number of workers=500
2. Number of disabling injuries per year= 5.
3. Average number of hours worked by worker per year=2000.

• Sol. Frequency rate=numbers of disabling injuries/number of

man-hours worked x 1000,000
• = 5/500×2000 x 1000000=5.
The severity rate is the total number of days lost or charged due to accidents per one million man-hours
worked
• Here days lost= actual days lost due to accidents + standard
number of days considered to be lost depending on nature of
disabling injury.
• Standard number of days lost is correlated to the nature of injury,
as for example, standard number of days lost in 35days, the
nature of injury being cutting of the tip of a finger, whereas
standard number of days lost in 6000 days for a total disability
case.
Example 2. Using the following date calculate the severity rate of accident in an industrial
plant where only one accident occurred during the year, the type of injury being cutting of
the tip of a figure.
Number of workers=2000.
Number of days lost in a year due to accidents=100
Average number of hours worked by worker per year=2000.

Sol. Severity rate=days lost in year due to accidents/number of

man-hours worked x 1000,000
Number of man-hours worked in this case=2000 X 2000.
Days lost in year due to accidents=100+35=135.
Q: Using the following data calculate the severity rate of accident in an industrial plant
where only one accident occurred during the year involving total disability of a worker.
Number of workers=2000.
Number of days lost in a year due to accident=100.
Average number of hours worked by worker per year=2000.

• Sol. Severity rate= days lost in year due to accidents/number of

man hours worked x 1000000.
• Number of hours worked in this case=2000×2000.
• Total disability; days lost=100+6000=6100 days.
• Severity rate =6100/2000x2000x1000000= 6100/4=1525
• General Incidence rate is the ratio of the number of injuries to
the number of persons during the period under review. It is
expressed as the number of persons per 1000 persons
employed
Advantages
• Good housekeeping and cleanliness normally results into
1. a workplace which is cleaner, safer, well organized and more
pleasant for work,
2. improved utilization of floor space,
3. smoother and systematic workflow with substantial reduction in
non-value added activities,
4. better inventory control of tools and materials,
5. reduced handling to ease the flow of materials,
6. reduction in wastages of materials,
7. more efficient equipment clean-up and maintenance leading to
lower break-downs,
8. minimization of errors leading to better products,
9. safe environment for work and lower exposures of employees to
hazardous substances (such as dusts, and vapours etc.),
10. more hygienic workplace conditions which lead to improved health
of the employees,
11. improved overall look and feel of the work environment, and
12. improved morale of the employees.
Disadvantages
• Poor housekeeping and cleanliness, on the contrary, creates
workplace hazards which lead to various accident such as
1. slips, trips and falls,
2. caught in-between objects,
3. struck by falling objects,
4. struck by moving objects,
5. cut/stabbed by objects, and
6. struck against objects.
7. Furthermore, poor housekeeping and cleanliness also create
fire hazards which inevitably lead to increased fire risk.
Elements of housekeeping and
cleanliness at workplace
• Dust and dirt removal – Working in a dusty and dirty area is unhygienic as well unhealthy for the employees
since there can be respiratory type irritations. Also, if dust and dirt are allowed to accumulate on surfaces, there is

a potential for a slip hazard. Hence, regular sweeping the workplace for the removal of dust and dirt is an

essential housekeeping and cleanliness practice. Further, compressed air is not to be used for removing dust or

dirt off employees or equipment. Compressed air can cause dirt and dust particles to be embedded under the

skin or in the eye.

• Employee facilities – Adequate employees’ facilities such as drinking water, wash rooms, toilet blocks, and rest
rooms etc. are to be provided for the employees at the workplace so that employees can use them when there is a

need. Cleanliness at the place of these facilities is an important aspect of the facilities.

• Flooring – Floors are to be cleaned regularly and immediately if liquids or other materials are spilled. Poor f loor
conditions are a leading cause of accidents in the workplace. Areas such as entranceways which cannot be

cleaned continuously are to have mats or some type of anti-slip f looring. It is also important to replace worn,

ripped or damaged flooring that poses a trip hazard.

• Lighting – Adequate lighting reduces the potential for accidents. It is to be ensured that
inoperative light f ixtures are repaired and dirty light f ixtures are cleaned regularly so that the

light intensity levels are maintained at the workplace.

• Aisles and stairways – Aisles and stairways are to be kept clear and not to be used for
storage. Warning signs and mirrors can improve sight lines in blind corners and help prevent

accidents. It is also important to maintain adequate lighting in stairways. Further stairways

need to have railings preferably round railings for adequate grip.

• Spill control – The best method to control spills is to prevent them from happening. Regular
cleaning and maintenance on machines and equipment is an essential practice. Also, the use

of drip pans where spills might occur is a good preventative measure. When spills do occur, it

is important to clean them up immediately. When cleaning a spill, it is required to use the

proper cleaning agents or absorbent materials. It is also to be ensured that the waste

products are disposed of properly.

• Waste disposal – The regular collection of the waste materials contribute to good housekeeping and
cleanliness practices. It also makes it possible to separate materials that can be recycled from those
going to waste disposal facilities. Allowing material to build up on the f loor wastes time and energy
since additional time is required for cleaning it up. Placing containers for wastes near the place
where the waste is produced encourages orderly waste disposal and makes collection easier. All
recyclable wastes after their collection are to be transferred to their designated places so that the
waste materials can be dispatched to the point of use or sold.

• Tools and equipment – Tools and equipment are required to be inspected prior to their use.
Damaged or worn tools are to be taken out of service immediately. Tools are to be cleaned and
returned to their storage place after use.

• Maintenance – One of the most important elements of good housekeeping and cleanliness
practices is the maintenance of the equipment and the buildings housing them. This means keeping
buildings, equipment and machinery in safe and ef ficient working condition. When a workplace looks
neglected then there are broken windows, defective plumbing, broken f loor surfaces and dirty walls
etc. These conditions can cause accidents and affect work practices. It is important to have a
replacement program for replacing or fixing broken and damaged items as quickly as possible.
• Storage – Proper storage of materials is essential in a good housekeeping and cleanliness practice. All storage
areas need to be clearly marked. Flammable, combustible, toxic and other hazardous materials are to be stored in

approved containers in designated areas which are appropriate for the different hazards that they pose. The

stored materials are not to obstruct aisles, stairs, exits, f ire equipment, emergency eyewash fountains, emergency

showers, or f irst aid stations. Also it is important that all containers be labeled properly. If materials are being

stored correctly, then the incidents of strain injuries, chemical exposures and fires get reduced drastically.

• Clutter control – Cluttered workplaces typically happen because of poor housekeeping practices. This type of
workplace can lead to a number of issues which include ergonomic as well as injuries. It is important to develop

practices where items like tools, chemicals, cords, and containers are returned to their appropriate storage

location when not in use. Clutter is not only unattractive but, in a work area, it is also a serious threat to safety.

Danger to the employees increases if the established exit routes and doors are blocked. For this reason, as well

as to prevent slips and trips, assorted waste materials need to be disposed of promptly in the appropriate waste

containers. Aisles are to be kept clear of obstructions for obvious reasons.

• Individual workspace – Individual workspace need to be kept neat, cleared of everything not needed for work.
Many workplace injuries occur right in the employee’s workspace. This space is often overlooked when

conducting general housekeeping and cleanliness inspections. It is necessary to make a checklistwhich is to be

used by the employees to evaluate their workspace.

5 S in Housekeeping

• 5S is a system for organizing spaces so work can be performed

efficiently, effectively, and safely. This system focuses on

putting everything where it belongs and keeping the workplace

clean, which makes it easier for people to do their jobs without

wasting time or risking injury.

• The term 5S comes from five Japanese words:
• Seiri
• Seiton
• Seiso
• Seiketsu
• Shitsuke
• In English, these words are often translated to:
• Sort
• Set in Order
• Shine
• Standardize
• Sustain
• Each S represents one part of a five-step process that can
improve the overall function of a business.
Sort
• The f irst step of 5S, Sort, involves going through all the tools,
furniture, materials, equipment, etc. in a work area to determine
what needs to be present and what can be removed.
• Some questions to ask during this phase include:
• When a group has determined that some items aren't necessary,
consider the following options:
• Give the items to a different department
• Recycle/throw away/sell the items
• Put items into storage
Set in Order
• Once the extra clutter is gone, it's easier to see what's what. Now work groups can come up
with their strategies for sorting through the remaining items. Things to consider:

• Which people (or workstations) use which items?

• When are items used?
• Which items are used most frequently?
• Should items be grouped by type?
• Where would it be most logical to place items?
• Would some placements be more ergonomic for workers than others?
• Would some placements cut down on unnecessary motion?

• Are more storage containers necessary to keep things organized?

• During this phase, everyone should determine what arrangements are most logical. That will
require thinking through tasks, the frequency of those tasks, the paths people take through the
Shine
• The Shine stage of 5S focuses on cleaning up the work area, which means sweeping,
mopping, dusting, wiping down surfaces, putting tools and materials away, etc.

• In addition to basic cleaning, Shine also involves performing regular maintenance on

equ ipmen t an d mach in ery. Plan n in g for main ten an ce ah ead of time mean s
businesses can catch problems and prevent breakdowns. That means less wasted
time and no loss of profits related to work stoppages.

• Shining the workplace might not sound exciting, but it's important. And it shouldn't
just be left up to the janitorial staff. In 5S, everyone takes responsibility for cleaning
up their workspace, ideally daily. Doing so makes people take ownership of the space,
which in the long run means people will be more invested in their work and the
company.
Standardize

• Once the f ir st three steps of 5S are completed, things should look pretty
good. All the extra stuff is gone, everything is organized, spaces are cleaned,
and equipment is in good working order.
• The problem is, when 5S is new at a company, it's easy to clean and get
organized…and then slowly let things slide back to the way they were.
Standardize makes 5S different from the typical spring-cleaning project.
Standardize systematizes everything that just happened and turns one-time
efforts into habits. Standardize assigns regular tasks, creates schedules,
and posts instructions so these activities become routines. It makes
standard operating procedures for 5S so that orderliness doesn't fall by the
wayside.
Sustain

• Once standard procedures for 5S are in place, businesses must perform

the ongoing work of maintaining those procedures and updating them
as necessary. Sustain refers to the process of keeping 5S running
smoothly, but also of keeping everyone in the organization involved.
Ma na gers need to pa rticipa te, a s do employees ou t on th e
manufacturing f loor, in the warehouse, or in the of fice. Sustain is about
making 5S a long-term program, not just an event or short-term project.
Ideally, 5S becomes a part of an organization's culture. And when 5S is
sustained over time, that's when businesses will start to notice
continuous positive results.
 1. CONFINED SPACE:
• Is large enough to enter into and work
• Has a limited means of entry/exit
• Is NOT designed for continuous periods of occupancy
CLASSES OF CONFINED SPACE
• Class A – IDLH atmosphere. May
contain oxygen deficiency,
explosive or flammable
atmospheres, and /or
concentrations of toxic substances.

Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health (IDLH)

CLASSES OF CONFINED SPACES
cont’d
• Class B – space has potential for
causing injury if proper safety
steps are not followed
CLASSES OF CONFINED SPACES
cont’d
• Class C – space has potential
hazards, but would not require any
special modification of the work
procedures.
TYPES OF CONFINED SPACE…
• Non-Permitted
• … does NOT contain physical, chemical or
atmospheric hazards capable of causing death or
serious physical harm
• Permitted
• … DOES contain physical, chemical or atmospheric
hazards capable of causing death or serious
physical harm
 PERMITTED
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
PROCEDURE
GENERAL CS ENTRY PROCEDURE
• 1. Conduct an assessment
• 2. Post signage; Barricade
• 3. Write the Permit
• 4. Perform pre-entry tests
• 5. Follow all other safety procedures
• PPE
• LO/TO
• Ventilation
 GENERAL CS ENTRY
PROCEDURE, cont’d
• 6. Pre-entry briefing
• 7. Perform entry & work
• 8. Perform continuous atmospheric tests
• 9. Exit the confined space
• 10. Debrief employees/contractors
• 11. Verify completion
1. CONFINED
SPACE
ASSESSMENT
 ASSESSMENTS MUST INCLUDE:

1. Pre-entry testing and monitoring

of/for:
• Atmospheric conditions
• Potential hazards in and around
the area
 POTENTIAL HAZARDS

• Deficient or enriched oxygen

• Safe level: 19.5% - 23.5%
• Combustible, flammable, and
explosive atmospheres
• Toxic gases and vapors
• Corrosive chemicals or biological
agents
 POTENTIAL HAZARDS cont’d

• Physical hazards–
• Falling,tripping,moving parts,engulfment,heat extremes,etc…
• Electrical hazards—
• Shock hazard, static electricity, sparks, etc…
• Rodents,snakes, and insects
ASSESSMENTS MUST ALSO
INCLUDE:
2. Written procedures to remove
or control hazards including
ventilation, LOTO, PPE and
communication
3. Written emergency response
2. POST SIGNAGE
AND BARRICADE
POSTED SIGNAGE
• MUST be in the immediate area
• MUST identify the Confined Space
• Restricts unauthorized personnel
• E.G.: “DANGER—PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE,
DO NOT ENTER”
 BARRICADES
• MUST prevent unwanted access to the work area
• MUST ensure clear workspace for attendant and emergency
rescue (if needed)
3. WRITE THE PERMIT
 PERMITS

• Are written authorization and

approval specifying the location and
type of work
• Certify that all existing hazards have
been assessed
• Ensure the safety of each worker
• Specify the date & length of time it
applies
Confined Space Permit
 NOTE:
PERMITS ARE ALWAYS
POSTED IN THE
WORKPLACE DURING
ENTRY
4. PERFORM PRE-ENTRY TESTS
 TESTING STANDARDS
• Duration—Recommend continuous
• Sample priority—Oxygen; Flammable/combustible chemicals;
Toxic chemicals
 TESTING METHODS
• Sample in layers
• Every four feet in direction of travel
• Different chemicals stratify
• Do not get equipment wet!!
CHEMICAL STRATIFICATION

*Chemicals will stratify

according to their
vapor density

*Strata changes with

environmental
conditions
(ex. Temperature and
pressure)
 REMEMBER TO
DOCUMENT ALL
ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
RESULTS!!
5. TAKE OTHER SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
 OTHER SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
• PPE
• Lockout/Tag out
• Verify emergency response
• Remove sources of hazardous materials outside of confined
space
• Ventilation
VENTILATION
• Exhaust
• Negative pressure
• Local - for specific sources
• General - for non-specific sources
• Purging
• Positive pressure
• Using inert gases in flammable/combustible environment
• Causes need for additional PPE
6. PRE-ENTRY BRIEFING
PRE-ENTRY BRIEFING
• Conduct meeting
• Include all affected persons
• Document topics discussed at the briefing.
7. PERFORM ENTRY
AND WORK
Entry documentation
• Each entrant should sign an entry log
• Posted in immediate area
 Follow work
procedures and
safety rules for job
task!!!
8. PERFORM CONTINUOUS
MONITORING
CONTINUOUS MONITORING

• REMEMBER the mentioned sampling methods!

9. EXIT THE CONFINED
SPACE
EXITING THE CONFINED SPACE
• When work is complete, when replacement
arrives, or if an alarm sounds
• In the event of an emergency, utilize
emergency rescue
• Remember to update the entry log!!
 ON-SITE RESCUE
• Employer determined if on/off-site rescue will
be used
• On-site, usually comprised of in-house
personnel—
• Motivated team
• Extensive training
• Practical exercises (min. once/12 months)
• Regular reinforcement of training
 OFF-SITE RESCUE
• Assessment necessary
• Determine the practicality of off-site rescue
• If used:
• Close proximity
• Extensive pre-coordination
• Must understand the hazards to be faced
• Must have access to all spaces for pre-planning
10. CONDUCT DEBRIEFING
DEBRIEFING
• Discuss the success of the work
• Identify concerns that occurred
• Verify completion of all documentation
• Document meeting, if possible
11. VERIFYING COMPLETION
VERIFY COMPLETION
• The entry supervisor should remain for at least
30 minutes after the entry to ensure the
security of the site and that no hazards remain
(ex. Fires)