Grants

a = (V , E )

self V= Set of vertices

loop
MV E =
Set of
edges
"

7¥18! !!:[ having

# !
directions

In degree :z ←

out
degree I
:

[ Parallel
Edges

[Link]?.m!iias;[Link]
¥1
① y
•
Without parallel edges

degree
a
:p;÷:: fire:{Imam
O O

①-20 Non -
connected Graph

2
components

0-20

i: ÷÷÷÷:÷
. .. .. . ."

connected components divide the into multiple

graph
components
 "
7¥: :O:c:c::c:* .im: imam
.

vertex
any
O O •
There is a
path between
every pair
of vertices

Path is
of vertices which
•

set are

connecting pair of vertices

Cycle is circular
path that is
•
a

starting from same vertex and

ending at same vertex

[Link]#e:cg::g:im-a
'

with
cycles
•
no

O O O These be
arranged linearly that
.
can such

edges forward direction

are
going in
only

- -
①

Topological ordering

REPRESENTAT10NOFUNDlRECTEDGRAP#
4)
Adjacency Matrix
(2)
Adjacency list
(3) Compact list

:/
ADJACENATR1X ADJACENsT
, z , y ,

①-

⑦ I O l l l O

I
:¥¥i¥ ¥¥¥
Z l O l O O l
-

21 -
3 I -
4 /

: : : : :
5×5 5 #-

⑤ I VI =
n = 5

I El = e = 7

( i ,j )

Afi ) (j) = I
 :/
(0STADJACENCYMAT ( Representation of
weight) C0STADJACE1ST

i 2 5
q
3 4
Add another area to node for
① ⑦ I 0 9 4 6 °
of

*Ets
weight edge

: : :O: :
\/
5 7

02
O O 2

7 5×5

I ⑤
of edge
weight

fiendish
en

compact

#i¥E
' ' ' '

[
' ' '

Ii T I T
Starting indexes

IVI t 21 Et t I

5 t 2×7 1- 1=20

20 1- I = 21

REPRESENTAT10NOFDlRECTEDGRAP#

/
ADJACENATR1X [Link]
, z , y

# t
O l O l

Ext : :
:÷ :
 BREADTH
#
FIRST SEARCH ( BlIs )

①-20 ① ① Multiple trees can be

generated from

1) / (/) (/) the

•
same

we can
graph
start from any
④-30 ⑦ ③ -
④ ① ⑤ ' vertex
ji
-

Ii

\/
-

/ /
- - - '
. . - - - -
. . . - -
- -
-- -
- - -

Each should be
'

i -
- •
veoten
-
. .

employed fully
. .
.
-
-
. -

⑤ ③ ⑤
. -
-

•
Dotted pink lines represent

✓) /) /) edges
cycle
that

called
make

cross
a

edges
complete

③ ⑦ ④ ① ⑦ ③ .
These trees are called

TREECE FREEL BFS Trees

Spanning

BFS TREE 1 : 1,2 , 3,4 , 5,6 , 7 11 Same as Level order Traversal in trees

BFS TREE 2 : 1,4 , 3,2 , 5,7 , G

c- Starting vertex

void BFS ( int i) 01h27 A 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7

{ o

int U ,
V
; I O l l l O O O

''
d );
point fl
"
i O l
I. ,
2 I O O O O

visited [i ) = l ; 3 l l O l l O O

); Y
enqueuelq ,
i l O l O l O O

5 O O l l O l l

while C ! is Empty ( q ) ) G O O O O l O O

{ 7 O O O O '
O O
←

✓ =
dequeuecq) ; Take out veoten from queue

For
scanning
row of
→ fool V= l ; Ve -
n ; Vtt ) Should not be

f
matrix visited
q
if ( Afv][D= -
-
I LL visited -43=-0 )
{

printfl div ) ; Queuqe I

"
i.

visited -43=1 ;

enquevelqiv) ;
} visited I
Toto
}
}
}
[Link]

Void DFS ( int u)

{
int v
;

if C visited Eu) ==
o )
{
"

print fl
"
t -
d ,
u ) ;

visited Eu ) = l
;

)
fool V= l
;
vs = n
; Vtt

{
if I A- CUT [D= =L Sd visited [ V ) ! = O)

DFS LV ) ;
}
}
}

SPANNlNG-REE#
and
Spanning tree is a sub
graph of a
graph having all vertices of a
graph IVI -
l
edges
and there should not be
any cycle .

x
: :*:
IVI = y

IE I = G

6
IE of
IC =

Cz ways or number

µ, ,
spanning trees
.

but not include trees

forming cycles
' F- '
Cw , -
,
-

cycles I
- 4 HIM this

en ample
MINIMUMCOSTSPANNINGTREEIF
weights edges
are added to of
graph ,
then the
spanning tree with minimum cost of

weights is called minimum tree

cost
spanning .

[Link]/NlMUMC0STSPANNlNGTRE# ( IVI -
l ) IE I

ne =
n x n

5 # 01h21

⑤ # ⑥ #
is
I 19 18
I ⑦ la
⑤
In ③ ⑤ ③
¥ ¥
Step : Select the
edge with least
weight along with its vertices

and
SP2 : Then compare the edges joined with the vertices select the one with least

weight along with its vertex

steps :
Repeat step 2 until
spanning tree is obtained

PR0GRAM-
cost o , z y 5 6 7
z

①
-

i÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
o

i i.
near
I

.
5

•
1
7

11 either of lower
Only or
upper triangular Motrin will be sufficient
 ← Largest possible integer value

# define I 32767

IInitialize as { I }
int cost [8) [83 ,
near [8 ] ,
t [23-16] ;

I Initialize as the ( Replace '

i
with
' I
'
)
void
{
main 17
given
matrin
) INITIAL
PROCEDURE

int i K V 7 min I
,j U - =
n
, , , , , ;

for ( it l
;
is -_
n
;
it t )

{ For matrix
-
< accessing upper triangular only
for Cj = i
;jc=n ; jtt )
{
if ( cost [ i )[j ) < min )

{
min = cost [ i ][j ) ;

u
-
- i , V=j ;
}

}
}

+ Eo][o) =
u ;
t [ DEO] = v
;

near [ D= near Ev ] - o
;

for Li l ; ien it -1 )
-

;
-

if ( near [ i] ! = o SS cost CITED a cost fi ) Ev) )

near Ei ) - u
;
else

}
near Ei ) =v
;
)

)
RECURSIVE
for ( i =
l ; i en -
l ; i + t )

{ PROCEDURE

min = I ;

for Lj = I
;jc=n ; jtt )
{
if ( near Ej ] ! -
- o SS cost [j3[ near 3) < min )

{
 min =
cost Cj ] [ near Ej ] ) ;

k=j ;
}
}

t [ o ) Ei ) =
k ;

t [ 1) Ci ) =
near Ek) ;
near Ek) = 0 ;

for (j l
; jc=n ; jet )
-
-

if ( near Cj ) ! = 0 Sd cost Ej ] The ] a cost Ej ] [ new Ej ) ) )

near [j ) =k ;

}
}

}
Point t ;
J
KRUSKAL 'S METHOD

FF
⑥ # ⑥ #
I
18
19 18
I ⑦ la
⑤
In ③ ⑤ ③
¥ ¥
Step : Select the
edge with least
weight along with its vertices

if it
ST : Select the next minimum
edge is not
forming a
cycle

DISJOINTSUBSETC consider its two subsets

U =
{ 1,2 , 3 ,
4 ,
5 , 6 ,
7
,
8
,
9 ,
to
} A =
{ 3 ,
5 , 9
}
B =
{ 4,7 , 8,10 }
11
A AB =p Disjoint subset
 A =
{ 3 ,
5 , 9
} B =
{ 4,7 , 8,10 }

③ ①
IT AT
⑤ ⑨ ① ④ ④

i
No of nodes in Rest are
representing parent
negative
( 4 nodes)
4 is
having
Representations

(1) Union
④ The parent with more number of nodes
\
① ④ ④
1
Ii-i .

⑤ ④
parent of nodes

t t
void Union ( int u , int v) ( 2) FINI
{
if l SED s SEV) ) int Find ( int u)

{ {

s Ev) =
Stu ] t SEV ) ; int n =
u
;
s Ev) =
u ;

} while ( s En] 70 )

else n = s Tn ) ;
{
vertices
s [v) = SEU ] + s Ev ) ; connecting while ( u ! =
n)

Sfu ) = V; directly {
} parent v = SEU ] ;
} s Ev) =
n ;
u = V
;
}
}
 ° ' 2 34 5 6 78
/j
µ ! ! !!! ! ! !!
o
,
I set

④ .

201 l "
edges i#7
⑤
if ③
⑦ included

t
[Link],
if p
① ③

# define I 32767

int edges [ 3) [ 9 ]
=
{ { I
,
I
, 2,2 ,
3 , 4,4 , 5,5 } ,
{ 2,6 , 3,7 ,
4
,
5
,
7 ,
6 ,
7
} ,

{ 25,5 , 12 , 10
,
18 , 16,14 , 20,18 } } ;

int set [ 8) =
{ -
I };
int included [9) =
{ o} ,
t [ 2) CG ) ;

void maine )

{
int i k 7 9
o
j e min v
= = =
, , ,
n
, , , u , ;

NO of vertices -
i

while ( i s n

{
min =
It
finding minimum for cost
edge
I
for lj=o;jce ; jet )
{
( included Cj ]==o edges [ 2) Ej ]
igf
SS a min )

[ 2) Cj ) ;
min =
edges
K -
-

j ;
u =
edges to ] Cj ] ;
✓ =
edges El ] [ j ] ;

}
}
 check if is
if l find ( u) ! =
find ( v) )
To
cycle
{ ←
forming or not

tEo3[ i ) -
u
;
t [ DED -

v
;
-

union I find ( u) , find (v) );

itt ;
}

included Ek ] =L
;
}

[Link]#
n
enact
we can
get
f ( ) Ei 1+2+3
nln 01h21 value
= =
n -

. . . . .
th =
←

÷ Enact value is

f ( n ) =
I ixzi not
possible that is simplified
i =L

So ,
we use
asymptotic notations

Lower Bound SL less than to

Omega or
equal
0
Upper Bound
Big 0 Greater than or
equal to

O
Tight Bound Theta equal