PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 6.0 Multiple Integrals 6.1 Surface Integrals A surface integral (or double integral) is an integral of the form J, fooyda orf, Fda where S is a surface area on which the function f(x, y) or F is defined, and d@ is an element of area on S Examples (@) Area of a rectangle of sides a and b. Let us place the axes at one comer of the rectangle. vA b yey 5 Ay = ‘ax > 0 x ede 8X If f(x,y) = 1, then the surface integral gives area.S Now da=dxdy, so that the area a= fda 5 Since x and y are independent of S, then = 9 a= [dx [ dy=ap aa (b) Area of a circle of radius R. 30PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 We use polar coordinates. da = (rd0)dr = rdrdo Ra (th [, da = f*rdr f°" derde = PR? x 2 = WR? (©) If f(x,y) is the density ( then (@ The total mass M = f, f(x,y)da or M = f, fGe,y)dxdy. Gi) The centroid (or centre of mass) has the coordinates ¥ and J, given by nass per unit area) of a distribution of mass in the xy-plane, in] sam= jp] #Foorda i yaa] verde $ ‘The moments of inertia I, and 1, about the x-axis and the y-axi are given by: respectively, Ie J vd = J vf y)da L= J x? f(x,y)da s 6.2 Volume Integrals A volume (or triple) integral is an integral of the form J foyer where 1 is the region (or volume) in which f(x, y,2) is defined, and dr is the element of volume int. Example Let f(x,y, 2) = 1, then the above integral gives a volume: As a simple example let us find the volume of a cuboid of sides a, b, ¢. 31PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 > pen | . The element of volume dr is a cuboid of sides dx, dy, dz is equal to: dr = dxdydz Therefore the volume is givenby V=f, dr=f, dxdydz Since the variables x, y, z are independent (the sides of the cuboid are parallel to the coordinate axes), , v= [ax] ay as= ane 6.3 The divergence theorem The divergence theorem states that the volume integral of the divergence of a vector field is. equal to the closed surface integral of the vector field. Mathematically [o-Far=f Pea _ 5 F _isany vector field defined in a region (or volume) + s is a closed surface enclosing the region t d@__ is anarea element on §; it is a vector normal to S and pointing outwards from the region The theorem is useful because it converts a volume integral into a surface integral, and vice-versa. Example If —2x i+ 4z k, evaluate the integral @ = §. F - da over the closed surface S of a 32PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 cylinder of radius r and height h with its axis along the z-axis (0 < 2 < h). Using the divergence theorem, @ = | V-Fdt ar a 8 9 yy a 2 tax) = Bt ae OY HHO +5) = WP = ae ay on ie 2+4=2 O= 2f dt =2 x volume of cylinder = 2 x mr?h = 2ar7h A direct evaluation of the surface integral (without use of the divergence theorem) is harder! # is the outward normal vector on S. The closed surface S consists of three open surfaces $1, S2, Ss. Let us define these surfaces as shown in the diagram, Si S3 OnS, # =k (upper flat surface) On $f =-k ower flat surface) On $3, (curved surface) Equation of a cylinder x? + y? =r? or f(x,y) =x? + y? Normal vector N = Vf = 2xi-+2yj Unit normal ¢ =F = SRD — ated Let 0=,+02.+03 0 = fj, Pda =f, F-Rda=4hf, da = 4hx nr? = 4nr7h, note that z=h on Si. 2 = fy, F-da = f,, F-(—R)da = 0, since 2=0 on $2. 33PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 fF GttyD ! r Using polar coordinates on $3, x = cos 8, da = (rd0)h: 2 a 2 05 =-2 J xda= ~2r%n | cos? 0.d0 = -r'nf (1 + cos 20) d0 = —2nr?h a a a Finally 6 = 0; +02 +03 = 4nr?h + 0 - 2nr?h = 2nr7h 6.4 Gauss’ law This is a law relating the flux of the electric field E through a closed surface to the total charge enclosed within the region bounded by the surface. fF a= 0h Q isthe total charge enclosed in the surface S d@ _isanareaelement onS & © 8.85 x 10" Fm! (permittivity of free space) If Q is distributed over the volume t, then Q = J, p dt, where p is the density of the charge Using the divergence theorem to convert the surface integral to a surface integral, we get §, B-da=f V-Edr=S=f Fae ve 2 £ This is called the differential form of Gauss” law. Furthermore, if E = —WV, where V is the electric potential, the result is Poisson's equation: vy =-2 % If the density p = 0, we get Laplace’s equation vv =0 34PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 6.5 Stokes’ theorem Stokes’ theorem converts an open surface integral into a line integral. The open surface is. bounded by a simple closed curve. fF-ar=[vxP-aa z 5 C is the curve (or line) bounding the surface S da isanareaelement on S Example 1 Given the vector field F = 4y t+ x j + 2zk, find the integral | = J, Vx Fda over the circle x? + y? = R? in the xy-plane (2=0). tak = aaa Fa|2 2 8). 36 YxXPo le oy ma 4y x 22 da = fda, A = k unit normal on the circle t= fvxr-da=[vxF-ada=~3 da 3 J, da = area of the circle = R*, so that I = ~32R*. Suppose we use Stokes’ theorem: t= f Fear=$ (Rae hdy) = pyar + xdy), z>0 z z z Cis a circle of radius R in the xy-plane. Therefore we use polar coordinates: x= Rcos6,y = Rsin@; dx = —RsinO dd, dy = R cosé do 2x an on 1 1 Rf (costo —4sin? @)d0 = 5h? | (Seos20 —3)d0 = ef —3 dd = —3nR? 0 a a Example 2 Find the work done by a force F = —7y ¢ + (2x — y*)f in moving a body from the origin along, the curve y = 6x? to the point when x = 1, and back to the origin along a straight line: 35,PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 (a) By direct integration method. (b) By use of Stokes’ theorem, Solution: (a) Diagram Y y = 6x? Pear+ | Fear a a Along Ci, y = 6x?, dy = 12xdx, so that 1 Ww, f Pedr= [Gax+ Fydy) = -6 [ox + 72x5) dx = —6(x? + 12x°)| = -78 a a 0 Along C2, y = 6x, dy = 6dx, so that Ge +120)f =07 1 Wy = | Fear = | Gtx + hay) =6 { (5x + 3612) ax = z o a oO W=W,+W,= k 2) =9k, da=dak 0 A= J, da = Area enclosed by C, (y; = 6x7) and C2 (v2 = 6x) between x=0 and x=1 2 at 7 SI 1 da = (yz — 1d = (6x - 6x*)dx, A = 6 fy (x - 2?) dx = 6 Hence W = 94 =9 36PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 Example 3 Find the work done by a force F = ~7y ¢ + (2x — y*)j in moving a body from the origin along the curve y = 6x? to the point when x = 1: (a) By direct integration method. _(b) By use of Stokes’ theorem, Solution: (a) W = 78 (see example 2), () Let € = C, + C, + Cy (see diagram below), so that WW +W2+Ws By use of Stokes’ theorem W = §, Fear =f, VxF+da S is the area bounded by the three curves C), Joxrdam [ 9t-fan=9 fda Jy da = (6 - 6x2)dx = 6(x -©) 4 = sothat J, Vx Fda = 36. Therefore Wi + W; + W3 = 36 The required work done is given by Wy = 36—W, — Ws But W, =f, Fd? = J? Ry = 6)dx = 42 J? dx = 42 7PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 ° 0 Wy = | Fedr= [i= 0dr = | -ydy= 72 és é é Therefore W, = 36 — W, — W; = 36-42-72 =-78 Alternative paths for C2 and C3 There are infinitely many possibilities but we seck only those which make thecalculations simpler. As an exercise repeat example 3 part (b) using the paths in the diagram below. Special case of Stokes’ theorem Let C be a simple closed curve in the xy-plane and let F = £,i + F,j be a vector field whose components F, and F, have continuous partial derivatives, Then since t pk 7 rel@ 2 2) (@h_on Fedr=Radx+Rdy and VxF=h> > =($-F)e ie Ay 0 using Stokes’ theorem we get §, (Fedx + Fydy) = f, @ § (Pdx + Qdy) { (2 - ) dxdy @ t 3 Equation (1) or (2) is known as Green's theorem in a plane. 2% — 2 and equation (1) gives Suppose F 7 text then 2 yt+x], then — 38PHY 1101 Mathematical Physics 1 fae + xdy) = 2f dxdy t 5 But A= f, dxdy = area of the simple closed curve C Hence we have 1 1 s A = 5 f dy — ydador A aah erxan-k z c where? =xityf+zk and F=dxi+dyftdzk. These formulas can be used to find area, Examples: 1. Fora circle of radius r, we have in polar coordinates, x=rcos0,y =rsin0, dx = —rsin@ d0, dy = rcos0 dO, xdy — ydx = r2d0 an 1 1 af aay — ydx) arf d6 = nr? z a 2. Area between the two curves y = rom and x* —4y3 = 0, for O 0, x=b>a,y=Oandy = mx +c(m > 0,¢ > 0),is given by A =2(b — a)(ma + mb + 2c). Check your result using the formula for the area of a trapezium. 7. Find the area of the triangle with vertices at the points (6,0), (0,3) and (-2,-6) in the xy- plane. [Ans. 30] 40