Institute of Technology

Construction Technology and Management

Design of Steel and Timber Structure

Chapter III: Compression Members

November, 2024
Aflah M. (MSc.)

1
Compression Members

2
 Contents
✓ Introduction
✓ Typical compression members section
✓ Classification of cross-section
✓ Design considerations of compression members
✓ Design of compression members (ES EN 1993)
✓ Design examples
Introduction
• A member is considered to be compressed when subjected
to an axial force applied at its centroid or if it is loaded by
an eccentric axial force with a very small eccentricity.

• If the bending action is quite significant, the member is

termed as a beam-column and designed in a
different way.
Introduction
• The resistance of a compression member decrease as its
length increase. This decrease in resistance is caused by the
action of the applied compressive load N which causes
bending in a member with initial curvature.
Introduction
• For ideal compression member, there is no bending until
the applied load reaches the elastic buckling value Ncr. At
this load, the member begins to deflect laterally and these
deflections grow until failure (flexural buckling) occurs at
the begins of compressive yielding.
• The elastic buckling load Ncr provides a measure of the
slenderness of a compression member, while the squash
load Ny gives an indication of its resistance to yielding.
Introduction
• Terms such as column, stanchions and struts are
widely used to define a compression member.
✓ Columns are ordinarily used in buildings, are vertical and transmit
some actual load or beam reaction to another column or
foundation.

✓ Stanchions are steel columns made of rolled steel sections

(usually built – up) and carry heavy loads.

✓ Struts on the other hand are not necessarily vertical and are used
as compression members in roof trusses and bridge trusses
Introduction
Typical compression members sections

• Section should be proportioned so as to have the largest

radius of gyration. i.e. less slender

• A circular pipe has the highest for the given cross-

sectional area and is equal in all direction but very
difficult to connect to other structural members.

• Rolled, compound and built-up section are used for

columns.
Typical compression members sections
Typical compression members sections
Classification of cross-sections
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
• Class 1 cross sections, also known as plastic sections
can develop their plastic moment resistance with the
rotation capacity required for plastic analysis. Only
cross sections falling in this class may only be
used for plastic design.
• Class 2 cross sections can develop their plastic moment
resistance but with limited rotation capacity. Cross-
sections falling in this group are also known as compact
sections.
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
• Class 3 cross sections are those which can reach their “yield”
moment but local buckling prevents the development
of the plastic moment resistance.

– In Class 3 sections, the stress in the extreme fibers should

be limited to the yield stress because local plate buckling
prevents development of the plastic moment
capacity.

– Cross-sections falling in this group are also known as

semi-compact sections.
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
• Class 4 cross sections, also known as thin-walled
cross-sections, are those in which local plate buckling is
liable to prevent the development of the “yield”
moment; i.e., premature buckling occurs before yield is
reached.
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories

▪ The classification of sections depends on the classification

of flange and web elements. The classification also
depends on whether the compression elements are in pure
compression, pure bending or combined axial force and
bending.

▪ Classification of a specific cross-section depends on the

width-to-thickness ratio, c/t, of the parts subjected to
compression.
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
▪ Compression element include any component plate which is
either totally or partially in compression due to axial force or
bending moment. i.e. classification depends on the loading
the section is experiencing.
▪ Flat elements in a cross-section are classified as:
₋ Internal elements supported on both longitudinal edges.
₋ Outstand elements attached on one edge with other free.
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
▪ If the section dimensions satisfy the limits shown in the tables
(see next slides), the section is classified as Class 1, Class 2, or
Class 3 as applicable.
▪ A cross-section is classified by reporting the highest (least
favorable) class of its constituent compression elements that
are partially or wholly in compression.
▪ If a section fails to satisfy the limits for Class 3 sections, it is
classified as Class 4.
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
Classification of cross-sections
For the case of an I or H section subject to combined axial
compression and major axis bending and where the

neutral axis is within the web of the member, “” can be

calculated from the following expression:
1 ℎ 1 𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝛼= + − 𝑡𝑓 + 𝑟 ≤1
𝑐 2 2 𝑡𝑤 𝑓𝑦
Where:
C is shown in Table 5.2
h is the depth of the section
tw is the thickness of the web
tf is the thickness of the flange
r is the root radius
fy is the yield strength
NEd is the design axial force (+ve for compression and –ve for tension
Classification of cross-sections
ES EN 1993-1-1 classifies sections into four categories
▪ The ratio of the flange outstand to thickness (cf/tf) and the
web depth to thickness (cw/tw) are given for I, H and Channel
sections:
✓ For I and H sections, cf = ½*[b – (tw + 2r)]
✓ For channel sections, cf = [b – (tw + r)]
✓ For I, H and channel sections, cw = d = [h-2*(tf + r)]
▪ For hot-finished and cold-formed square and rectangular
hollow sections, the ratios (cf/tf) and (cw/tw) are given where,
cf = b-3t and cw = h-3t
Classification of cross-sections
Properties of class 4
• For members with Class 4 sections the effect of local plate
buckling on the overall member behavior has to be taken into
account.
• The buckling is allowed for by using effective cross-
sections which assume parts of the gross cross-
section are inactive.
Classification of cross-sections
Properties of class 4
Classification of cross-sections
Properties of class 4
Classification of cross-sections
Properties of class 4
Classification of cross-sections
Properties of class 4
Classification of cross-sections
• Choice of structural model should take into account

– The analysis of the structure which is aimed at

determination of the stress resultants

– The calculation of the cross-section resistance

• There are different method of analysis and method of

cross-section calculation for ULS involving elastic or plastic
design approach.
Classification of cross-sections
• The possible combinations are:

Model Method of Global Analysis Calculation of Member

(Internal forces and Cross- section Resistance
moment)
I Plastic Plastic

II Elastic Plastic

III Elastic Elastic

IV Elastic Elastic Plate Buckling

Classification of cross-sections
Model I

• Model I is related to plastic design.

• The model is used for members which can develop full

plasticity within the cross-section.

• The stress distribution corresponds to a fully rectangular

block so that plastic hinge can form.

• Sufficient rotation capacity can be achieved. i.e. moment

redistribution.
Classification of cross-sections
Model II

• This model is used for members which can achieve

there plastic resistance, but have not sufficient rotation
capacity to allow plastic mechanism in a structure, the
ULS must refer to onset of the first plastic hinge.

• Internal forces are determined using an elastic analysis

and are compared to the plastic capacities of the
corresponding cross-section.
Classification of cross-sections
Model II

• For statical determinate systems, both model I and

II should yield the same result. However, in statically
indeterminate structures moment redistribution is not
allowed in this model.
Classification of cross-sections
Model III
• This model is used when members can not
achieve their plastic capacity, both analysis and
verification of cross-section must be conducted
elastically.
• The ULS in this state is achieved when yielding occurs
at the most stressed fiber.
Classification of cross-sections
Model IV
• This model is for members which yielding in the
extreme fiber cannot be attend because of
premature plate buckling of one component of the
cross-section.

NB. In models I, II and III above no local instability should

occur.
Classification of cross-sections
Example:
A 457 x 191 x 67 UB in steel grade S355 is to be used under
the three conditions described below. Classify the section
Under axial compression

The section properties are:

h = 453.4 mm b = 189.9 mm tf = 12.7 mm
d = 407.6 mm tw = 8.5 mm r = 10.2 mm
A = 85.5 cm2 Wpl = 1470 cm3 Wel = 1300 cm3

d
Classification of cross-sections
Solution
Ratios for local buckling:
For the flange:
c = (b – tw – 2r)/2
= (189.9 – 8.5 – 2 x 10.2)/2 = 80.5 mm
t = tf = 12.7 mm
c/t =80.5/12.7 = 6.34
For the Web:
c = d = 407.6 mm c=d

t = tw = 8.5 mm
c/t = 48.0
 Classification of cross-sections
Solution
Influence of material strength
For thickness = 12.7 mm
fy = 355 N/mm2 =>> Hence, = [235/355]0.5 = 0.81

Flanges (Table 5.2, sheet 2 of 3)

Limiting value of c/t for Class 1
in compression is 9 = 7.29.
Actual c/t = 6.34 < limiting c/t
=7.29
=> the flanges are Class 1.
 Classification of cross-sections
Solution
Influence of material strength
For thickness = 12.7 mm
fy = 355 N/mm2
=>> Hence, = [235/355]0.5 = 0.81

=> the flanges are Class 1.

Web (Table 5.2, sheet 1 of 3)

The limiting value of c/t for Class 3
in compression is 42 = 34.02.
The actual value is 48
=> the web is Class 4.

 The entire cross-section is

classified as Class 4 under
Pure axial compression.
Classification of cross-sections
Example:
A 178 x 102 x 19 UB in steel grade S275 is to be used under
the three conditions described below. Classify the section
Under axial compression

The section properties are:

h = 177.8 mm b = 101.6 mm tf = 7.9 mm

d = 407.6 mm tw = 4.7 mm r = 7.6 mm

d
Classification of cross-sections
Solution
Ratios for local buckling:
For the flange: h = 177.8 mm b = 101.6 mm tf = 7.9 mm
tw = 4.7 mm r = 7.6 mm
c = (b – tw – 2r)/2
= (101.6 – 4.7 – 2 x 7.6)/2 = 40.85 mm
t = tf = 7.9 mm
c/t = 40.85/7.9 = 5.17
c
For the Web:
c = d = 146.8 mm
c=d
t = tw = 4.7 mm
c/t = 31.23
 Classification of cross-sections
Solution
i- Flange

Influence of material strength

For thickness = 7.9 mm

fy = 275 N/mm2 Hence, = [235/275]0.5 = 0.92

 Classification of cross-sections
Solution
i- Flange

Influence of material strength

For thickness = 7.9 mm

fy = 275 N/mm2
Hence, = [235/275]0.5 = 0.92
 Classification of cross-sections
Solution
Under axial Compression

i- Flange
Influence of material strength
For thickness = 7.9 mm

Hence, = [235/275]0.5 = 0.92

Flanges (Table 5.2, sheet 2 of 3)

Limiting value of c/t for Class 1
in compression is 9 = 8.28.
Actual c/t = 5.17 < limiting c/t =8.28
=> the flanges are Class 1.
 Classification of cross-sections
Solution
Under axial Compression
=> the flanges are Class 1.

Web (Table 5.2, sheet 1 of 3)

The limiting value of c/t for Class 1 in compression is 33 = 30.36.
The actual value is 31.23 > 30.36 => Try a higher Class.

The limiting value of c/t for Class 2 in compression is 38 = 34.96.

The actual value is 31.23 < 34.96 => the web is Class 2.
 The entire cross-section is classified as Class 2 under Pure axial
compression.
Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of straight members (Euler critical stress)

Consider a perfectly straight member of a linear elastic material:
• When the load N reaches the elastic buckling value Ncr the
member may deflect laterally without any change in the
load, given by:

• And that of the elastic

buckling load is:

Where EI is the flexural rigidity of

the compression member.
Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of straight members (Euler critical stress)

• The elastic buckling load Ncr and the elastic buckling stress
can be related as:

𝐼
where, i = is the radius of gyration of the section and λ = (L/i) is the
𝐴
slenderness ratio.

• The generalized non-dimensional slenderness ratio is:

where Ny= Afy is the squash load.

Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of straight members (Euler critical stress)

The Euler theory gives insights into behaviors of slender column
but it ignores consideration of some important factors which are
grouped under imperfections such as,
– Initial lack of straightness

– Accidental eccentricities of loading

– Residual stresses that remain in a member after it has been

formed into finished product. Causes can be uneven cooling, cold
bending, cumbering, punching of holes, cutting and welding.

– Variation of material properties over the cross-section

Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of straight members (Euler critical stress)

Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of straight members (Euler critical stress)

Therefore columns are distinguished as:
✓ Stocky Columns with characteristics of
• Very low slenderness, unaffected by overall buckling and failure
results from rupture of cross-section

✓ Slender Columns
• Large slenderness with characteristics of
Unaffected by imperfection, ultimate failure load ≈ Euler Load and
independent of yield stress.
• Medium slenderness with characteristics of
Affected by imperfection and failure load is less than Euler Load
Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of Real compression members

▪ Real members are not perfectly straight, and their load are
applied eccentrically, while accidental transverse loading may
act.
▪ These imperfections can therefore be represented by an
increased equivalent initial curvature which has similar effect
on the behavior of the member as the combined effect of all
of these imperfections.
Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of Real compression members

▪ A real member also has residual stresses, and its elastic
modulus E and yield stress fy may vary throughout the
member. This can be represented by an equivalent set of the
residual stresses.
▪ Since real members have both kinds of imperfections, their
behaviors is a cumulative effects of the above imperfections.
Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of Real compression members

Design considerations of compression members

Buckling of members with initial curvature

• As the deflection v(z) increase with the load N, so also do the
bending moments and the stresses. The limiting axial load NL
at which the compression member first yields (due to a
combination of axial plus bending stresses) is given by:

Where,
η is the imperfection parameter:
α is constant (imperfection factor).
Design considerations of compression members

Elastic buckling load

Although the elastic buckling load Ncr is derived for pin-ended
compression members, it is also used for other compression
members by generalizing it as:

Where, Lcr is the effective buckling length of the member.

Design considerations of compression members

Effective buckling length

The actual column is replaced by an equivalent pin-ended
column of the same strength that has a critical length for
buckling:
Where, L is the actual length
K is the buckling
length ratio
Design considerations of compression members
Design considerations of compression members
The design process
Design considerations of compression members
The design process
Design of compression members
Design Criteria for Compression Members
✓ A number of design checks are required for compression
members.
✓ In all cases, it is recommended that the forces and
moments in the members are derived from an elastic
global analysis.
✓ Compression members are to be designed in such a way that
both the cross-sections resistance to applied loads be
established and member capacity verified against possible
buckling failures.
Design of compression members
Compression Resistance of Cross-section
Design for compression
• According to clause 6.2.4(1), the cross section
resistance of axially compressed members is verified by
the following condition:

𝑁𝐸𝑑
≤ 1.0
𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑

Where, NEd is the design value of the axial compression force

and Nc,Rd is the design resistance of the cross section for uniform
compression, given by (clause 6.2.4(2)):
Design of compression members
• The design resistance of the cross-section for uniform
compression Nc,Rd should be determined as follows
Design of compression members
Design of compression members
Design of compression members
Design of compression members
Compression Resistance of Cross-section
• Fastener holes except for oversize and slotted holes need
not be allowed for in compression members that they are
filled by fasteners.
• In the case of unsymmetrical Class 4 sections, additional
moment due to eccentricity of the centroidal axis of the
effective sections should be considered.
Design of compression members
Buckling Resistance of Compression members
Design of compression members
Buckling Resistance of Compression members
Design of compression members
Buckling Resistance of Compression members
Design of compression members
Buckling Resistance of Compression members
Design of compression members
Buckling Resistance of Compression members
Design of compression members
Buckling Resistance of Compression members
Design of compression members
Buckling Resistance of Compression members
Design of compression members
Buckling Resistance of Compression members
Design of compression members
Example 1
A 14 m long HEB 200 column section member of S275 steel is
simply supported about both principal axes at each end, and has
a central brace that prevents lateral deflection in the minor
principal plane. Check the adequacy of the member for an axial
compressive forces of 150 kN dead and 215 kN imposed loads.
Design the member if the section is not sufficient to carry the
loads.
Design of compression members
Sol:
Step 1: Section property of HEB 200 steel section

• And for steel grade S275, fy = 275 Mpa and fu = 430 Mpa
Design of compression members
Step 2: Design axial compressive load, NEd
𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 1.35𝐷𝐿 + 1.5𝐿𝐿 = 1.35 ∗ 150 + 1.5 ∗ 215 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵

Step 3: Classification of cross-section

0.5 𝑏− 𝑡𝑤 +2𝑟
• Flange: 𝑐 Τ𝑡𝑓 = = 5.16
𝑡𝑓
235
Limit for class I: 9𝜀 = 9 ∗ = 8.28
𝑓𝑦
Flange is Class I
ℎ−2 𝑡𝑓 +𝑟
• Web: 𝑑 Τ𝑡𝑤 = = 14.8
𝑡𝑤
235
Limit for class I: 33𝜀 = 33 ∗ = 30.36
𝑓𝑦
Web is Class I

• Hence the whole section is class I

Design of compression members
Step 4: Calculate the reduction factor 𝝌
1 𝐴𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑐𝑟
𝜒= ഥ2
≤ 1, where 𝜙 = 0.5 1 + 𝛼 𝜆ҧ − 0.2 + 𝜆2ҧ & 𝜆ҧ = =
𝜙+ 𝜙2 −𝜆 𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝑖𝜆1

𝜆1 = 93.9𝜀 = 93.9 ∗ 0.92 = 86.39,

I. About strong axis:

𝐿𝑐𝑟,𝑦 14000
Tℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝜆ҧ𝑦 = = = 1.9
𝑖𝑦 𝜆1 5696 ∗ 104ൗ
7810 ∗ 86.39

𝜙𝑦 = 0.5 ∗ 1 + 0.34 1.9 − 0.2 + 1.92 = 2.594

Design of compression members
Step 4: Calculate the reduction factor 𝝌
I. About strong axis:
1 1
𝜒𝑦 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑
2 2 2.594+ 2.5942 −1.92
𝜙𝑦 + 𝜙𝑦 −𝜆𝑦

II. About minor axis:

𝐿 7000
Tℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝜆ҧ𝑧 = 𝑐𝑟,𝑧 = = 1.6
𝑖𝑧 𝜆1 2003∗104ൗ
7810∗86.388

𝜙𝑦 = 0.5 ∗ 1 + 0.49 1.6 − 0.2 + 1.62 = 2.123

1 1
𝜒𝑧 = = = 0.2842
2 2.123+ 2.1232 −1.62
𝜙𝑧 + 𝜙𝑧 2 −𝜆𝑧

𝝌 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑
Design of compression members
Step 5: Calculate design strength
𝜒𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.2294∗7810∗275
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 𝟒𝟒𝟕. 𝟗 𝒌𝑵 < 𝑵𝑬𝒅 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝛾𝑚1 1.1

Remark:
▪ The section is not enough to carry the axial compressive force
and therefore, try larger section.
 Design of compression members
Example 2
Determine the maximum factored UDL W that can be applied on beam
ABC in order that the column BD can support without failure. The
column is made of a built up section with the given properties, as
shown below. Assume weld size of 8 mm and S275 steel grade.
z
W

y 400

400
Design of compression members
Step 1: Classification of cross-section
z
0.5 𝑏− 𝑡𝑤 +2𝑤
• Flange: 𝑐 Τ𝑡𝑓 = = 12.53
𝑡𝑓
235
Limit for class III: 14𝜀 = 14 ∗ = 12.94
𝑓𝑦
y 400 Flange is Class III
ℎ−2 𝑡𝑓 +𝑤
• Web: 𝑑 Τ𝑡𝑤 = = 44.25
𝑡𝑤
235
Limit for class III: 42𝜀 = 42 ∗ = 38.83
𝑓𝑦
400
Web is Class IV
𝐴𝑔 = 14960 𝑚𝑚2
• Hence the whole section is class IV
𝑡𝑓 = 15 𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑤 = 8 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑦 = 4.763 𝑥 108 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑧 = 1.6 𝑥 108 𝑚𝑚4
Design of compression members
Step 2: Computations of effective width and area
• Flange: 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑓 = 𝜌𝐴𝑓 , where 𝜌 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆ҧ𝑝 ≤ 0.748
ഥ𝑝 −0.188
𝜆
𝜌= ഥ𝑝 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆ҧ𝑝 > 0.748
𝜆

𝑓𝑦 𝑏ത Τ𝑡
𝜆ҧ𝑝 = = , 𝑘𝜎 = 0.43 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜓 = 𝜎2 Τ𝜎1 = 1, and 𝑏ത Τ𝑡 = 𝑐 Τ𝑡𝑓
𝜎𝑐𝑟 28.4𝜀 𝑘𝜎

12.53
𝜆ҧ𝑝 = = 0.7313
28.4∗0.92∗ 0.43

400 8
𝜌 = 1, and 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑓 = 𝐴𝑓 = 1 ∗ 4 ∗ − − 8 ∗ 15 + 8 + 2 ∗ 8 ∗ 15 ∗ 2
2 2

𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Design of compression members
Step 2: Computations of effective area
• Web: 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑤 = 𝜌𝐴𝑤 , where 𝜌 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆ҧ𝑝 ≤ 0.5 + 0.085 − 0.055𝜓

ഥ𝑝 −0.055(3+𝜓)
𝜆
𝜌= ഥ𝑝 2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆ҧ𝑝 > 0.5 + 0.085 − 0.055𝜓
𝜆

𝑓𝑦 𝑏ത Τ𝑡
𝜆ҧ𝑝 = = , 𝑘𝜎 = 4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜓 = 𝜎2 Τ𝜎1 = 1, and 𝑏ത Τ𝑡 = 𝑑 Τ𝑡𝑓
𝜎𝑐𝑟 28.4𝜀 𝑘𝜎

44.25
𝜆ҧ𝑝 = = 0.847 > 0.5 + 0.085 − 0.055𝜓 = 0.673
28.4∗0.92∗ 4

0.847−0.055(3+1)
𝜌= = 0.874
0.8472

𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑤 = 0.874 ∗ 𝐴𝑤 = 0.874 ∗ 400 − 2 ∗ 15 − 2 ∗ 8 ∗ 8 + 2 ∗ 8 ∗ 8

𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝒘 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟑. 𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝟐 , 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟑. 𝟐

Design of compression members
Step 3: Calculate the reduction factor 𝝌
1 𝐴𝑓𝑦 𝐿𝑐𝑟
𝜒= ഥ2
≤ 1, where 𝜙 = 0.5 1 + 𝛼 𝜆ҧ − 0.2 + 𝜆2ҧ & 𝜆ҧ = =
𝜙+ 𝜙2 −𝜆 𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝑖𝜆1

𝜆1 = 93.9𝜀 = 93.9 ∗ 0.92 = 86.39, and 𝐿𝑐𝑟,𝑦 = 0.7 ∗ 8 = 5.6 m

I. About strong axis:

𝐿𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 Τ𝐴𝑔
5600∗ 14603.2/14960
Tℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝜆ҧ𝑦 = = = 0.359
𝑖𝑦 𝜆1 4.763∗108ൗ
14960∗86.388

𝜙𝑦 = 0.5 1 + 0.34 0.359 − 0.2 + 0.3592 = 0.591

1 1
𝜒𝑦 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟑
2 2 0.591+ 0.5912 −0.3592
𝜙𝑦 + 𝜙𝑦 −𝜆𝑦
Design of compression members
Step 3: Calculate the reduction factor 𝝌
II. About minor axis:
𝐿𝑐𝑟,𝑧 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 Τ𝐴𝑔
5600∗ 14603.2/14960
Tℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝜆ҧ𝑧 = = = 0.62
𝑖𝑧 𝜆1 1.6∗108ൗ
14960∗86.388

𝜙𝑧 = 0.5 ∗ 1 + 0.49 0.62 − 0.2 + 0.622 = 0.795

1 1
𝜒𝑧 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟒
2 0.795+ 0.7952 −0.622
𝜙𝑧 + 𝜙𝑧 2 −𝜆𝑧

Hence, buckling in the minor axis governs the resistance of the section
𝝌 = 𝑴𝒊𝒏 𝝌𝒚 ; 𝝌𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟒
Design of compression members
Step 4: Calculate design axial compressive strength
𝜒𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑦 0.774∗14603.2∗275
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵
𝛾𝑚1 1.1

Remark:
▪ The section has axial compressive resistance of 2825.72 kN.
Step 5: compute maximum factored UDL on beam ABC
𝑤𝐿𝐴𝐶 2 W
σ 𝑀𝐴 = 0, − 𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 𝐿𝐴𝐵 = 0
2

2𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 𝐿𝐴𝐵
w= = 𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝐿𝐴𝐶 2
Chapter-IV