Readings in the Philippine History Public history iues

“Filipinos are forgeul about the past.” • views from the academe
• history as entertainment ( artistic licenses )
History
• politics, bias, interests
What is history? • usable past / heritage
• chronological record of significant events • who owns the past?
• the study of past events • moral judgements ( e.g. Holocaust denial )

Western naative on filipinos

“All historians, whatever
“Before the coming of the their professional status,
Spaniards, as we have hinted, the have ethical obligations to
Philippines were backwards in be humane, accurate, self-
civilization as compared with aware, and judicious.”
most of the rest of the Far East.
The Filipinos were still but partly
removed from the primitive
— Ludmilla Jordanova
stages of culture. They had no
elaborate political organization. “

— Kenneth Sco Latouree

History as reconstruction

Kasaysayan in the language and perspective of filipinos • the historians is many times removed from the events
under investigation
• saysay / salaysay ( narrative ) • historians rely on surviving records
• saysay ( relevance ; importance )
• if relevant, for whom?
• Zeus Salazar: “Salaysay na may saysay para sa “Only a part of what was observed in the
sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao” ( Narrative that has a past was remembered by those who
relevance for the group of people that were being observed it; only a part of what was
told. ) remembered was recorded; only a part of
what was recorded has survived; only a part
“If you talk to a man in a of what has survived has come to the
language he understands, historian’s aention.”
that goes to his head. But,
if you talk to a man in his “Only a part of what is credible has been
language, that goes to his grasped, and only a part of what has been
heart.” grasped can be expounded or narrated by
the historian.”
— Nelson Mandela
— Louis Goschalk

Public history
Historical method
• public history is popular history — it is seen or read
Historians use the historical method to gather evidence of
by a large numbers of people and has mostly
past events, evaluate the evidence, and interpret what the
benefited from designed for a mass audience
evidence reveals about things that occurred in history.
What is the historical method? • these sources were present during an experience or
time period and oer an inside view of a particular
• historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate
event.
their place of origin and identify their intended
• primary sources are characterized by their content,
functions
regardless of whether they are available in original
• the process of critically examining and analyzing the
format, in microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in
records and survivals of the past
published format.

Four Main Categories of Primary Sources

Historical sources
Historical sources are the main way that we can interact 1. Wrien sources
with and understand more about past events. 2. Images
3. Artifacts
Sources 4. Oral testimony
• an object from the past or testimony concerning the What are Secondary Sources?
past on which historians depend in order to create
• a secondary source interprets and analyzes primary
their own depiction of that past
sources. These sources are one or more steps removed
• tangible remains of the past
from the event
Wrien sources • secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or
graphics of primary sources in them
1. Published materials • e.g. [ history textbook; printed materials — serials,
• books, magazines, journals periodicals which interprets previous research ]
• travelogue
Practical Example/Worksht
• transcription of speech
Topic: Tejeros Convention
2. Manuscript - any handwrien or typed record that
Primary Source: Santiago Alvarez’ account
has not been printed
Secondary Source: Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses
• archival materials
• memoirs, diary
Historical Criticism
Non-Wrien sources
In order for a source to be used as evidence in history,
• Oral history basic maers about its form and content must be seled.
• Artifact
1. External Criticism
• Ruins
2. Internal Criticism
• Fossils
• Art works What is External Criticism?
• Video recordings
• Audio recordings • the problem of authenticity
• to spot fabricated, forged, faked documents
What are Primary Sources? • to distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation

Tests of Authenticity
• testimony of an eyewitness
• a primary source must have been produced by a • Determine the date of the document to see whether
contemporary of the event it narrates they are anachronistic ( e.g. pencils did not exist
• a primary source is a document or physical object before the 16th Century )
which was wrien or created during the time under • Determine the author:( e.g. handwriting, signature,
study seal )
• Anachronistic style ( e.g. idiom, ortography, 3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in
punctuation ) human aairs
• Anachronistic reference to events ( e.g. too early, too • this involves recognizing that while some
late, too remote ) aspects of history remain consistent over time,
• Provenance or custody ( e.g. determines its others undergo significant transformation, and
genuineness ) eective historical thinking requires an
• Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or understanding of how continuity and change
word coexist and influence each other.
• Hermeneutics – determining ambiguities

What is Internal Criticism?

• the problem of credibility

• relevant particulars in the document – is it credible?
• verisimilar – as close as what really happened from
a critical examination of best available sources

Tests of Credibility

• Identification of the author ( e.g. to determine his

reliability; mental processes, personal aitudes )
• Determination of the approximate date ( e.g.
handwriting, signature, seal )
• Ability to tell the truth ( e.g. nearness to the event,
competence of witness, degree of aention )
• Willingness to tell the truth ( e.g. to determine if the
author consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods )
• Corroboration ( i.e. historical facts – particulars
which rest upon the independent testimony of two or
more reliable witnesses )

Thr Major Components to Eective Historical Thinking

1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation

• this involves understanding that historical

events are rarely caused by a single factor;
instead, they result from a complex interplay of
various causes, including social, political,
economic, and cultural influences.

2. Sensitivity to Context

• recognizing the importance of context means

understanding that historical events and
actions must be analyzed within the specific
circumstances and conditions of their time,
rather than judging them by modern
standards or isolated facts.
 The contemporary world Globalization as defined by other

The study of globalization “Globalization are those processes by which the

Globalization is the process of increasing people of the world are incorporated into a single
interconnectedness and interdependence among world society.”
countries, cultures, and economies, driven by advances in — Martin Albrow & Elizabeth King
technology, trade, and communication.

Definition of terms “Globalization is the intensification of worldwide social

relations which link distant localities in such a way
Contemporary world Globalization that local happenings are shaped by events
It is an umbrella term occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”
Refers to our world with the

circumstances and ideas of denoting the growing

— Anthony Giddens ( The Consequence of Modernity )
the present age, as in the modern interconnectedness

phrase “in modern times like of nations, people, and

these”. markets.
“Globalization is the compression of the world and
the intensification of the consciousness of the world
GLOBALIZATION IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD as a whole.”
— Roland Paerson, Professor of Sociology

Social Changes at the University of Aberdeen, 1992

These refer to shis in the way societies are organized and

Historical foundations of the term “globalization”

how individuals and groups interact. Globalization can lead to
increased migration, urbanization, and changes in family
structures.

Example:
Although many researchers aribute the origins of
The rise of social media plaorms has transformed how
people connect and communicate across the world,
globalization to the contemporary era, some date its history
breaking down traditional barriers of distance and
fostering global communities.
back much further, some even to the third century BC, even
G before the European Age of Discovery and travels to the New
l C
World.
o o Cultural Changes
b n
a t W Cultural changes involve the exchange and blending of
In the 1820s, large-scale globalization first started. The
l A e o
cultural practices, values, and ideas due to globalization. This
can lead to the spread of popular culture, such as movies,
world's economy and cultures became increasingly
i n m r music, and fashion, across dierent countries.

z d p l interconnected in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

a o d Example:
The global popularity of fast food chains like McDonald's
t r reflects cultural homogenization, while the global celebration
I N E
a of diverse traditions, such as yoga or K-pop, showcases L
i cultural diusion. T I M E
o r 1897
n y
Charles Taze Russell (of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract
Political Changes Society) coined a related term, corporate giants. This

Globalization influences political systems and governance by term refers to the largely national trusts and other
increasing the importance of international organizations
large enterprises of the time.
and agreements. It can lead to greater cooperation
between countries but also tensions over issues like trade
policies or human rights.

1930
Example:
A relevant example of political change in the Philippines due The word "globalize' as a noun appeared in a publication
to globalization is its participation in the ASEAN Free Trade
Area (AFTA), which has increased economic integration with entitled Towards New Education where it denoted a
neighboring countries and influenced domestic policies.
Additionally, involvement in international organizations like holistic view of human experience in education.
the United Nations has shaped the Philippines' stance on
issues like human rights and environmental protection.
 What is a solid?
1970
The word "globalization" was coined. In 2013, this term
• is a state of maer with fixed shape and volume
was used to mean "borderless society" referring to • particles are close-packed so they can vibrate, but not
international migration. flow
• solids are rigid
• they cannot be compressed easily
1981
The term "globalization" had been used in its economic
sense. However, in the late half of the 1980's, Theodore SOLID
Levi popularized the term "globalization" by bringing it • refers to barriers
into the mainstream business audience. that prevent or make
diicult the
2000 movement of things.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four (4) Solids can either be
basic aspects of globalization: (1) trade and transactions; natural or manmade.
(2) capital and investment movements; (3) migration of • limited interaction
knowledge (4) dissemination. • represents traditional
community, opposite
of modernization &
2017
industrialization
The word "globalization" was oen used in teaching, in
discussion, in meetings and conferences, in lectures and
so on.
What is a liquid?

• is a state of maer with a definite volume, but no

2018 fixed shape
The phenomenon of globalization is now on full swing in
all academic disciplines. LIQUID
• refers to the increasing
ease of movement of
people, things,
information, and places
Metaphors of globalization in the contemporary
world.
metaphor ( noun ) • symbolizes the start of
• a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally modernization and
denoting one kind of objector idea is used in place of industrialization
another to suggest a likeness or analogy • start of globalization
betweenthem (as in drowning in money)

Remember:
Metaphors utilize one word to clarify another in order to Solidity and liquidity constantly interact
help us understand it. We shall use the solid and liquid with one another. However, liquidity is
phases of maer in this instance. the one that is growing and
expanding right now. Liquidity is the
Three metaphors of globalization such as the metaphor that could be used to best
SOLID, LIQUID, and FLOW. represent globalization.
 • One of the most recent proofs of connectivity across
What is a flow?
borders is the Global Connectedness Index (GCI) - a
• to move with a continual change of place among measurement of flows and interconnections of a
the constituent particles country to other global players through exchanges in
trade, capital, people, and information.

FLOW
• the movement of
people, things, places,
and information
brought by the
growing “porosity” of
global limitations
(Ritzer, 2015)
• symbolizes the
intensive interaction
between people/
nations

Indicators of globalization

Indicators of globalization are signs or measures that

show how connected and interdependent countries are
becoming. These include things like the amount of
international trade, foreign investments, and the spread
of technology and culture across the world. NATURES OF GLOBALIZATION

• The emergence of globalization Liberalization:

is credited with the development It stands for the freedom of company owners to launch
any industry, trade, or business enterprise both
of the jet engine, the internet, e-
domestically and internationally.
books, e-banking, e-bike, the LRT,
the MRT, and other scientific and
Free trade:
technological advancements.
It calls for open trade relations between all countries. Each
• Similarly, environmental state protects its business and trade from expensive and
problems including air pollution, excessive regulatory and protective regimes while granting
global warming, cross-border MFN (most favored nation) status to other states.
water, and overfishing in the
ocean are related to Globalization of Economic Activity:
globalization. The domestic market and the global market both have an
• Economics, socio-cultural impact on economic activity. It refers to the procedure of
connecting the domestic economy with the global economy.
resources, business and work
structure, as well as the natural
Liberalization of Import-Export System:
environment, are all impacted by
It stands for assuring a free flow of commodities and
and aected by the processes
services across borders and liberating import-export
of globalization. activity.
 GDP Increase
Privatization:
• Global trade and investment contribute to the economic
Preventing the government from owning the means of
growth of countries, raising their Gross Domestic Product
production and distribution and allowing open cross-
(GDP).
border trade and economic activity.
Free Trade
Increased Collaborations:
• Globalization encourages the reduction of trade
Encouraging the entrepreneurial community to work
barriers, allowing goods and services to flow more freely
together in order to ensure quick modernization,
between nations.
development, and technological improvement.
Travel and Tourism
Economic Reforms:
• It makes it easier and more aordable for people to
Encouraging financial and fiscal reforms with the goal
travel and experience dierent parts of the world.
of strengthening free trade, independent business,
and market forces.
External Borrowing
• Countries can access international financial markets to
borrow money, which can be used for development and
Advantages of globalization
infrastructure projects.

Peaceful Relations Disadvantages of globalization

• Globalization fosters diplomatic and economic ties
between countries, reducing the likelihood of conflict. Health Issues
• The spread of diseases can be accelerated by increased
Employment
global travel and trade.
• Globalization creates job opportunities through
foreign investments and expanded markets.
Loss of Culture
Education • Globalization can lead to cultural homogenization, where
• It promotes access to global knowledge and local traditions and languages may be overshadowed by
educational resources, enhancing learning dominant global cultures.
opportunities worldwide.
Uneven Wealth Distribution
Product Quality • The benefits of globalization are oen unevenly
• Competition on a global scale drives companies to
distributed, leading to greater income inequality both
improve the quality of their products.
within and between countries.
Cheaper Prices
• Increased trade and competition oen lead to Environmental Degradation
lower prices for goods and services. • Increased industrial activity and global trade can lead
to environmental harm, including pollution and resource
Communication depletion.
• Advances in communication technology, driven by
globalization, make it easier to connect with people Conflicts
worldwide. • Economic and cultural dierences can lead to conflicts
and tensions between countries or communities.
Transportation
• Globalization improves transportation
infrastructure, making it faster and cheaper to Cut-throat Competition
move people and goods. • Global competition can drive down wages and working
conditions as companies seek to cut costs and remain
competitive.
 Importance of globalization

Building Connections
• It fosters relationships and networks between
people, businesses, and countries, promoting
collaboration and understanding.

Integrating Local Economies

• It helps local economies expand into the broader
international marketplace, providing new
opportunities for trade and investment.

Improving Lifestyles
• Globalization enhances living standards by
increasing access to goods, services, and
technology, leading to beer quality of life.