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Engineering mechanics notes

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28 views18 pages

Selfstudys Com File

Engineering mechanics notes

Uploaded by

kartusika2004
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Short notes for Heat transfer Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction ar me 2 a * a leat transfer in given direction. + A= Cross-sectional area perpendicular to heat flow direction. © dT= Temperature difference between two ends of a block of thickness dx + dx=Thickness of solid body a ak = Temperature gradient in direction of heat flow. ‘© Carterisan Coordinates (side parallel to x, y and z-directions) @ a), od a) @ a a 2h ig Fa Sh S| Sf S |g, = pe % ais) 365) (42) Pro, 4o= intemal heat generation per unit volume per unit time ‘Temperature at left face of differential control volume ik, k, ky = Thermal conductivities of the material in x, y and z-directions respectively heat of the material speci p= Density of the material (- ‘a= Thermal diffusivity PC: de Instantaneous time. ‘0 For homogeneous and isotropic material k kok kek a~* 5 pe Gt Ot St my 1H O&O a k adr © For steady state condition (Poisson’s equation) © For steady state and absence of internal heat generation (Laplace equation) Gt Pt et +5455 =0 ae eB © For unsteady heat flow with no internal heat generation Cylindrical Coordinates ‘© For homogeneous and isotropic material, [2 la, 1 ae ee. Fre Pag a © For steady state unidirectional heat flow in radial direction with no internal heat k aot generation, Spherical Coordinates © For homogeneous and atop a 1_ Of, a 29(,,, Fane og * Pano 00 =" 0 For steady state uni ale Foe fe 1 a jirection heat flow in radial direction with no internal heat generation, 23(°9] Thermal resistance of hollow cylinders Heat transfer through a composite cylinder a" R= ee ean ee Int, !¥, = Fant’ aakd _ 1 ©" Wg2ard + Heat Transfer through a Composite Sphere ky [os TR Re Ry Ty Y OMA Aen sphere ak, 7, 5-1, RAR, +R ER, * Critical Thickness of Insulation: © Incase ofeyinder, el om where, k= Thermal conductivity, and h = Heat transfer coefficient ‘© The drop in temperature across the wall and the air film will be proportional to their resistances, = AL/k., ‘+ Steady Flow of Heat along a Rod Circular fin Circular fin diagram ‘* Generalized Equation for Fin Rectangular fin 0, 1d eB aA dk dk kA, de * Heat balance equation if A. constant and A; © P(x) linear 2 2 eg yo do kA, a ©) eo] a * Heat transfer by conduction at base Qp= fkAPHU-t,) © Heat Dissipation from a Fin Insulated at the End Tip 6 cosh m(i—x) 6 , cosh mL Op, =A[Phk A, (¢,— f,)tanh ml © Heat Dissipation from a Fin loosing Heat at the End Tip Fin Efficiency Fin efficiency is given by Actual heat rate from fin Q ‘Maximum heat transfer rate Q._, n= IF 1 ©» (infinite length of fin), irl a6, 1 fe 1 TPL 868, __ 8 fnPA, tan h mi nie, BAR orm, tan h mi + 0, RPRA, .|— "taints mi mk WPL 08)0, Fin Effectiveness ‘Actual heat transfer from fin surface (Q) Rate of heat transfer without fin = 8-fhP es tanh mi _ tamil os, 2 hAG Lumped Parameter System a= Cp EE = bat ~Ta) It aT i =p! ‘ ‘+ Nusselt Number (Nu) © Itisadimensionless quantity defined as= h= convective heat transfer coefficient, Lis the characteristiclength kis the thermal conductivity of the flui ‘+ The Nusselt number could be interpreted physically as the ratio of the temperature gradient in the fluid immediately in contact with the surface to a reference temperature gradient (T, — To) AL * Newton's Law of Cooling says that the rate of heat transfer per unit area by convection is fiven by | Q/A=h(T,—T..) Sac, -1,.) =a > Rate of heat transfer by convection _h_A_AT Rate of heat transfer byconduction y, OT. 1 + Temperature distribution in a boundary layer: Nusselt modulus + The heat transfer by convection involves conduction and mixing motion of fluid particles. At the solid fluid interfacéily = 0) the heat flows by conduction only, and is given by Q (= Q__y {at A ay}, i). (t—T..) we (Vorhea and *% (T)/2” in dimensionless form, (t, —1)/(ty —T, a(y/1) + Reynold Number (Re): Inertia force Re= oes Viscous force res x Re-¥@ v + Critical Reynold Number: It represents the number where the boundary layer changes from laminar to turbine flow. © Forflat plate, =) RE<5 ¥ 105 (laminar) = Re > 5x 10% (turbulent) © Forcircular pipes, = Re < 2300 (laminar flow) + 2300< Re < 4000 (transition to turbulent flow) + Re > 4000 (turbulent flow) + Stanton Number (St) Heat transfer coefficient st=_ PLP panaen _. Heat flow per unit temperature rise a= Re xPr + Grashof Number (Gr) if a body with a constant wall temperature Tw is exposed to a qui scent ambient fluid at T., the force per unit volume can be written as: PEB(t.— t--) where p =mass density of the fluid, B = volume coefficient of expansion and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Inertia force x buoyancy foce Gi viscous force B = Coefficient of volumetric expansion = 1/T (PV) xpe0(t, -To)L? (uviY — P78B(Ty Taw LP : BBL’ (T,,—T,.)/v? - Gr= ‘© The magnitude of Grashof number indicates whether the flow Is laminar or turbulent. © If the Grashof number is greater than 10%, the flow is turbulent and © For Grashof number less than 108, the flow is lamit r. © For 10* 10° «For Pr <<1 (in case of liquid metals), the thickness of the thermal boundary layer will be much more than the thickness of the momentum boundary layer and vice versa. «The product of Grashof and Prandtl number is called Rayleigh number. Or, Ra=Grx Pr + Rayleigh Number (Ra) gBPat via Ri Gr Pr,Ra «Free or natural convection © 20* 10° (turbulent flow) + Turbulent flow over flat plate _Nuc= 0.0292 (Re (Pr)? Nu =0.036 (Re) Pr)'* 037x T Re, b= + Turbulent flow in tubes Nu = 0.023 (Re? (Pr)" where, n= 0. if fluidis being heated, = 0.3 if fluid is being cooled. ‘Nu = 0.0036 (Re) Pr)" Empirical Correlation for Free Convection + Heated surface up or cooled surface down + Laminar flow 2.x 10°m,c,, R= ME mc, m,c, If myc,< m,c,, R= ** if mex ma + Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger: (Q,.)actual heat transfer (Q..)maximum possible heat transfer Ques = Myon by ~f) =m.6G,=%) 1) A winaareraui 300 =m, G,-1,) Mahe) tata 4, kn 0 Wimen < MnCn => Coin = MHC > Dra = Mey by —E,) men ty) ty ty mc, G, nt + Number of Transfer Units (NTU): nru= VA Sonia U = Overall heat transfer coefficient A= Surface area min = inimum capacity rate IF men Cin = Mele IF mic Cin = TCH UA > MU= my Effectiveness for Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger 1—exp[-NTUG+8)] 14R € Parallel flow ‘Counter flow Heat exchanger for parallel and counter flow + Effectiveness for the Counter Flow Heat Capacity: exp[-NTU(1—R)] ‘Rexp[-NTU + Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Relation: + Concentric tube: © Parallel flow: on EE neu ° Counter flow: e 1—exp[-N(I-R)] 1-R exp[-N(I-R)] €=N/(1+N) forR =1 sR<1 + Cross flow (single pass): e=1- exp (7) (8) {exp (xo0"")-}] © Comm mixed , Coin unmixed: e=(1/R)[1—exp {-R (1-exp(—N)}] © Grin mixed, Crax unmixed: €=1-exp[-R“{1-exp(-RN)}] Total Emissive Power (E) + Ibis defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit time and area. = oT! W/m? = Stefan Boltzmann constant © = 8.67 x 108 W/m? K Monochromatic (Spectral) Emissive Power (E:) + Ibis defined as the rate of energy radiated per unit area of the surface per unit wavelength. B= [" Edxwl a Emission from Real Surface + The emissive power from a real surface is given by E=s0AT W of the surface, T= Surface temperature Emissivity (¢) ‘+ Itis defined as the ratio of the emissive power of any body to the emissive power of a black body of same temperature. + For black body, e=1 + forwhite body, e=0 «For gray body, O< ect Reflectivity (p) «tis defined 25 the fraction of total incident ratio that are reflected by material = Energy reflected (Q,) Re flectivi = ee eflectivity(?)= et incident radiation (Q) Absorptivity + tei defined asthe fraction of toil indent radiation that are absorbed by material fo Energy absorbed (Q,) Absoptivit = Y(@)— = sal incident radiation (Q) Transmissivity + It is defined as the fraction of total incident radiation that are transmitted through the material, Energy transmitted (Q,) Transmissiy (©) = fat incident radiation (Q,) + For black body: ‘+ For opaque body =0,a+p=1 + For white body p= 1,a=1andr=0 Kirchoff’s Law ‘+ The emissivity and absorptivity a of a real'Surface are equal for radiation with identical temperature and wavelength. E a=e=— + Emissive power of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. E,= oT! = Emissive power of a black body, = Stefan Boltzmann constant (5.67-10*W/m?-K' T = Absolute temperature of the er ting surface, K. Wien’s Displacement Law + Wien’s displacement law state thet the product 6fXmawand T is constant. Amax T= constant Jax = Wavelength at which the maximum value of monochromatic emissive power occurs. Gray Surfaces The gray surface is a medium whose monochromatic emissivity (E1) does not vary with wavelength. 5B. / Ey But, we know the following: E fe dd B,= [8,d\=or" ° Therefore, View Factors: + Define the view factor, Fi2, as the fraction of energy emitted from surface 1, which directly J ais 10086" a, 080d, strikes surface 2 Gua fu mint al-A hag Sh e088, -cos8, -dd,-dA, eR Reciprocity: 088,008 8, .dA,-dd, oon, mst a oa xR c0s@,-cos6,-dA, - df, A, -F, =ff —arree ty Fas T w4 Lie Aly =A Fn Planck’s Law: ‘+ Planck suggested following formula, monochromatic @missive power of a black body. + Total emissive power 4-fr@,a Electrical Network Approach for Radiation Heat Exchange Evy A be Eon WA iF ote Anes ALFy-2 An electrical network between two non black surfaces Fy- Fu (Qa due 4a AR Ae, © Qawe= F240( ZT) New Gray Body Factor £, = Emissivity for body 1 £2 = Emi vity for body 2 + Incase of black surfaces, €: = €2 = 1, (Fx)s2 = Fi Qu = Fs40(T'- B') In case of parallel planes, A=Az and Fiz =1 1 rr a ae In case of concentric cylinder or sphere, F:.2=1 1 ). aT Te 444 NeA a a ALK where, 42 7 (tor-concentre cylinder) oe 42 "(for Gonentric sphere} When asmall body lies inside a large enclosure 4 Fam os= Th Ach f- Radiation Shield 1 3 2 Radiation shield diagram Eo, A Jy Eo, Js de Ex 1 1 f-ey tae 4 1-@ AC, AiFig Arey Aves AsFag Age + Radiation network for 2 parallel infinite places separated by one shield Qs) mr=(Qh dur (A= A= 4) soli - 8), 4003 BD | a es Be [Q, .)..] with shield [(Q_,)ee] without shield (e+ a { A Lit 1a —+—-1]+ 1423] as 4% fer=e2=€3 Then, 1 Qe dur= 5 Qra dus and ne SQcn)

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