The Periodic Table and Some Properties

of the Elements
Chapter 4
4.1: Some properties of the elements

• Metals
 Metallic luster
 Electrical conductivity
 Thermal conductivity
 Malleability: ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
 Ductility: ability to be drawn into wire
 All solid (except Hg) at room temperature
 Chemical properties and Hardness are varying

sodium

mercury 2
• Nonmetals
 Lack metallic properties
 Mostly found as compounds or mixture of
compounds
 Many are solids at room temperature and
atmospheric pressure, and others gases
 Variable chemical reactivity
 Noble gases are nonmetals

diamond

3
• Metalloids (semimetals)
 Properties between metals and nonmetals
 The physical and chemical behavior mainly as nonmetals
 However, electrical conductivity is mainly as metals
(semiconductors).

Modern electronic
circuits rely on the
semiconductor
properties of silicon.

4
4.2: The first periodic table

 Work of two chemists: Mandeleev

and Meyer
 They arrange the elements in order
of increasing atomic mass
 As a result elements of similar
properties occured at periodic
intervals
 Issues:
some elements were not fit in this
arrangement, ex: Te and I
group of noble gases did not
appear

5
4.3: The modern view of the atom
Atoms composed of subatomic particles.
The principal ones: proton, neutrons and
electrons

Nucleus Nucleons

Electrons

6
Subatomic particles

mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-

mass of atom = mass n + mass of p

Atomic diameter is ~ 10000 larger than nucleus diameter

Density of the nuclear material ≈ 1014 g/cm3
7
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus of an atom
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
8
 Hydrogen Isotopes

Proton Neutron

9
 Do You Understand Isotopes?

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 146 C?

6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 116 C?

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

NOTE: 116 C can be also expressed as C-11

10
 Relative Atomic Masses of Elements

• Each atom of an element has characteristic

atomic mass
• The relative atomic masses of atoms can be
measured providing the ratio in which atoms
combine in a compound.
• Carbon-12 is the standard on the atomic
mass scale.

Mass of 1 atom of 12C = 12 u (exactly)

1 u = 1/12 the mass of 12C atom (exactly)

11
Average atomic masses of isotopes

• Elements occur in nature as mixtures of isotopes

• Average = atomic mass of isotope (1) x percent of its

natural abundance + atomic mass of isotope (2) x
percent of its natural abundance

Example
Naturally occuring Boron is composed of 19.8 % of 10B
and 80.2% 11B. Atoms of 10B have a mass of 10.0129 u
and those of 11B have a mass of 11.0093 u. calculate
the average atomic mass of boron.

12
 4.4: Atomic number and the modern periodic table
• First P.T: elements arranged in the same column
(group) based on increasing atomic masses, where
similar chemical properties were repeated in periodic
pattern.

• Modern P.T: elements arranged based on increasing

atomic number (Z)

13
14
Trends in properties in the periodic table

15
4.5 Reactions of metals with nonmetals;
the formation of ionic compounds

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

metal nonmetal ionic compound

16
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons

anion – ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.

17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons

17
Ionic compounds
consist of a combination of cations and an anions

18
• Metals tend to react with non-metals to form ionic
compounds:
Metals  forms cations (M  M+), ex: Na  Na+
Nonmetals  forms anions (X  X-), ex: Cl  Cl-
• This kind of reactions is called combination reaction:
Substance A + substance B  Single product C

Ions of representative elements

19
• Transition metals are able to form more than one ion
depending on the substance the react with and the
reaction condition

20
Ions that contain more than one atom:
Polyatomic Ions

21
Writing formulas for ionic compounds

• Compounds are always electrically neutral

• Rules for writing formulas for ionic compounds:

1. The +ve ion is written 1st in the formula
2. no. of +ve charges = no. of –ve charges
3. The smallest set of subscripts is chosen

22
Formula of Ionic Compounds

2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6

Al2O3
Al3+ O2-

1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2

CaBr2
Ca2+ Br-

2 x +1 = +2 1 x -2 = -2

Na2CO3
Na+ CO32-
23
4.6 Reactions of nonmetals with each other;
the formation of molecular compounds

Simple compounds of nonmetals

2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(l)

nonmetal nonmetal molecular
compound
Molecular compounds:
attraction within molecules  sharing electrons between atoms

24
Simple compounds of nonmetals with hydrogen

nonmetal hydrides
Group IVA Group VA Group VIA Group VIIA
(14) (15) (16) (17)
CH4 NH3 H2O HF
SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl
GeH4 AsH3 H2Se HBr
SbH3 H2Te HI

25
Simple compounds of nonmetals with oxygen
- These compounds are called oxides
- Many of nonmetals form more than one oxide
ex: Nitrogen N20, N0, N02, N203, N204, and N205

Group Group Group VA Group

IIIA IVA (15) VIA
(13) (14) (16)
B203 CO2 N203 ---
N205
SiO2 P203 SO2
P205 SO3
GeO2 As203 SeO2
As205 SeO3
26
4.7 Some properties of ionic and molecular
compounds
Ionic compound

Melting point = 800 °C

Boiling point = 1400 °C

(molten NaCl)
conduct electricity
Sodium chloride, NaCl Ions are free to move

molecular compound

Melting point = 37 °C
Boiling point = 343 °C
Eicosane, C20H42
Do not conduct electricity
Neutral molecules
27
4.9 Naming chemical compounds

(1) Binary compounds of a metal and a nonmetal

composed of only two elements (MnXz)
Rules:
- English name of the metal is used
- The name of the 2nd element is obtained by adding
the suffix –ide to its stem (see Table 4.7 page 109)

NaCl Sodium chloride

SrO Strontium oxide
Al2O3 Aluminum oxide
Mg3P2 Magnesium phosphide
28
Transition elements:
1st method:
-ic ….. Higher oxidation state
-ous ….. Lower oxidation state

Cr3+ Chromic ion CrCl3 Chromic chloride

Cr2+ Chromous ion CrCl2 Chrmous chloride

Fe3+ ferric ion

See table 4.8 page 110
Fe2+ ferrous ion

29
Transition elements:
2nd method (stock system)

FeCl2 … Iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 … Iron(III) chloride

Cu2O… copper(I) oxide

CuO… copper(II) oxide

30
(2) Binary compounds of nonmetals

Example: N203, N205

Greek prefixes:
di 2 penta 5 octa 8
tri 3 hexa 6 nona 9
tetra 4 hepta 7 deca 10

prefix Name of 1st prefix Name of 2nd

- - - ide
no. of atoms element no. of atoms element

P4O10 tetraphosphorous decaoxide

NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetraoxide
PCl5 phosphorous pentachloride
31
HI ……… hydrogen iodide
CO2 …... Carbon dioxide
CO …….. Carbon monoxide

32
(3) Compound containing polyatomic ions:

NH4Cl: ammonium chloride

Ba(OH)2: barium hydroxide
Na2CO3: sodium carbonate
Fe2(C2O4)3: iron(III) oxalate / ferric oxalate

33
(4) Binary acid: HX(aq)
hydro…..ic acid
HCl(g)
Pure substance, hydrogen chloride (molecular
compound)

HCl(aq)
Dissolved in water (H+ Cl-), hydrochloric acid

HF(aq) hydrofluoric acid

HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid
HI(aq) hydroiodic acid
H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric acid
34
(5) Oxoacids:
acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and another
element

HNO3 nitric acid NO3- nitrate

HNO2 nitrous acid NO2- nitrite

H2SO4 sulfuric acid SO42- sulfate

H2SO3 sulfurous acid SO32- sulfite

35
HClO hypochlorous acid
HClO2 chlorous acid
HClO3 chloric acid
HClO4 perchloric acid

36
(6) Acid salts:

NaHSO4 sodium bisulfate (Sodium hydrogen sulfate)

NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate (Sodium hydrogen carbonate

further examples on page 112

37
38
 Assignment 5
Give systematic names for the following compounds:

(a) BaCl2 (b) CrCl3 (c) SeO2 (d) Fe2O3 (e) N2O3
(f)K2O (g) CuO (h) BrF3 (i) P4O6 (j) Fe(ClO4)3 (k)
HBrO(aq)

39
 Assignment 6
Write formulas for the following compounds:

(a) Magnesium fluoride (b) Tin(IV) oxide (c) Iron(III) sulfide (d)
Vanadium(III) chloride (e) Manganese(IV) oxide, (f) Copper(II)
sulfide (g) Aluminum oxide (h) Iodine monochloride

(i) Disulfur dichloride (j) Potassium hypochlorite (k) Lithium

phosphate

40
4.8 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• Oxygen reacts with most of the
elements to form compounds that
called oxides

Ca Ca2+ + 2e-
Oxidation, is the loss of electrons by a substance
O2 + 4e- 2O2-
Reduction, is the gain of electrons by a substance
41
 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

• Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction are

called oxidation-reduction reactions or redox
reactions.
• Both oxidation and reduction occur always together.
• Oxidizing agent: the substance that takes electrons
from the substance that is oxidized.
• Reducing agent: the substance that gives electrons to
the substance that is reduced.

Mg is a reducing agent
O2 is a oxidizing agent

42
Oxidation numbers
• Positive or negative numbers

Ca2+ O2- Ca

• To determine if an oxidation–reduction reaction has

occurred, we assign an oxidation number (or
oxidation state) to each element in a neutral
compound or charged entity
0 0 +2 -2
Ca + O2 2CaO
Oxidation Reduction

43
Rules for assigning oxidation number
1. The oxidation number of any element in its
elemental form is zero.
(Ne, F2, O2, P4, and S8)
2. The oxidation number of any monatomic ion equals
the charge on the ion.
(Na+  oxidation number +1)
(Al+3  oxidation number +3)
(S-2  oxidation number -2)
3. The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a
compound is zero.
The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a
polyatomic ion equals the charge on the ion.
44
4. Fluorine has an oxidation number of -1 in its
compounds.

5. Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1in its

compounds.
(The oxidation number of hydrogen is −1 in binary
compounds with a metal such as CaH2)

6. Oxygen has an oxidation number of −2 in most of

its compounds.
(An exception is O in H2O2 and other peroxides,
where the oxidation number is −1)

45
• Example 4.2 page 105-106:
assign oxidation numbers to each of the atoms in the
following:

(a) FeCl3:
Cl: 3 × (-1) = -3
Fe: 1 × (+3) = +3
sum = 0

(b) Cr2O72-:
Cr: 2 × (x) = 2x
O: 7 × (-2) = -14
sum = -2
2x + (-14) = -2  x = +6

46
Example:
what is the oxidation number of N in sodium azide,
NaN3?

3 (N) + (+1) = 0
N = -1/3

47
Using oxidation numbers

Oxidation: increase in oxidation number

Reduction: decrease in oxidation number

0 0 +3 -2
4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3
Oxidation Reduction

Oxidizing agent: O2
Reducing agent: Fe
48
Example 4.3
Consider the following reaction:
14HCl + K2Cr2O7 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O
Is the reaction a redox reaction? If yes, identify the
substance oxidized and that reduced as well as the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent.

14HCl + K2Cr2O7 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O

+1 -1 +1 +6 -2 +1 -1 +3 -1 0 +1 -2
Oxidizing agent: K2Cr2O7
Reducing agent: HCl

49