Given Data
Let's first list all the provided parameters:
| **Parameter | **Symbol** | **Value** | **Units** |
|----------------------------------|---------------|--------------------|-----------------------|
| Compressor Pressure Ratio | \( PR \) | 20 | (dimensionless) |
| Inlet Total Temperature | \( T_0 \) | 390 | °R (Rankine) |
| Ratio of Specific Heats | \( \gamma \) | 1.4 | (dimensionless) |
| Specific Heat at Constant Pressure | \( c_p \) | 0.24 | Btu/(lbm·°R) |
| Fuel Heating Value | \( h_{PR} \) | 18,400 | Btu/lbm |
| Turbine Inlet Temperature | \( T_{t4} \) | 3,000 | °R (Rankine) |
| Gravitational Constant | \( g_c \) | 32.174 | lbm·ft/(lbf·s²) |
Assumptions:
1. **Ideal Turbojet Engine**: No losses due to friction, heat transfer, or other inefficiencies.
2. **Inlet Velocity**: \( V_0 = 0 \) ft/s (for simplicity).
3. **Steady-State Operation**: All properties are constant over time.
4. **Ideal Gas Behavior**: Air behaves as an ideal gas throughout the process.
1. Calculating the Temperature After the Compressor (\( T_{t2} \))
The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the incoming air. For an **isentropic
(ideal)** compression process, the relationship between temperature and pressure is given by:
T_{t2} = T_0 \times PR^{\frac{\gamma - 1}{\gamma}}
Step-by-Step Calculation:
1. Compute the Exponent:
\frac{\gamma - 1}{\gamma} = \frac{1.4 - 1}{1.4} =
\frac{0.4}{1.4} \approx 0.2857
2. Calculate \( PR^{\frac{\gamma - 1}{\gamma}} \):
20^{0.2857} \approx 2.357
3. Determine \( T_{t2} \):
T_{t2} = 390 \times 2.357 \approx 919.2 \text{ °R}
\]
2. Determining the Work Done by the Compressor (\( W_c \))
The work input required by the compressor per unit mass flow rate is:
W_c = c_p \times (T_{t2} - T_0
Calculation:
W_c = 0.24 \times (919.2 - 390) =
0.24 \times 529.2 \approx 127.0 \text{ Btu/lbm}
3. Calculating the Temperature After Combustion (\( T_{t3} \))
In an ideal turbojet, the **turbine** provides exactly the work required by the compressor. Therefore:
\[
W_t = W_c
Where:
W_t = c_p \times (T_{t4} - T_{t3})
Setting \( W_t = W_c \):
c_p \times (T_{t4} - T_{t3}) =
c_p \times (T_{t2} - T_0)
\]
Simplifying:
\[
T_{t4} - T_{t3} = T_{t2} - T_0 \\
T_{t3} = T_{t4} - (T_{t2} - T_0)
Calculation:
T_{t3} = 3,000 - (919.2 - 390) =
3,000 - 529.2 = 2,470.8 \text{ °R}
4. Determining the Fuel-to-Air Ratio (\( f \))
The amount of fuel required per unit mass of air is determined by the energy balance in the combustor:
f \times h_{PR} = c_p \times (T_{t4} - T_0)
Solving for \( f \):
f = \frac{c_p \times (T_{t4} - T_0)}{h_{PR}}
Calculation:
1. **Compute the Temperature Rise:**
T_{t4} - T_0 = 3,000 - 390 = 2,610 \text{ °R}
2. **Calculate \( f \):**
f = \frac{0.24 \times 2,610}{18,400} = \frac{626.4}{18,400} \approx 0.03405 \text{ lbm fuel/lbm air}
Calculating the Exit Velocity (\( V_e \))**
The exit velocity of the jet is determined by the kinetic energy imparted to the exhaust gases. The
specific thrust is the momentum change per unit mass flow rate, which, under ideal conditions (\( V_0 =
0 \)), simplifies to \( V_e \).
The relationship between the kinetic energy and temperature rise is:
\frac{V_e^2}{2} = c_p \times (T_{t4} - T_0)
However, we need to ensure unit consistency. Here's how to proceed:
Unit Conversion:
1. Convert \( c_p \times \Delta T \) from Btu/lbm to ft²/s²:
1 \text{ Btu} = 778.169 \text{ ft·lbf} \\
1 \text{ lbf} = \frac{1 \text{ lbm} \cdot \text{ft}}{g_c \cdot \text{s}^2} = \frac{1 \text{ lbm} \cdot \text{ft}}
{32.174 \text{ lbm·ft/(lbf·s²)}} \\
\Rightarrow 1 \text{ Btu/lbm} = \frac{778.169}{32.174} \text{ ft²/s²} \approx 24.13 \text{ ft²/s² per
Btu/lbm}
\]
2. dompute \( c_p \times \Delta T \) in ft²/s²:
c_p \times \Delta T = 0.24 \times 2,610 = 626.4 \text{ Btu/lbm} \\
626.4 \times 24.13 \approx 15,102 \text{ ft²/s²}
\]
3. **Determine \( V_e \):**
\[
\frac{V_e^2}{2} = 15,102 \\
V_e^2 = 30,204 \\
V_e = \sqrt{30,204} \approx 173.8 \text{ ft/s}
\]
**Alternatively**, using the formula with unit conversion integrated:
\[
V_e = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times c_p \times (T_{t4} - T_0) \times 778.169}{g_c}}
\]
\[
V_e = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 0.24 \times 2,610 \times 778.169}{32.174}} \approx 173.8 \text{ ft/s}
\]
---
## **6. Calculating Specific Thrust (\( F/\dot{m}_0 \))**
Specific Thrust is defined as the thrust produced per unit mass flow rate of air:
\[
\frac{F}{\dot{m}_0} = V_e - V_0
\]
Given that \( V_0 = 0 \) (ideal case):
\[
\frac{F}{\dot{m}_0} = V_e = 173.8 \text{ ft/s}
\]
**However**, to express specific thrust in terms of force per unit mass flow rate (lbm/s), we need to
convert velocity to force units. Here's a more precise approach:
### **Using the Momentum Equation:**
In English units, specific thrust can be expressed as:
\[
\frac{F}{\dot{m}_0} = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times c_p \times T_{t4} \times \left(1 - \frac{1}{PR^{\frac{\gamma -1}
{\gamma}}}\right)}{g_c}}
Step-by-Step Calculation:
1. Compute \( PR^{\frac{\gamma -1}{\gamma}} \):
PR^{\frac{\gamma -1}{\gamma}} = 20^{0.2857} \approx 2.35
2. Calculate \( 1 - \frac{1}{PR^{\frac{\gamma -1}{\gamma}}} \):**
1 - \frac{1}{2.357} \approx 1 - 0.424 = 0.576
**Plug into the Specific Thrust Formula:**
\frac{F}{\dot{m}_0} = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 0.24 \times 3,000 \times 0.576}{32.174}} = sqrt{\frac{829.44}
{32.174}} \approx \sqrt{25.81} \approx 5.07 \text{ lbf/(lbm/s)}
Result:
\frac{F}{\dot{m}_0} \approx 5.07 \text{ lbf/(lbm/s)}
Determining Specific Fuel Consumption (\( S \))*
Specific Fuel Consumption measures the fuel efficiency of the engine, defined as the fuel flow rate per
unit of thrust:
S = \frac{\dot{f}}{F} = \frac{f}{F/\dot{m}_0}
S = \frac{0.03405}{5.07} \approx 0.00671 \text{ lbm fuel/(lbf·s)}
Summary of Results
| **Parameter** | **Symbol** | **Value** | **Units** |
|-----------------------------------|---------------|----------------------|-------------------------|
| Specific Thrust | \( F/\dot{m}_0 \) | 5.07 | lbf/(lbm/s) |
| Specific Fuel Consumption | \( S \) | 0.00671 | lbm fuel/(lbf·s) |
| Exit Velocity | \( V_e \) | 173.8 | ft/s |
| Fuel-to-Air Ratio | \( f \) | 0.03405 | lbm fuel/lbm air |
| Temperature After Compressor | \( T_{t2} \) | 919.2 | °R |
| Temperature After Combustion | \( T_{t3} \) | 2,470.8 | °R |
| Work Done by Compressor | \( W_c \) | 127.0 | Btu/lbm |
Conclusion
For the given ideal turbojet engine parameters:
- **Specific Thrust (\( F/\dot{m}_0 \))** is approximately **5.07 lbf/(lbm/s)**.
- **Specific Fuel Consumption (\( S \))** is approximately **0.00671 lbm fuel/(lbf·s)**.
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