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Unit 2

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Unit 2

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hoanglynguyenomg
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Reading the News 1 ail UNIT 2 Climate Change PRE-READING TASKS, 1, Look at the words and check that you understand the meaning. With a partner, group them into different categories and think of a name for each category: migrate mate find food predators mammals_——_prey birds hhunt move leave have offspring caribou tundra rainfall snowfall sea ice temperature 2. Do you know 5 types of animals and their typical features? What are the reasons for animals to migrate? Share your understanding with your friend. READING FOCUS Focus on the newspaper: RECOGNIZING PATTERNS It is easier to understand an article if you notice the patterns in the text. The writer often uses linking words or discourse markers to show the connection between what has al- ready been said and what is going to be discussed. 1, Scan the text and highlight or underline the following words However (2) Typically Lastly Overall But 2. Math the words above with the following uses of discourse markers or a. emphasizes the contrast b. gives a counter-argument to a previous point ¢. introduces additional information 4, introduces the last argument . sums up the information Arctic Animals’ Movemen By Sofie Bates {For animals in the Aretic, life is a halancing act. Seasonal cues. such as ‘warmer spring temperatures or cooler temperatures in the fall, tell animals when to migrate, when to mate, and when and where to find food. Predators and prey. birds and mammals alike follow this natural schedule, and an overall shift of just a few days or weeks could have unknown impacts on these animals and ecosystems. 2 These changes in seasonal timing are already starting — although the shifts differ between species and populations ~ according to a new study published Nov. 5 in Science that was funded in part by the NASA Aretic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABOVE). The researchers analyzed data from the Arctic Animal ‘Movement Archive (AMA), a collection of data from more than 200 research studies tracking nearly a hundred species from 1991 to present, in combination with NASA temperature, rainfall, snowfall, and topographic data, They found that Arctic animals’ movement patterns are shifting in different ways, which could disrupt entire ecosystems. 3 “The Arctic is showing more extreme indications of climate change,” said Gil Bohrer, a professor and environmental engineer at Ohio State University in Columbus. Sea iee is shrinking, rainfall and snowfall are changing, and Arctic tundra is, tuming green in some places and brown in it Patterns are Shifting In Different Ways the Climate Changes Reading the November 30, 2929 + The team focused on three exam, a long-term study of eagle migratig massive study on caribou populations ‘a multi-species study focusing on seven predator and prey species. — 5 In the eagle study, the researc, analyzed when eagles left their winter grounds to fly north for the summer, ba. on National Occanie and Atmosp years to cause a shift of nearly two weeks “Basically, climate change is rushing th ‘was more pronounced for adult eagles juveniles, suggesting that the juvenilesm ‘be missing out on the mating season or th adults may be reaching their summering grounds before their food sources. «However, the researchers don't whether these changes will benefit or ham different animal species, populations, 0 individuals. For example, in the caribou study, it appeared that certain caribou populations were adapting to the changes in their surroundings. Bohrer says tht we'll likely see some species, individuals and populations benefitting from climate change and others harmed by «limale change. “But that fact that we see changes is showing that something big is going o™ explained Bohver. ; pically, caribou mate in the fall id raise thet are pregnant in the winter, ank jeading the News 1 joung in the spring when food is abundant; is schedule is tightly coordinated with populations living in the northern Arctic — where things are s! to climate change ~ were having offspring earlier to coincide with the changes in their environment, suggesting that these populations are adapting to climate change. However, the southem caribou populations that are experiencing less rapid environmental changes had offspring at their usual time. The timing of having offspring was also affected by the elevation of the population’s home range. Elevation information came from AreticDEM, a public-private partnership to create digital elevation models that is funded in part by NASA. * Lastly, the researchers used data from several studies in the AAMA database to figure out how various predator and prey species — black bears, grizzly bears, caribou, moose and wolves ~ are affected 33 by higher temperatures and increased precipitation, The data for temperature, and precipitation in the form of rain and snow came from NASA’s Daily Surface Weather and Climatological Summaries, or Daymet. % The trends in movement for different species varied widely: some species move more when summer temperatures are higher while others move less, moose and wolves: move less in winters with higher snowfalls, and inereased summer rain didn't seem to change movement patterns for any species. But, overall, predator species seemed to respond to climate change differently than prey species, That causes a mismatch between predators and the prey they hunt for food. To determine the impacts of this mismatch, researchers will need to continue monitoring these populations. © “More and more, the ecosystem that should be tightly coordinated is getting out of whack,” said Bohrer. Readi ra 29 the hag, UNDERSTANDING THE ARTICLE Choose the best answer A, B or C for the following questions. 1. The researchers found that Areti animals’ movement pater are shifting in dif, ways could: ‘A. disrupt the ecosystem 2, The study data showed that climate change could make eagles to B. benefit them C. harm them ‘A. delay their migration B. lengthen their migration C. start their migration earlier 3. The study of caribou populations revealed that due to climate change, caribou tend ig ‘A. shift things faster to match with climate patterns B. live in the northem Arctic C. move to the southem Arctic to experience less climate change VOCABULARY WORK 1. Focus on prepositions. Match the phrases in the first column with the words or phrases in the second column. Select the correct connecting prepositions from the box below. ll expressions can be found in the article. One of them has been done for you between (2) with (2) from to on ty 1. the shifts differ 2, climate change 2. Arctic animals are responding b. the changes 3. The team focused on] c. higher temperatures 4. affected \ “I'm really excited about how this work shows what you can leam from comparing data across populations on a very large scale,” said Elie Gurarie, an associate research scientist in UMD’s Department of Biology and a co-author of the paper. “I would say this is an early example of what we might call global animal movement ecology. We're increasing our ability to monitor the pulse of animal populations across the Earth and ask big picture questions about what it means.” ‘Large-scale monitoring of things like Sea-surface temperature and global forest cover have revealed important information November 5 about the response of Earth's clitintetchangetaid shimer weg -pieture trends in animal beng’: & icult to study, in part «i animal ecology isnot traditional across landscapes that span enti of the globe, and also because the nat data are collected by a variety of ¢°% and jurisdictions and are therefore standardized nor easily accessible, “8 $ To address these issues, Gu his collaborators spent years by relationships with scientists from na regional and First Nations govern, and research groups throughout i, Arctic t0 convey the benefits of shay data in a global repository that they «f the Arctic Animal Movement Ari (AAMA). Currently, the archive includ contributions from researchers from om 100 universities, government agencies an conservation groups across 17 counties, rate ay “The archive includes data from 2 terrestrial and marine animal. trackig studies representing more than 8,0 animals between 1991 and the present Using this data, Gurarie and members of his lab analyzed the movements of mot than 900 female caribou from 2000 w 2017. They found that the iconic lng distance migrating caribou are giving bith earlier in the spring, roughly tracking rt of warming. But among the non-migraty mountain and lowland woodland cafibo! ‘only the northern sub-populations # showing similar changes. While the drives of these differences remain a myst understanding their behavior is crt! Reading the News 1 to anticipating how they will respond as the Arctic continues to warm and many populations continue to decline. 7 “It’s tricky to predict how these trends might impact populations,” Gurarie said, “On the one hand, it can be better to give birth earlier, as it gives the calves more opportunity to grow during the summer season. On the other hand, giving birth too early may mean you literally don’t have time to reach the optimal calving grounds. The ability to look at biological processes, like birth, at such a large scale, across populations and subspecies and over millions of square kilometers, is unprecedented fora species in such aremote and harsh environment. These results reveal patterns that we would not have suspected, and point to further lines of inquiry about everything from caribou evolution to their ability to adapt to environmental changes moving forward.” + Data analysis tools Gurarie developed to study caribou were also used for another case study led by his collaborators. * In an analysis comparing movements of more than 100 golden eagles from 1993 to 2017, Scott LaPoint, a researcher from Columbia University who is now at Black Rock Forest Consortium, found that immature birds migrating northin the spring arrived earlier following mild winters, while adult birds did not. The timing shift for young birds varied in response to a large-scale climate cycle called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which is being affected by climate change. Such age- related behavior changes could only be Extra Reading Tasks 37, seen through decades of movement data and may have implications for breeding success. "A third study by Peter Mahoney of the University of Washington looked at the movement speeds of bears, caribou, moose and wolves from 1998 to 2019. His study showed that species respond differently to seasonal temperatures and winter snow conditions. Those differences could influence species interactions, food competition and predator-prey dynamics. " The scientists expect that other researchers will continue tomine the AAMA. for answers to pressing questions about whether and how animals are responding to a changing Arctic. Meanwhile, the resource continues to expand as more data comes in from currently tracked animals and more researchers add their studies. 1 “This work has given us a baseline to understand the large-scale we can get a sense of how ani environments are really interacting across species and across space as the environment changes,” Gurarie said. * Materials provided by University of Maryland. Content may be edited for style and length. Journal Reference: Sarah C. Davidson et al. Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic. Science, 2020 DOI: 10.1126/ sscience.abb7080 1. Read the text and note down some key information about the article. 2. Share your understandings about the article with your friends.

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