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Differential Equations Problem Set Solutions

Solved

Uploaded by

MSP LUCY&[TR78]
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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EEF 210E DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PROBLEM SET 1

1. Solve the differential equation 𝒚′ − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒕 .

Recall: For first order differential equations in the form of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡), a method called
integrating factor that utilize an integrating factor 𝜇(𝑡), which is chosen to represent the left side
of the equation as the derivative of the product term 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦, can be employed to solve equation.

First, multiply both sides by 𝜇(𝑡).


×𝜇(𝑡)
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡 ⇒ 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦 ′ − 2𝜇(𝑡)𝑦 = 𝜇(𝑡)𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡
⇒ [𝜇(𝑡)𝑦]′ = 𝜇(𝑡)𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡

Then, obtain the value 𝜇(𝑡).


[𝜇(𝑡)𝑦]′ = 𝜇 ′ (𝑡)𝑦 + 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦 ′ = 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦 ′ − 2𝜇(𝑡)𝑦
𝑑𝜇(𝑡) 𝑑𝜇(𝑡)
⇒ 𝜇 ′ (𝑡) = = −2𝜇(𝑡) ⇒ = −2𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜇(𝑡)
𝑑𝜇(𝑡)
⇒ ∫ = ∫ −2𝑑𝑡 ⇒ ln|𝜇(𝑡)| = −2𝑡 ⇒ 𝝁(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
𝜇(𝑡)

Finally, to find the solution, substitute 𝝁(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 into the equation.
𝑑[𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑦]
[𝜇(𝑡)𝑦]′ = 𝜇(𝑡)𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡 ⇒ = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡 = 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑[𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑦]
⇒ = 𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑑[𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑦] = 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑡3 𝟏
⇒ ∫ 𝑑[𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑦] = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑦 = + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝒌𝒆𝟐𝒕
3 𝟑
2. Solve the differential equation 𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝒕 where 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐.

Recall: For first order differential equations in the form of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡), a method called
integrating factor that utilize an integrating factor 𝜇(𝑡), which is chosen to represent the left side
of the equation as the derivative of the product term 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦, can be employed to solve equation.

First, multiply both sides by 𝜇(𝑡).


×𝜇(𝑡)
𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦 ′ + 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦 = 𝜇(𝑡)𝑡
⇒ [𝜇(𝑡)𝑦]′ = 𝜇(𝑡)𝑡

Second, obtain the value 𝜇(𝑡).


𝑑[𝜇(𝑡)𝑦]
= 𝜇′(𝑡)𝑦 + 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦 ′ = 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦 ′ + 𝜇(𝑡)𝑦
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜇(𝑡) 𝑑𝜇(𝑡)
⇒ 𝜇 ′ (𝑡) = = 𝜇(𝑡) ⇒ = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜇(𝑡)
𝑑𝜇(𝑡)
⇒ ∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ ln|𝜇(𝑡)| = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝝁(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒕
𝜇(𝑡)

Then, to find the solution, substitute 𝝁(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒕 into the equation.


𝑑[𝑒 𝑡 𝑦]
[𝜇(𝑡)𝑦]′ = 𝜇(𝑡)𝑡 ⇒ = 𝑒𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑[𝑒 𝑡 𝑦] integrate
⇒ = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑[𝑒 𝑡 𝑦] = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑[𝑒 𝑡 𝑦] = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Apply integration by parts ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 by choosing 𝑢 = 𝑡, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡
to calculate ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡.

⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ ∫ 𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒅𝒕 = 𝒕𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒌

⇒ ∫ 𝑑[𝑒 𝑡 𝑦] = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒕 − 𝟏 + 𝒌𝒆−𝒕

Finally, plug the initial value 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐 at time 𝒕 = 𝟎 in the equation to obtain solution.
𝑦(0) = 2 = 0 − 1 + 𝑘𝑒 −0 ⇒ 𝑘 − 1 = 2 ⇒ 𝒌 = 𝟑
⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒕 − 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒆−𝒕
3. Solve the differential equation given below.
𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒚′ = , 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟑
𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒

Recall: The equation is linear and separable. Therefore, the 𝑦 and 𝑥 terms should be separated on
different sides to obtain an implicit solution.

First, separate the 𝑦 and 𝑥 terms.


𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4
= ⇒ (2𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 − 4

⇒ ∫(2𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒌

Then, to find 𝑘, plug 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟑 value at time 𝒙 = 𝟏 in the equation.


⇒ 32 − 4 ⋅ 3 = 13 + 2 ⋅ 12 − 4 ⋅ 1 + 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 − 1 = −3 ⇒ 𝒌 = −𝟐
Substitute 𝑐 = −2 value into the equation to obtain implicit solution.
⇒ 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐

Finally, to obtain the explicit solution, the discriminant method can be used after rewriting the
equation as a second order polynomial.
𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
For a = 1, b = −4, and c = −x 3 − 2x 2 + 4x + 2, the discriminant value will be b2 − 4ac. Thus,
the explicit solution(s) can be obtained as follows.
−b ± √b 2 − 4ac 𝟒 ± √𝟏𝟔 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝟖
𝑦= ⇒ 𝒚=
2a 𝟐

4.
5. Solve the differential equation below.
(𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Recall: The differential equations in the form of 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 are called as exact equations if
𝑑𝑀/𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑁/𝑑𝑥. For exact equations, solution may be obtained via ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 equality.

First, check if the equation is exact.


𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 2𝑦 sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 2 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑀
𝑀 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 2𝑦 sin 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2 sin 𝑥 𝒅𝑴 𝒅𝑵
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = (exact equation)
𝑥
𝑑𝑁 𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝑁 = 𝑒 cos 𝑦 + 2 cos 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑒 cos 𝑦 − 2 sin 𝑥 }
𝑑𝑥

Then, calculate ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦.

∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 2𝑦 sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 + ℎ(𝑦)


ℎ(𝑥) = 0
} ⇒ {
ℎ(𝑦) =0
∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 2 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 + ℎ(𝑥)

assume 𝑘=0 sin 𝑦


⇒ 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝒌 ⇒ = −2𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦

⇒ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒆−𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙


6.
7. Solve the differential equation below.
𝒚 𝒚
𝒚′ = + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝒙 𝒙

Recall: A differential equation in the form of 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦/𝑥) is called homogeneous differential
equation if it depends on only 𝑦/𝑥 term and its derivatives.

The given differential equation only depends on 𝑦/𝑥 terms and its first derivative. Therefore, it is
a first order homogeneous differential equation. So, to solve it, substitution can be used.

Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥. Write 𝑦 ′ in terms of 𝑣 and 𝑥 and substitute into the equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦′ = = 𝑥+𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 } ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑣 = 𝑣 + tan 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 = tan 𝑣
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = + tan ( )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = tan 𝑣 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑣 𝑥

Then, integrate both sides of the equation to find solution for 𝑣.


𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ =∫ ⇒ ln|sin 𝑣| = ln|𝑥| + 𝑘 ⇒ sin 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑘 𝑥
tan 𝑣 𝑥
⇒ sin 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑘 𝑥 ⇒ 𝒗 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒆𝒌 𝒙)

Finally, resubstitute 𝑣 = 𝑦/𝑥 into the equation to obtain solution for y.


𝑦
⇒ = arcsin(𝑒 𝑘 𝑥) ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒆𝒌 𝒙)
𝑥

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An implicit solution for a differential equation is an equation involving both the dependent and independent variables, typically not solved explicitly for the dependent variable. An explicit solution, however, expresses the dependent variable solely in terms of the independent variable. Implicit solutions are useful when solving analytically complex equations, where expressing one variable in terms of the other explicitly is difficult or impossible. They are preferred when simplicity or the functional form is more critical than simplification, often used when using numerical methods or evaluating asymptotic behavior .

Substitution with arcsin transformations is useful for first-order homogeneous differential equations where the equation depends on y/x terms. It provides a way to solve the equation by using the substitution y = vx, which reduces the problem to separable variables. By further transforming, one can apply arcsin to manage trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions involved in solutions, allowing integration of complex trigonometric forms. This method simplifies integration and is advantageous in cases where direct integration would be intractable .

For a non-homogeneous first-order differential equation like y' + y = t with an initial condition y(0) = 2, first find the integrating factor μ(t) = e^t. Multiply through by μ(t) to transform the equation: (e^t*y)' = e^t*t. Integrate both sides to find e^t*y = t*e^t - e^t + C. Solve for y to get y = t - 1 + Ce^-t. Apply the initial condition y(0) = 2 to solve for C, resulting in C = 3. Thus, the particular solution is y = t - 1 + 3e^-t .

To ensure a differential equation is exact using integrating factors, the cross-derivative conditions must be satisfied: dM/dy should equal dN/dx, where Mdx + Ndy = 0 is the form of the equation. When this condition is not naturally satisfied, they can sometimes be rendered exact by finding an appropriate integrating factor, often a function of x or y, satisfying the condition. For example, an integrating factor μ that depends solely on x or y can be deduced by simplifying and checking if μ(dM/dy) = μ(dN/dx). This process transforms the equation into an exact one, allowing integration to find a potential function F(x, y) = C, yielding the solution .

To solve a linear and separable differential equation, such as y' = (3x^2 + 4x - 4)/(2y - 4), one separates the variables to isolate terms involving y and x on opposite sides: (2y - 4)dy = (3x^2 + 4x - 4)dx. Each side is then integrated separately, resulting in ∫(2y - 4)dy = y^2 - 4y and ∫(3x^2 + 4x - 4)dx = x^3 + 2x^2 - 4x + C. Solving for an unknown constant using initial conditions yields a specific solution, from which explicit solutions can be derived if needed .

To solve a first-order linear differential equation of the form y' + p(t)y = g(t), an integrating factor μ(t) is used to rewrite the equation as the derivative of the product μ(t)y. The integrating factor is determined by solving the equation dμ(t)/μ(t) = p(t)dt, leading to μ(t) = e^∫p(t)dt. This integrating factor is then multiplied by both sides of the original equation, transforming the left side into a derivative of μ(t)y, which simplifies integration and solving of the equation .

Integration by parts is used when solving non-homogeneous differential equations involving integrals of exponential functions. For an integral such as ∫e^t t dt, one selects u = t and dv = e^t dt, leading to du = dt and v = e^t. Applying the integration by parts formula ∫udv = uv - ∫vdu, we compute ∫e^t t dt = t e^t - ∫e^t dt, yielding t e^t - e^t + C. This technique simplifies the computation of integrals where direct integration is complex, facilitating the solving of differential equations .

An exact differential equation is characterized by having two functions M(x,y) and N(x,y) such that the mixed partial derivatives satisfy dM/dy = dN/dx. It is of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 and can be integrated by treating it as the total differential of a potential function F(x,y), where F is found by integrating M with respect to x and N with respect to y, ensuring F_x matches M and F_y matches N. The solution is F(x,y) = C for some constant C, obtained by ensuring that integration constants match and satisfy the exactness condition .

The discriminant method is used to obtain explicit solutions for second-order polynomial equations by finding the roots of the polynomial equation. For the equation y^2 - 4y = x^3 + 2x^2 - 4x - 2, it can be rewritten as y^2 - 4y - (x^3 + 2x^2 - 4x - 2) = 0. Here, the coefficients a, b, and c represent terms involving x, allowing calculation of the discriminant b^2 - 4ac. Solving the discriminant provides the roots for y, offering explicit solutions y = (4 ± √(16 + 4x^3 + 8x^2 - 16x - 8))/2 .

Substitution is useful for solving homogeneous first-order differential equations because it simplifies the problem by reducing it to a separable form. For equations of the form dy/dx = f(y/x), a common substitution is y = vx, where v is a function of x. This changes dy/dx to v + x(dv/dx), transforming the equation to a form involving separable variables. The equation is then solved by separating variables and integrating both sides. This method capitalizes on the homogeneity property that the differential equation can be expressed entirely in terms of y/x and its derivatives .

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