OFDM AND OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION

Abhishek Gupta (06102298)

Supervised By: Mr. Ashish Goel

May - 2010 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

CHAPTER 1

Probability Distributions
1.1 Weibull distribution In probability theory and statistics, the Weibull distribution [1] is a continuous probability distribution. The probability density function of a Weibull random variable x

is: where k > 0 is the shape parameter and > 0 is the scale parameter of the distribution. Its complementary cumulative distribution function is a stretched exponential function. The Weibull distribution is related to a number of other probability distributions; in particular, it interpolates between the exponential distribution (k = 1) .

Fig 1.1,Weibull probability distribution function

Probability Distributions 1.2 Normal Distribution In probability theory and statistics, the normal distribution [2] or Gaussian distribution is a continuous probability distribution that often gives a good description of data that cluster around the mean. The graph of the associated probability density function is bell-shaped, with a peak at the mean, and is known as the Gaussian function or bell curve. Probablity distribution of Normal distribution of random variable x whose mean is and variance is given by:

Fig 1.2,Normal probability distribution function

Probability Distributions 1.3 Gamma Distribution In probability theory and statistics, the gamma distribution [3] is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions. It has a scale parameter and a shape parameter k. The gamma distribution is frequently a probability model for waiting times; for instance, in life testing, the waiting time until death is a random variable that is frequently modeled with a gamma distribution. The probability density function of the gamma distribution can be expressed in terms of the gamma function parameterized in terms of a shape parameter k and scale parameter . Both k and will be positive values. The equation defining the probability density function of a gamma-distributed random variable x is

i If is a positive integer, then

Fig 1.3, Gamma Probability Distribution Function

Probability Distributions 4 Exponential Distribution In probability theory and statistics, the exponential distributions [4] are a class of continuous probability distributions. They describe the times between events in a Poisson process, i.e. a process in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate. Probability distribution for random variable x is given by:

Here > 0 is the parameter of the distribution, often called the rate parameter.

Fig 1.4, Exponential probability distribution function

Probability Distributions 1.5 Rayleigh Distribution In probability theory and statistics, the Rayleigh distribution [5] is a continuous probability distribution. As an example of how it arises, the wind speed will have a Rayleigh distribution if the components of the two-dimensional wind velocity vector are uncorrelated and normally distributed with equal variance. The distribution is named after Lord [Link] Rayleigh probability density function is

Fig 1.5,Rayleigh Probability Distribution Function

Probability Distributions .6 Rician Distribution In probability theory and statistics, the Rice distribution or Rician distribution [6], named after Stephen O. Rice, is a continuous probability distribution. The probability density function is

Fig 1.6, Probability Distribution function

CHAPTER 2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

2.1 OFDM Definition Orthogonal frequency-division

multiplexing

(OFDM)

is

frequency-division

multiplexing (FDM) scheme utilized as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry data. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier. Each subcarrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

2.2 OFDM History

The concept of using parallel data transmission by means of frequency division multiplexing (FDM) was published in mid 60s. Some early development can be traced back in the 50s. A U.S. patent was filled and issued in January, 1970. The idea was to use parallel data streams and FDM with overlapping subchannels to avoid the use of high speed equalization and to combat impulsive noise, and multipath distortion as well as to fully use the available bandwidth. The initial applications were in the military communications. In the telecommunications field, the terms of discrete multi-tone (DMT), multichannel modulation and multicarrier modulation (MCM) are widely used and sometimes they are interchangeable with OFDM. In OFDM, each carrier is orthogonal to all other carriers. However, this condition is not always maintained in MCM. OFDM is an optimal version of multicarrier transmission schemes.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

2.3 ORTHOGONALITY
The orthogonality [9] of the carriers means that each carrier has an integer number of cycles over a symbol period. Due to this, the spectrum of each carrier has a null at the centre frequency of each of the other carriers in the system. This results in no interference between the carriers, allowing them to be spaced as close as theoretically possible. This overcomes the problem of overhead carrier spacing required in FDMA. Each carrier in an OFDM signal has a very narrow bandwidth (i.e. 1 kHz), thus the resulting symbol rate is low. This results in the signal having a high tolerance to multipath delay spread, as the delay spread must be very long to cause significant inter-symbol interference (e.g. > 100 ms).

Fig 2.1,Frequency Response Of OFDM transmitted signal

2.4 Why We Need OFDM ?

In FDMA each user is typically allocated a single channel, which is used to transmit all the user information. The bandwidth of each channel is typically 10kHz-30kHz for voice communications. However, the minimum required bandwidth for speech is only 3kHz. The allocated bandwidth is made wider then the minimum amount required to prevent channels from interfering with one another. This extra bandwidth is to allow for signals from neighboring channels to be filtered out, and to allow for any drift in the centre frequency of the transmitter or receiver. In a typical system up to 50% of the total spectrum is wasted due to the extra spacing between channels. This problem becomes worse as the channel bandwidth becomes narrower, and the frequency band increases. 8

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing TDMA partly overcomes this problem by using wider bandwidth channels, which are used by several users. Multiple users access the same channel by transmitting in their data in time slots. Thus, many low data rate users can be combined together to transmit in a single channel that has a bandwidth sufficient so that the spectrum can be used efficiently. There are however, two main problems with TDMA. There is an overhead associated with the change over between users due to time slotting on the channel. A change over time must be allocated to allow for any tolerance in the start time of each user, due to propagation delay variations and synchronization errors. This limits the number of users that can be sent efficiently in each channel. In addition, the symbol rate of each channel is high (as the channel handles the information from multiple users) resulting in problems with multipath delay spread. OFDM overcomes most of the problems with both FDMA and TDMA. OFDM splits the available bandwidth into many narrow band channels (typically 100-8000). The carriers for each channel are made orthogonal to one another, allowing them to be spaced very close together, with no overhead as in the FDMA example. Because of this there is no great need for users to be time multiplex as in TDMA, thus there is no overhead associated with switching between users. 2.4.1 Comparison Of Bandwidth Of FDM and OFDM

Fig2.2 [11]

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

2.5 OFDM Model Used

Fig2.3,OFDM Communication Block

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM model comprises of following parts-: 1) OFDM transmitter 2) Channel 3) OFDM Receiver

2.5.1 OFDM transmitter: The transmitter section converts digital data to be

transmitted, into a mapping of subcarrier amplitude and phase. It then transforms this spectral representation of the data into the time domain using an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). It comprises of following blocks-:

1) Serial to Parallel converter-: As our channel is divided in into various sub channel
and data to be transferred is loaded on these channel so we required to convert our serial data into parallel streams one for each sub channel.

2) Differential modulation-: Once each subcarrier has been allocated bits for
transmission, they are mapped using a modulation scheme to a subcarrier amplitude and phase, which is represented by complex In-phase and Quadrature-phase (IQ) vector.

3) Inverse Fourier transform-:An IFFT is required to convert data into time domain as
physical signal you transmit must be in the time domain.

4) Guard Band-: In OFDM the system bandwidth is broken up into N subcarriers,

resulting in symbol rate that is Nc times lower than the single carrier transmission. This low symbol rate makes OFDM naturally resistant to effects of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) caused by multipath propagation. Multipath propagation is caused by the radio transmission signal reflecting off objects in the propagation environment, such as walls, buildings, mountains, etc. These multiple signals arrive at the receive at different times due to the transmission distances being different. In multipath environments ISI causes spreading of the energy between the symbols, resulting in transient changes in the amplitude and phase of the subcarrier at the start of the symbol. The transient signal is a result of each multipath component arriving at slightly different times, changing the received subcarrier vector. Adding a guard period allows time for the transient part of the

11

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing signal to decay, so that the FFT is taken from a steady state portion of the symbol. This eliminates the effect of ISI. Mathematical Equations Transmitted data: OFDM symbol starting at t=

can be written as-:

=Number of subcarrier T=symbol duration =Complex Modulated Symbol =Carrier frequency Generation of time domain signal using IFFT: The IFFT of transmitted signal is given by:

2.5.2 OFDM Channel-: A channel model is then applied to the transmitted signal. The
model allows for the signal to noise ratio, multipath, and peak power clipping to be controlled. The signal to noise ratio is set by adding a known amount of white noise to the transmitted signal. Multipath delay spread then added by simulating the delay spread using an FIR filter. The length of the FIR filter represents the maximum delay spread, while the coefficient amplitude represents the reflected signal magnitude. 12

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

2.5.3 OFDM Receiver-: The receiver basically does the reverse operation to the
transmitter. The guard period is removed. The FFT of each symbol is then taken to find the original transmitted spectrum. The phase angle of each transmission carrier is then evaluated and converted back to the data word by demodulating the received phase. The data words are then combined back to the same word size as the original data.

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CHAPTER 3 FADING

3.1 FADING In wireless communications, fading[13] is deviation of the attenuation that a carriermodulated telecommunication signal experiences over certain propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position and/or radio frequency, and is often modeled as a random process. A fading channel is a communication channel that experiences fading. In wireless systems, fading may either be due to multipath propagation, referred to as multipath induced fading, or due to shadowing from obstacles affecting the wave propagation, sometimes referred to as shadow fading.

3.2 FADING IN A WIRELESS ENVIRONMENT Radio waves propagate from a transmitting antenna and travel through free space undergoing absorption, reflection, refraction, diffraction, and scattering. They are greatly affected by the ground terrain, the atmosphere, and the objects in their path, such as buildings, bridges, hills, and trees. These multiple physical phenomena are responsible for most of the characteristic features of the received signal. In most of the mobile or cellular systems, the height of the mobile antenna may be smaller than the surrounding structures. Thus, the existence of a direct or line-of-sight (LOS) path between the transmitter and the receiver is highly unlikely. In such a case, propagation comes from reflection and scattering from the buildings and diffraction over or around them. Thus, in practice, the transmitted signal arrives at the receiver via several paths, with different time delays creating a multipath situation.

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FADING

Fig 3.1, Multipath Propogation [13] At the receiver, these multipath waves with randomly distributed amplitudes and phases combine to give a resultant signal that fluctuates in time and space. Therefore, a receiver at one location may have a signal that is much different from the signal at another location only a short distance away because of the change in the phase relationship among the incoming radio waves. This situation causes significant fluctuations in the signal amplitude. This phenomenon of random fluctuations in the received signal level is termed as fading. Whereas the short-term fluctuation in the signal amplitude caused by the local multipath is called small-scale fading[13], and is observed over distances of about half a wavelength, long-term variation in the mean signal level is called large-scale fading. The latter effect is a result of movement over distances large enough to cause gross variations in the overall path between the transmitter and the receiver. Large-scale fading is also known as shadowing because these variations in the mean signal level are caused by the mobile unit moving into the shadow of surrounding objects, such as buildings and hills. Because of multipath, a moving receiver can experience several fades in a very short duration. In a more serious case, the vehicle may stop at a location where

15

FADING the signal is in deep fade; in such a situation, maintaining good communication becomes an issue of great concern. Small-scale fading can be further classified as flat or frequency selective, and slow or fast. A received signal is said to undergo flat fading if the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and a linear phase response over a bandwidth larger than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal. Under these conditions, the received signal has amplitude fluctuations as a result of the variations in the channel gain over time caused by multipath. However, the spectral characteristics of the transmitted signal remain intact at the receiver. If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth smaller than that of the transmitted signal, the transmitted signal is said to undergo frequency selective fading. In this case, the received signal is distorted and dispersed because it consists of multiple versions of the transmitted signal, attenuated and delayed in time. The result is time dispersion of the transmitted symbols within the channel arising from these different time delays bringing about intersymbol interference (ISI) [13]. When there is relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver, Doppler spread is introduced in the received signal spectrum, causing frequency dispersion. If the Doppler spread is significant relative to the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, the received signal is said to undergo fast fading. This form of fading typically occurs for very low data rates. However, if the Doppler spread of the channel is much less than the bandwidth of the baseband signal, the signal is said to undergo slow fading. The work reported here will be confined to flat fading.

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FADING

3.3 Fading basic terms

3.3.1 Doppler spread When a user (or reflectors in its environment) is moving, the users velocity causes a shift in the frequency of the signal transmitted along each signal path. This phenomenon is known as the Doppler shift. Signals travelling along different paths can have different Doppler shifts, corresponding to different rates of change in phase. The difference in Doppler shifts between different signal components contributing to a single fading channel tap is known as the Doppler spread[13]. Channels with a large Doppler spread have signal components that are each changing independently in phase over time. 3.3.2 Coherence Time The coherence time [13] is a measure of the minimum time required for the magnitude change of the channel to become uncorrelated from its previous value. 3.3.3 Coherence bandwidth As the carrier frequency of a signal is varied, the magnitude of the change in amplitude will vary. The coherence bandwidth [13] measures the separation in frequency after which two signals will experience uncorrelated fading. 3.4 Slow versus fast fading The terms slow and fast fading refer to the rate at which the magnitude and phase change imposed by the channel on the signal changes. The coherence time is a measure of the minimum time required for the magnitude change of the channel to become uncorrelated from its previous value.

Slow fading arises when the coherence time of the channel is large relative to the delay constraint of the channel. In this regime, the amplitude and phase change imposed by the channel can be considered roughly constant over the period of

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FADING use. Slow fading can be caused by events such as shadowing, where a large obstruction such as a hill or large building obscures the main signal path between the transmitter and the receiver..

Fast fading occurs when the coherence time of the channel is small relative to the delay constraint of the channel. In this regime, the amplitude and phase change imposed by the channel varies considerably over the period of use.

3.5 Flat versus frequency-selective fading In flat fading [13] , the coherence bandwidth of the channel is larger than the bandwidth of the signal. Therefore, all frequency components of the signal will experience the same magnitude of fading.
In frequency-selective fading, the coherence bandwidth of the channel is smaller

than the bandwidth of the signal. Different frequency components of the signal therefore experience decorrelated fading Since different frequency components of the signal are affected independently, it is highly unlikely that all parts of the signal will be simultaneously affected by a deep fade. Certain modulation schemes such as OFDM and CDMA are well-suited to employing frequency diversity to provide robustness to fading. OFDM divides the wideband signal into many slowly modulated narrowband subcarriers, each exposed to flat fading rather than frequency selective fading 3.6 Fading model

Rayleigh fading Rician fading Nakagami fading Weibull fading

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FADING 3.6.1 Rayleigh Fading The mobile antenna, instead of receiving the signal over one LOS path, receives a number of reflected and scattered waves. Because of the varying path lengths, the phases are random and, consequently, the instantaneous received power becomes a random variable. In the case of an unmodulated carrier, the transmitted signal at frequency wc reaches the receiver via a number of paths, the Ith path having an amplitude ai and a phase i. If it is assumed that there is no direct path or LOS component, the received signal s(t) can be expressed as

where N is the number of paths. The phase depends on the varying path lengths, changing by when the path length changes by a wavelength. Therefore, the phases are uniformly distributed over [0,2 ].When there is relative motion between the transmitter and the receiver, Eq must be modified to include the effects of motion-induced frequency and phase shifts. The ith reflected wave with amplitude and phase arrive at the receiver from an angle relative to the direction of motion of the antenna. The Doppler shift of this wave is given by

Where v is the velocity of the mobile, c is the speed of light (3 *10 m/s),and is are uniformly distributed over[ 0,2]. The received signal can now be written as:

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FADING

Expressing the signal in in phase and quadrature form:

Where the in phase and quadrature components are respectively given as

3.6.2 Rician Fading The Rician distribution [13] is observed when, in addition to the multipath components, there exists a direct path between the transmitter and the receiver. In the presence of such a path, the transmitted signal can be written as

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CHAPTER 4 CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES

4.1 Least Square Technique The method of least squares [7] is a standard approach to the approximate solution of over determined systems, i.e. sets of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns. "Least squares" means that the overall solution minimizes the sum of the squares of the errors made in solving every single equation. The least-squares line uses a straight line y=a+bx to approximate the given set of data ( ), ),., where . The best

fitting curve f(x) has the least square error, i.e.,

Please note that a and b are unknown coefficients while all

and

are given. To obtain

the least square error, the unknown coefficients a and b must yield zero first derivatives.

21

CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES Expanding the above equations, we have:

The unknown coefficients a and b can therefore be obtained:

stands for

Fig 4.1, Least square technique [7] 22

CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES 4.2 Mean Square Technique In statistics, the mean square error or MSE [8] of an estimator is one of many ways to quantify the difference between an estimator and the true value of the quantity being estimated. MSE measures the average of the square of the "error." The error is the amount by which the estimator differs from the quantity to be estimated. The difference occurs because of randomness or because the estimator doesn't account for information that could produce a more accurate estimate. The MSE of an estimator with respect to the estimated parameter is defined

The MSE is equal to the sum of the variance and the squared bias of the estimator

The MSE thus assesses the quality of an estimator in terms of its variation and unbiasedness 4.3 Minimum mean square technique In statistics and signal processing, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator describes the approach which minimizes the mean square error (MSE), which is a common measure of estimator quality. MSE = E[(X - c)] the value of c that will minimize the MSE. c=E[x] is the choice that minimizes the MSE. The MSE is then called the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and is clearly equal to the variance of X. 23

CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES

4.4 Interpolation Techniques Interpolation is the process of using known data values to estimate unknown data values. Various interpolation techniques are often used in channel estimation . One of the simplest methods, linear interpolation, requires knowledge of two points and the constant rate of change between them. With this information, you may interpolate values anywhere between those two points.

4.4.1 Linear Interpolation Linear interpolation is a simple technique used to estimate unknown values that lie between known values. The concept of linear interpolation relies on the assumption that the rate of change between the known values is constant and can be calculated from these values using a simple slope formula. Then, an unknown value between the two known points can be calculated using one of the points and the rate of change. Generally, linear interpolation takes two data points, say ( , interpolant is given by: ) and ( ), and the

at the point (x,y)

Linear interpolation is quick and easy, but it is not very precise.

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CHAPTER 5 OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION

5.1 OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION A wideband radio channel is normally frequency selective and time [Link] an OFDM mobile communication system, the channel transfer function at different subcarriers appears unequal in both frequency and time domains. Therefore, a dynamic estimation of the channel is necessary. Pilot-based approaches are widely used to estimate the channel properties and correct the received signal. In this chapterwe have investigated two types of pilot arrangements.

Fig5.1,Block type pilot arrangement

Fig5.2,Comb type pilot arrangement

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OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION

The first kind of pilot arrangement shown in Figure 5.1 is denoted as block-type pilot arrangement. The pilot signal assigned to a particular OFDM block, which is sent periodically in time-domain. This type of pilot arrangement is especially suitable for slow-fading radio channels. Because the training block contains all pilots, channel interpolation in frequency domain is not required. Therefore, this type of pilot arrangement is relatively insensitive to frequency selectivity. The second kind of pilot arrangement shown in Figure 5.2 is denoted as comb-type pilot arrangement. The pilot arrangements are uniformly distributed within each OFDM block. Assuming that the payloads of pilot arrangements are the same, the comb-type pilot arrangement has a higher re-transmission rate. Thus the comb-type pilot arrangement system is provides better resistance to fast-fading channels. Since only some sub-carriers contain the pilot signal, the channel response of non-pilot sub-carriers will be estimated by interpolating neighboring pilot sub-channels. Thus the comb-type pilot arrangement is sensitive to frequency selectivity when comparing to the block-type pilot arrangement system. 5.2 CHANNEL ESTIMATION BASED ON BLOCK-TYPE PILOT ARRANGEMENT
In block-type pilot-based [15] channel estimation, as shown in Figure 5.1, OFDM channel estimation symbols are transmitted periodically, and all subcarriers are used as pilots. The task here is to estimate the channel conditions (specified by by vector ) and received signals (specified by or ) given the pilot signals (specified

), with or without using certain knowledge of

the channel statistics. The receiver uses the estimated channel conditions to decode the received data inside the block until the next pilot symbol arrives. The estimation can be based on least square (LS), minimum mean-square error (MMSE), and modified MMSE. If inter symbol interference is eliminated by the guard interval, we write in matrix notation: Y=XFh+ W = XH +W Where,

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OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION 5.2.1 Least Square Error (LSE) Estimation We have to minimize

For minimization of J we have to differentiate J with respect to H

Where H = Transfer Function

5.2.2Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Estimation MSE (mean square error) is expresses as

Frequency domain estimate of H is given by

Time domain estimate of h is given by \

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OFDM CHANNEL ESTIMATION

5.3 CHANNEL ESTIMATION BASED ON COMB-TYPE PILOT ARRANGEMENT In comb-type[16] based channel estimation, the Np pilot signals are uniformly inserted into X(k) according to following equation: L = number of carriers/Np xp(m) is the mth pilot carrier value We define {Hp(k) k = 0, 1, . . . Np} as the frequency response of the channel at pilot sub-carriers. The estimate of the channel at pilot sub-carriers based on LS estimationis given by:

Yp(k) and Xp(k) are output and input at the kth pilot sub-carrier respectively. Since LS estimate is susceptible to noise and ICI, MMSE is proposed while compromising complexity. Since MMSE includes the matrix inversion in each iteration, the simplified linear MMSE estimator is suggested in which the inverse is only needed to be calculated once.

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CHAPTER 6 Simulation Results

6.1 OFDM simulation results Number of Symbols taken =10000 IFFT =1024 point Modulation Scheme : Differential Modulation SNR was varied from 1 db to 12 db. The model followed is shown in figure 2.3 chapter 2 Received bits were compared with the transmitted bits and BER curve was obtained.

Fig 6.1, OFDM Transmitted data

29

Simulation Results

Fig6.2,OFDM Received data in Polar Form

Fig6.3, Bit error rate plot 30

Simulation Results 6.2 Fading Model Simulation Results The Mathematical equations followed for implementation are mentioned in chapter 3 under heading 3.6.1. Two cases were considered . 1) Stationary Mobile 2) Mobile moving at a speed of 25 m/sec. In this case Doppler effect will come into consideration For both the cases the carrier frequency was taken to be 900 MHz and the number of paths were varied from 4 to 40.

Fig 6.4, Rf Signal for stationary mobile in Rayleigh Fading model

31

Simulation Results

Fig 6.5 RF Signals for mobile moving at velocity 25 m/sec in Rayleigh Fading Model

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Simulation Results 6.3 LS Technique Implementation Least Square Technique was implemented. Four random data points were taken and a equation of line was generated such that the sum of squares of error of these data points from the line is least.

Title : plot of LS technique

Fig 6.6,LS technique implementation

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Simulation Results 6.4 OFDM channel estimation using LS estimation technique Number of Subcarriers : 64 Number of iteration per SNR :200 Procedure for LS Estimation A channel was assumed and channel matrix was generated. Modulation Scheme used is BPSK. For LS estimation H was calculated as shown below.

Expected Transmitted data were calculated using X(expected)= Inv(H) * Y Where Y was Received data This X(Expected) was compared with Generated data that was transmitted and a plot of Symbol Error Rate Vs Signal to Noise Ratio was obtained

Fig 6.7,Plot of SER vs SNR for LS estimation 6.5 OFDM Channel Estimation using MMSE Technique For MMSE Technique the transfer function was calculated using the formula

34

Simulation Results

Where Ryy = Auto-covariance matrix of Y Y = Received Data matrix RhY = Cross- Covariance matrix between h and Y h = Impulse response of the channel Expected Transmitted data were calculated using X(expected)= Inv(H) * Y Where Y was Received data This X(Expected) was compared with Generated data that was transmitted and a plot of Symbol Error Rate Vs Signal to Noise Ratio was obtained

Fig 6.8,Plot of SER VS SNR for MMSE estimation technique

35

Simulation Results 6.6 Comparison of LS and MMSE Technique Signal Error Rate Vs Signal to Noise Ratio was compared for LS technique and MMSE technique. MMSE Techniques was found to be better than LS technique. For a given SNR Value of SER for LS technique was more than MMSE.

Fig 6.9,Comaprison of SER vs SNR plot for LS and MMSE

36

Conclusion OFDM Model was implemented and Various Fading Models were Studied. Bit Error rate plot was studied for OFDM Model. Effect of Fading on signal was studied and Rayleigh Model was implemented with Doppler spread and without Doppler spread. Channel Implementation was studied and LS technique and MMSE technique were implemented. Signal Error Rate Vs SNR plot was implemented and compared for both the techniques and it was found that the MMSE technique is better than LS technique LS Estimation technique is susceptible to noise and inter carrier interference, so MMSE is proposed while compromising complexity since MMSE includes Matrix Inversion at each iteration.

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Appendix

Equations used 1 OFDM 1.1 Transmitted data: OFDM symbol starting at t=

can be written as-:

=Number of subcarrier T=symbol duration =Complex Modulated Symbol =Carrier frequency 1.2 Generation of time domain signal using IFFT: The IFFT of transmitted signal is given by:

Channel Estimation

2.1 Channel estimation Using LS technique Transfer Function for channel is given by-:

Where X=Transmitted data matrix Y=Received data matrix 38

Appendix

2.2 Channel estimation using MMSE technique Transfer Function for channel is given by-:

Where RhY =Cross -Covariance matrix of G(impulse response of channel) RYY= Auto-covariance matrix of g Y=Received data matrix

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REFERENCES [1] [Link] [2] [Link] [3] [Link] [4] [Link] [5] [Link] [6] [Link] [7] [Link] [8] [Link] [9] Savo Glisic Advanced Wireless Communications 4G Technologies , John Wiley & Sons Ltd , 2004 [10] [Link] and S. Kaiser Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems , John Wiley & Sons Ltd , 2003 [11] Henrik Schulze and Christian Luders Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA wideband wireless communications , John Wiley & Sons Ltd , 2005 [12] Ramjee Prasad Ofdm for wireless communication systems , Artech House, Inc. Boston London,2004
[13] Gayatri S. Prabhu and P. Mohana Shankar, Senior Member, IEEE , Simulation of Flat

Fading Using MATLAB , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, VOL. 45, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2002 [14] MEHMET KEMAL OZDEMIR, LOGUS BROADBAND WIRELESS SOLUTIONS, INC. AND HUSEYIN ARSLAN, Channel Estimation For Wireless OFDM Systems,IEEE Communications Surveys ,2ND QUARTER 2007, VOLUME 9, NO. 2. [15] Seongwook Songand and Andrew [Link], Pilot Aided OFDM Channel Estimation in Presence of the Guard Band IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 55, NO. 8, AUGUST 2007 [16] Athina Petropulu , Ruifeng Zhang, Member, IEEE, and Rui Lin Blind OFDM Channel Estimation through Simple Linear Processing , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, MARCH 2004 40

[17]AleksandarJeremic,[Link],Member,IEEE,andAryeNehorai,Fellow,IEEE, OFDM Channel Estimation in presence of Interference ,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 52, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2004 [18] Zhengdao Wang, Member, IEEE, Xiaoli Ma, Member, IEEE, and Georgios B. Giannakis, Fellow, IEEE OFDM or Single-Carrier Block Transmissions, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 52, NO. 3, MARCH 2004

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic
Certificate from the supervisor Acknowledgement Summary List of Figures Abstract

Page No.
III IV V VI VIII

Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3..3.2

Probability distribution Weibull Distribution Normal Distribution Gamma Distribution Exponential Distribution Rayleign Distribution Rician Distribution OFDM OFDM Definition OFDM History Orthogonality Why we need OFDM Comparison of bandwidth of OFDM and FDM OFDM Model Used OFDM Transmitter OFDM Receiver OFDM Channel Fading Fading definition Fading in wireless environment Fading Basic Terms Doppler spread Coherence Time 14 14 16 16 17 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 13 13 1 2 3 4 5 6

3..3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Coherence Bandwidth Slow vs Fast Fading Flat vs Frequency Selective Fading Fading Model Rayleigh Fading Rician Fading Channel Estimation Techniques Least Square Technique Mean Square Technique Minimum Mean Square Technique Interpolation Technique 4.4.1 Linear Interpolation Technique

17 17 18 18 18 20

21 23 23 24 24

Chapter 5 5.1 5.2

OFDM Channel Estimation OFDM channel estimation OFDM channel estimation based on block type pilot arrangement 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 Least Square Error (LSE) Estimation Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Estimation OFDM channel estimation based on comb type pilot arrangement 27 27 27 25 26

Chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

Simulation Results OFDM simulation result Fading Model Simulation Results Ls Technique Implementation OFDM Channel Estimation using lS method OFDM Channel Estimation using MMSE method Comparison of LS and MMSE Technique Conclusion Appendix Reference Resume 29 31 33 34 34 36 37 38 40

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work titled OFDM And OFDM Channel Estimation submitted by Abhishek Gupta (06102298) in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology of Jaypee Institute of Information Technology University, Noida has been carried out under my supervision. This work has not been submitted partially or wholly to any other University or Institute for the award of this or any other degree or diploma.

Signature of Supervisor Name of Supervisor Designation Date

: ____________________ : [Link] Goel : Senior Lecturer, Department of ECE :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express our gratitude towards our project supervisor Mr. Ashish Goel, Senior lecturer, Department of ECE for his ideas, encouragement and guidance in all phases of our project .He not only showed us the right direction but also tried to provide us with all the necessary resources. We are highly grateful for all the time and effort he has put in for discussions and reviews.

_____________________ Abhishk Gupta (6102298) Date:

SUMMARY

OFDM is becoming widely applied in wireless communications systems due to its high rate transmission [Link] has been used in digital audio broadcasting (DAB) systems, digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, digital subscriber line (DSL) standards, and wireless LAN standards such as the American IEEE Std. 802.11 (WiFi) and its European equivalent HIPRLAN/2. It has also been proposed for wireless broadband access standards such as IEEE Std. 802.16 (WiMAX) and as the core technique for the fourth-generation (4G) wireless mobile communications. with high bandwidth efficiency and its robustness with regard to multi-path fading and delay . The Project OFDM And OFDM Channel Estimation helped in learning about OFDM and its importance in forthcoming Technologies. The Bit Error Rate curve was simulated and attempt was made to send the bits with minimum error from transmitter to receiver. Channel Estimation is another important parameter. A procedure was studied and simulated to see the effect of channel on transmitted data.. The channel have some effect on the transmitted data and an attempt was made to study that effect.

The simulation were done in Matlab and results were studied.

_____________________ Abhishek Gupta (0612298) Date:

___________________ Mr Ashish Goel, Senior Lecturer, Department of ECE Date:

Figure No.
Chapter 1 Fig. 3.1 Fig 1.3

Topic
Probability distribution Plot of Weibull distribution Plot of Normal distributionn

Page No.
1 2

Fig 1.4 Fig 1.5 Fig 1.6 Fig 1.8 Chapter 2 Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3

Plot of Gamma distribution. Plot of exponential distribution Plot of Rayleigh distribution Plot of Recian distribution OFDM Frequency Response Of OFDM transmitted signal OFDM and FDM bandwidth comparison OFDM Communication Block
Multipath propogation Effect of multipath on transmitted signal

3 4 5 6

8 9 10 12 13

Chapter 3 Fig. 3.1 Chapter 4 Fig 4.1 Chapter 5 Fig 5.1 Fig 5.2

Fading Multipath Propogation OFDM Channel estimation technique Least Square technique Chanel Estimation Block type pilot arrangement Comb type pilot arrangement 25 25 22 15

Chapter 6

Simulation results

Fig6.1 Fig 6.2 Fig 6.3 Fig 6.4 Fig 6.4

Plot of OFDM Transmitted data Plot of OFDM Received data Bit error rate plot Plot of Power Spectral density Rf Signal for stationary mobile in Rayleigh Fading model RF Signals for mobile moving at velocity 25 m/sec in Rayleigh Fading Model Ls Technique Implementation Plot of SER vs SNR for ls estimation Plot of SER VS SNR for MMSE estimation technique Comaprison of SER vs SNR plot for lS and MMSE

29 29 30 30 31

Fig 6.5 Fig 6.6 Fig 6.7 Fig 6.8 Fig 6.9

31

33 34 35

36

ABSTRACT

In FDMA each user is typically allocated a single channel, which is used to transmit all the user information. The bandwidth of each channel is typically 10kHz-30kHz for voice communications. However, the minimum required bandwidth for speech is only 3kHz. The allocated bandwidth is made wider then the minimum amount required to prevent channels from interfering with one another. This extra bandwidth is to allow for signals from neighbouring channels to be filtered out, and to allow for any drift in the centre frequency of the transmitter or receiver. In a typical system up to 50% of the total spectrum is wasted due to the extra spacing between channels. This problem becomes worse as the channel bandwidth becomes narrower, and the frequency band increases. There are two main problems with TDMA. There is an overhead associated with the change over between users due to time slotting on the channel. A change over time must be allocated to allow for any tolerance in the start time of each user, due to propagation delay variations and synchronization errors. This limits the number of users that can be sent efficiently in each channel. In addition, the symbol rate of each channel is high (as the channel handles the information from multiple users) resulting in problems with multipath delay spread. OFDM overcomes most of the problems with both FDMA and TDMA. OFDM splits the available bandwidth into many narrow band channels (typically 100-8000). The carriers for each channel are made orthogonal to one another, allowing them to be spaced very close together, with no overhead

as in the FDMA example. Because of this there is no great need for users to be time multiplex as in TDMA, thus there is no overhead associated with switching between users. This report contains knowledge about OFDM and also how to estimate channel. Various parameter are considered that effect the transmitted data in real life. The report also contains some knowledge about fading and how it effects the transmitted data