1.

OGWALALOOSI
RNAAKKOO
1.
1. Mal
adhahi
i
wwanOgwal
aloo
Qor
annooogumaakeessaai
sat
okkokant
a’euumamnii
saaj
abanaf
agoo/
dur
ii
dha
j
edhameekanamanamuogwal
alooy
oomi
i
fieessat
tiakkaj
alqabamebeekuufr
aki
saa
akkat
a’eqor
att
oonnibaay
’eeni
rr
att
iwal
i
igal
[Link]
a’umal
eej
abanaaddaddaaj
i
raat
aa
kant
uranbeekt
onniogwal
alooogwal
alooneessat
ti
,akkami
tt
if
iyoom akkaj
alqabame
mal
adhahi
iaddaddaal
afakaa’
[Link]
adhahi
wwankunneeni
sgar
ayaadaguduunf
aa
ogwal
aloogar
atokkoot
tiakkadhuf
nunut
aasi
[Link]
umakanaan,mat
adur
eekana
j
alat
timal
adhahi
wwanogwal
aloohedduukeessaamur
aasai
saani
iakkai
tt
iaanut
tihaa
i
l
aal
l
u.
 Ogwal
aloon hoj
i
ikaay
yoo amant
aa /
bel
i
ef/ wal
i
in wal
qabachuun kan
j
alqabameedha.
Akkuma beekamu seenaa dhal
a namaa keessat
tinamoot
iidur
durj
i
raat
aa t
uran
gamt
aanoomi
shai
rr
att
ier
gabobba’
ani
ieegal
eewal
ta’
uunadamooi
rr
att
ibobba’
uu
t
urani
.Gamt
aanoomi
shuunal
att
iji
reeny
aisaani
ikeessat
tinugar
gaar
eer
akanj
edhan
waaqa amanani
igamt
aadhaan gal
ateef
fat
[Link]
aaf bi
yya Mi
sir
aa dur
iif
i
I
bir
aahi
sxi keessat
ti waaqot
a Toot
ii
fi Ay
isi
s j
edhamanf
ii bi
yya Gi
ri
ik dur
ii
keessat
ti
mmoo waaqniAt
il
aas j
edhamu gal
ateef
fachuufj
echa namoot
ii
n hedduu
f
aar
fachaat
urani
i
ru.
Wal
umaagal
att
inamoot
ii
ndur
iiadamsani
iyooaj
j
eesan,y
oowaant
ifacaaf
ategaar
ii
tt
i
mar
geef
,yookandhal
ateguddat
eef
iji
reeny
abu’
aabahi
iqabukeessat
tiwaant
iyaadeef
i
hoj
j
atemi
l
kaa’
eefwaaqai
saagamt
aadhaant
a’uunf
aar
fachuudhaangal
ateef
fat
[Link]
namoot
iimal
a dhahi
ikana deeggar
ani
i
ttinamoot
ii
nyemmuu dhi
i
chi
saa sagal
ee
ol
kaasuun gamt
aadhaan waaqa gal
atadhi
yeef
fachuu bar
baadan y
aadaaf
i aar
ti
i
haasl
aan uumani
iji
ruuf
iji
reeny
a namoot
a dur
iikeessat
ti
,akkuma dur
aan bar
ame
waaqot
aisaani
iyemmuugal
ateef
fat
angal
atakanahoo’
i
isani
idhi
yeessuuy
emmuu
dadhaban sababoot
a i
bsawwan baay
’ee gabaabbat
ani
i
n hor
dof
uun dhi
i
chi
fni
di
i
chi
famanwant
auumameogwal
aloot
a’ui
saai
tt
iamanu.
 Ogwal
aloonhoj
i
i/dal
agaawal
i
inwal
qabat
eekanuumameedha
Durdur
iij
abanameeshaal
eent
ajaaj
i
laal
eeaddaaddaakennanakkaj
abanaammaa
y
eroohi
nbabal
’
anneef
iga’
umsaanhi
nhoj
j
atamnedal
agaal
eehumnanamat
okkoool
i
i
gaaf
atur
aawwachuufgamt
aai
j
aar
uundi
rqamat
[Link]
i
iwwankunneeni
skanakka
dhagaaj
i
ksuu,j
i
rmagur
guddaakaasuuf
ir
iqi
chat
olchuukanhumnakennaafj
edhamee
y
aadamu sagal
ee dhageessi
suun i
saani
ihi
nhaf
ujedhamee [Link]
Or
omoobi
rat
tiy
emmuul
afadi
ddi
qan/
qot
an,mi
dhaanhaaman(
shani
i
,qaboo,daboo
/
guuza)manai
j
aar
andal
agaai
saani
iraawwachuufsagal
eeni
saandhageessi
sani
rr
aa
ni
daga’
ama.
Haal
umakanaanakkaat
aanamoot
iimal
adhahi
ikanadeeggar
ani
i
tti
namoot
ii
ngamt
aan
y
emmuuhoj
j
atanhumnai
saani
iqi
ndeessuunsagal
eei
saan baasan akkaat
aar
aawwi
i
sochi
iisaat
tisochi
i
nyemmuu i
rr
a deddeebi
’
ujeedal
oo [Link]
oon sagal
ee
deddeebbi
’
uun uumamummoo dhal
l
inamaa ogwal
aloo akka uumuufsababa t
a’a
j
edhani
iamanu.
 Ogwal
aloon j
alqabaaf
i guddi
na af
aani
i wal
i
in wal
qabachuun kan
uumameedha.
Mal
a dhahi
i
n kuni
mmoo dhal
l
inamaa qooqniy
kn dubbi
i
nisaa akka bar
eeduuf
i
mi
i
dhagi
nahor
atuufj
echaogwal
aloouumuui
saani
iagar
sii
[Link]
ii
n
ogwal
aoodur
dur
ijedhameeamanamuui
rr
aakanka’
eumr
ii
nogwal
aloof
iumr
ii
nqooqaa
wal
git
[Link]
tuuumr
ii
nogumaakeessaaogwal
aoongamdubbi
igosaogbar
ruui
sa
umr
iidheer
aaqabut
a’uuf
iumr
ii
nnamaaf
iumr
iiqooqaawal
i
inkanwal
git
uta’
uuqaba
namoonnij
edhaman [Link]
a’u mal
ee akka mal
a dhahi
ikanaat
tiy
aanni
j
alqabaogaal
oodhal
l
inamaaqooqaer
gaj
alqabeey
eroomur
aasaanboodaaf
aani
saa
dubbi
suuf
idubbi
iisaami
i
dhagsuufj
echaogwal
aloouumekanj
edhumor
miiheddu
kaaseer
[Link]
iimor
miikaasandhal
l
inamaadunbbi
iisaami
i
dhagsuufkut
anno
bar
baachi
saa t
a’e waan hi
nqabneef ogwal
aloo j
alqabuu sababa t
a’uu akka
hi
ndandeeny
elaf
a kaa’
[Link] i
l
aal
cha m,
ormi
toot
a baay
’eet
tii
l
aal
chikun kan
hi
nsabeef
famneef
iit
ti
gaaf
atamummaahi
nqabnej
edhu.
Wal
umagal
att
i deeggar
toonnimal
a dhahi
ikanaa gaaf
fi
iogwal
aloon y
oo j
alqabe
j
edhuuf dhal
inamaa er
ga qooqa j
alqabee kaasee t
ideebi
i
njedhu f
udhat
ama
qabaat
uyy
uukut
annoobar
baachi
saadubbimi
i
dhagsuufy
aannij
edhuf
udhat
amnii
saa
xi
qqaadha.
Ogwal
aloonamal
auumamanamaaf
inamni
uumamahubat
eeaar
ti
iuumeedha
Deeggar
toonnimal
adhahi
ikanaaumr
ii
nogwal
alookandur
dur
iint
a’uui
saat
ti
m ni
 [Link]
alqabi
i
nsai
saammooy
emmuudhi
yeessannamniamal
auumama
i
saaf
imat
uma i
saat
ii
n uumama hubat
ee gar
agal
chuudhaan j
edhani
iamanu.
Fakkeeny
aafdhal
inamaay
emmuudhukkubsat
eniaada,
yoogammadenikof
la,
yoo
gaddenibooy
a,.
..
Amal
oonniakkasi
ijeedal
oomat
aai
saani
i
fideddeebbi
itar
ti
ibaani
qabu
Ogwal
aloo (
poet
ry)
:- ogwal
aloon hi
i
kawwan l
ama qaba. I
nni t
okkof
faa kut
aa
bar
reef
fama/
aar
ti
ituut
awal
aloohedduofkeessat
tiqabat
uudha.I
nnil
ammaf
faammoo
gar
ee/
gosaqor
annoobar
reef
famaaaar
ti
it
[Link]
echuuni
sogwal
aloonsaay
insi
iaar
ti
i
qor
atuj
echuudha.
Wal
aloo(
Poem)
:-af
aanGi
ri
iki
i
rraaj
echapoesyj
edhui
rr
aakandhuf
e;hi
i
knii
saasbu’
aa
hoj
i
idal
agaai
l
manamaabi
fadubbi
i
fibi
fabar
eef
famaat
ii
nji
ruuf
idubbi
iwaa’
eej
i
reeny
a
guy
yaar
raaguy
yaat
tii
l
aal
chi
seedubbat
amuj
[Link]
aloonhaf si
eeqeenxee/ ngl
e
t
ext
/[Link]
swal
aloonbar
reef
famaankandubbat
amuy
kny
aada/
idea/bar
reef
famu,
mi
i
ra/
sense/kan qabuuf
ihoj
i
iqeenxeeaar
ti
it
[Link]
ssammuu namaageeddar
uuf
,
gal
atauumaagal
fachuuf
,gaddai
bsuuf
,qeequuf
fik.
k.f
.kandubbat
amuudha.
Wal
oo/
poet echipoetj
:-j edhuj
echaGi
ri
iki
rr
aakandhuf
eyoot
a’uwaauumaa/
maker
/
j
[Link]
s nama waant
atokko uumu j
[Link] y
aada bu’
uur
aat
ti
ogbar
ruuf
ihoj
i
inhodhaahodhuuwal
i
inwal
fakkaat
[Link]
t
okkoqi
ndoomi
naaf
i/pat
ter
n/caasaa/st
ruct
ure/i
tt
iuumuudhaanmi
i
dhagi
naaddaa
way
iigoonf
achi
i
[Link]
aloo bar
reessu/
wal
ooni
s/ haal
uma wal
fakkaat
uun
wal
aloowwanqi
ndeesseehundeessuun,j
echoot
afi
l
uuni
cit
iigadi
fageeny
aqabuuf
ikan
hi
i
kni
itt
ikennamu/
tobei
nter
prat
ed/uuma.
Ogwal
aloon muuxannoowwan y i
aadaman/magi
nat
ive exper
iences/hi
i
kaa,sagal
eef
i
f
il
annoowwanqooqadhawat
a/sagal
eei
rr
adeddeebbi
i/r
ytheme/keessaani
bsamuuf
i
kandeebi
imi
i
rakakaasaa(
emot
ional
responses/maddi
sii
suudha.

[Link]
rnaakkoo Ecosy
stem) j
echuun maal
i
? Ogwal
aloon si
rnaakoo (
Ecopoet
ry)
j
echuunoo?Maal
ibsasi
tt
ifakkaat
a?
[Link] i
rr
aji
raannu akkami
tt
iqoonna?
Maqaal
een l
ubbu qabeey
yiibakkee
qoodi
nsakanneeni
i
tti
argamanmaal
maal
fa’
i
?
[Link]
iinaannoo(
nat
ure&env
ironment
)akkami
i
ttii
bsi
ta?Har
ii
rooakkami
i
 qabu?
[Link] eessat
tiar
gama?
Uumamnidacheer
raa maalmaalf
a’aa
hammat
a?Akkami
tt
iqoqqoodama?
[Link]
yyeef
fannoo qor
annoo har
ii
roo dachee,
namaaf
ilubbuqabeey
ii
fil
ubbu
dhabeey
yii
maal
maal
fa’
aasi
tt
ifakkaat
a?
• Jechi
‘Ecopot
eic’
jedhuj
echoot
alama‘
Ecol
ogy
’fi
‘Poet
ry)j
edhamani
rr
aat
olf
ame.
Af
aanGi
ri
iki
i
tii
n‘Ecol
ogy
’(Qor
ikkoo)j
echuunwaa’
eesi
rnoot
akkoo(
ecosy
stems)
y
knwaa’
ee j
i
reeny
alubbuqabeey
yii(
li
feofpopul
ati
ons)bar
achuuj
echuudha
(
Odum &Bar
ret
t2005)
Kanaaf Ecol
ogy(
Qor
ikkoon)dameeSaay
insi
iuumamaakant
a’edameeBaawul
ooj
i
i
dhi
mmoot
aci
cci
moomoo2qor
achuui
rr
aat
tixi
yyeef
fat
a.I
saani
s:
[Link]
ii
rool
ubbuqabeey
yii
n(or
gani
sms)i
nni
tokkokanbi
roowal
i
inqabu
[Link]
ii
roo l
ubbu qabeey
yii
n naannoowwan j
i
reeny
a i
saani
i(phy
sical
sur
roundi
ngs)wal
i
inqaban.
KanaafQor
ikkoon(
Ecol
ogy
)saay
insi
ihar
ii
roowwannamoot
aji
dduuf
inaannooj
i
reeny
a
l
ubbuqabeey
yii dhuunf
aa (
indi
vi
dual
),
kan t
uut
aa (
popul
ati
on)
, kan hawaasaa
(
communi
ty)
,kansi
rnakkoo(
ecosy
stem)f
ikansadar
kaasi
rnakkoomar
aa(
biospher
e
l
evel
)ir
rat
tihundaa’
uunkanqor
atu.
• Si
rnakkoomar
aa(
biospher
e)-qaamadacheemar
aakanl
ubbuuqabeey
yii
nmar
ti
i
rr
aji
raat
an(
all
li
feexi
st)y
oot
a’ui
saani
s:
[Link]
akeessabakkasi
rnoot
aiddamukeeni
iji
ran(
deepestr
ootsy
stemsof
t
rees)
[Link]
l
li
mii
gal
aanakeessaa(
dar
kenv
ironment
sofoceandi
tches)
[Link]
i
fit
ull
uuwwangur
goddooni
tt
imagr
an(
lushr
ainf
orest
s&
hi
ghmount
aint
ops}
[Link] wal
xuqa si
rnoot
akkoo gal
aanaaf
idachee (
zones wher
e
ocean&t
err
est
ri
alecosy
stemsmeet
).

Gamabi
root
ii
njechi
‘Ecopoet
ic’
j
edhuy
ooi
l
aal
l
e,j
echi
i
tal
amai
rr
aat
olf
amee:
[Link]-
Ecol
ogy(
Qor
ikkoo)
-yaadr
imeehi
i
lkanaannooj
edhukani
l
aal
uyoot
a’ukuni
s
naannoonDi
nagdee(
Economy
)ta’
uui
saaagar
sii
sa.
 [Link]
ic-
cal
aqqee amal
a wal
oowwani
i(char
act
eri
sti
c of poet
s) y
kn i
bsa
namoot
aa,want
oot
aa,y
aadawwani
i(descr
ipt
ionofper
sons,obj
ect
s,ori
deas)
waa’
eej
i
reeny
aabbeent
oot
aa(
soulofbehol
der
)ogwal
aloowal
i
inwalqabsi
i
suun
kandhi
yeessu;
• Kanaaf ogwal
aloon Si
rnakkoo gama beekkumsa Si
rnakoot
ii
nji
ruuf
igama
ogwal
aloon(
Poet
ry)j
i
ruwal
i
tti
fideenkanqor
[Link]
s:
[Link]
yyeef
fannoongamaOgwal
oot
ii
n(Poet
ry)kennamu:
• Di
mma adduny
aan maalakka t
aat
e(t
he whatoft
he wor
ld) i
bsuun
agar
sii
suu (
descr
ibi
ng & exposi
ng) [Link]
s di
rr
een beekkumsa
ogwal
alooanni
i
isaaci
maagamamanaabaaf
ifi
l
annoowwani
i(al
ter
nat
ives)
waanqabuuf
,gaheewwanaddaaqabaachuui
saaagar
sii
sa.
Fkn:
• Akkaat
aa sammuun namaa Adduny
aa i
tt
i hubat
u (
ment
al
concept
ionofwor
ld)i
fat
aasi
sa.
• Kal
l
aat
ti
iwwanxi
i
nxal
l
iihaar
aa(
newpat
hsofi
nvest
igat
ion)namaa
ar
gamasi
i
sa.
• Adduny
aawwanj
i
raachuumal
anbi
roohubannnoonamaat
olf
aman
akkaj
i
raat
ant
aasi
sa.
• Wal
umaagal
att
i,
ogwal
aloonAdduny
aabi
faaddat
a’eensakat
taaneehubachuun
al
aAdduny
aanuy
ii
finamoot
abi
rooft
olf
amani
l
leehubachuufkangar
gaar
uta’
uu
hubanna.
[Link]
yyeef
fannoongamaOgwal
alooSi
rnakkoot
ii
n(Ecopoet
ry)kennamu
• Ogwal
aloonsi
rnakkoounkaaaar
ti
iogwal
aloobi
racehuunqor
annooi
saagama
kaay
yooQor
ikkoo(
Ecol
ogy
)keessagal
eekanxi
i
nxal
uudha.
• JechiEcol
ogy(
Qor
ikkoo)j
edhuj
echaAf
aanGi
ri
ikoi
koshi
i
kinii
saamana(
home)
t
a’eef
ijechal
ogoshi
i
knii
saa j
echa(
wor
d),sababa(
reason)
,yaaduu(
thought
)
j
edhur
raakant
olf
[Link]
umaagal
att
i
• Akkadi
rr
eeqor
annoot
tiogwal
aloonsi
rnakkoo(
Ecopoet
ics)kanneear
maangadi
i
xi
i
nxal
uuy
knqor
achuui
rr
att
ixi
yyeef
fat
a.I
saani
s:
• Haal
anamninaannoo i
saakeessaj
i
raat
u(human si
tuat
ion wi
thi
nit
s
habi
tat
).
• Akkaat
aabakkij
i
reeny
aa(
manni
)it
tii
j
aar
amuuf
iibsamu(
how homei
s
 def
ined&bui
l
t)
• Daangaal
ee(
bor
der
s)qaamaaf
iAdduny
aa(
body&wor
ld)
,il
manamaaf
i
l
ubbuqabeey
yiibi
roo,y
eroof
ibakka(
ti
me& space)j
i
dduuj
i
raachuuf
i
dhi
i
suu.
• Haal
ait
tidal
agaal
eenmi
i
ref
fannaa(
senseact
ivi
ti
es)
,qaamaanj
i
raachuun
(
phy
sicalpr
esences)
,yaadannoon (
memor
y),f
iway
iti
i
lee waa y
aaduu
(
moment
soft
hinki
ng)i
tt
iar
gamani
i
fif
edhi
nnaal
eenamoot
ii
nAdduny
aa
keessast
tibar
baadani
iofar
gan(
nav
igat
ingsel
fint
hewor
ld)bar
uukan
gar
gaar
u.

Kut
aaI
.Ibsawwani
i
fiYaadr
imeewwan (
Ter
ms& Concept
s)Ogwal
aloo
Si
rnakkoo
Yaadr
imeewwanaddaddaaogwal
aloosi
rnakkoohubachuufnamagar
gaar
ankut
aakana
j
alat
tiakkai
tt
iaanut
tigabaabi
naandhi
yaat
u.
[Link](
Nat
ure)f
iNaannoo(
Env
ironment
)
• Uumamni
i
finaannoon adda bahani
iji
raachuu waan hi
ndandeeny
eefwal
i
tti
qi
ndeef
famuunnaannoouumamaa(
nat
ural
env
ironment
)jedhama.
• Naannoon want
oot
a f
ii
zi
kaal
awaa, keemi
kaal
awaa, baawul
ooj
i
kaal
awaa,
qi
l
eensaaf
i geeddar
toot
a haal
a qi
l
leensaa (
phy
sical
, chemi
cal
, bi
ologi
cal
,
at
mospher
ic,
andcl
i
mat
eagent
s)hammat
a.
• Naannoouumamaal
ubbu-
qabeey
ii
fil
ubbudhabeey
yiinamt
olcheenot
oohi
nta’
i
in
umamaankanj
i
raat
[Link],
beel
adaa,
biqi
l
oot
a,bi
neensot
a,l
aggeen,
…
• Naannoon wal
i
ttidhuf
eeny
alubbuqabeey
yii
,
qil
l
eensaaf
iqabeeny
aa uumamaa
j
i
reeny
anamaaf
idal
agaal
ee(
hoj
i
iwwan)di
nagdeeofkeessat
tihammat
a.
• Yaadr
imeen naannoouumamaa(
nat
uralenv
ironment
)ruqoot
aar
maangadi
i
tii
n
addabaheebeekama.I
saani
s:
• Yuuni
ti
iwwan si
rnakkoo guut
uu (
compl
ete ecosy
stem uni
ts)
-si
rnoot
a
uumamaamar
aa(
fkn.
biqi
l
ota,or
gaani
zi
mot
axi
xi
qqoo,bi
yyoo,r
ock,haal
a
qi
l
leensa (
atmospher
e),wanoot
a daangaaf
ibakka uumama i
saani
i
tti
uumamaanmul
dhat
an.
• Qabeeny
awwan uumamaa hundagal
eessaaf
i want
oot
a f
ii
zi
kaal
awaa
 (
Uni
ver
salnat
uralandphy
sicalphenomena)
-want
oot
aakkaqi
l
leensaa,
bi
shaani
i
fihaal
aqi
l
leensaa(
cli
mat
e),anni
i
saa(
ener
gy)
,umnael
ekt
ir
ii
k
char
ji
if
imaagi
neet
awaa(
magnet
ism)kaneent
a’i
nsoot
aqar
oomi
nadhal
a
namaa(
civ
il
izedhumanact
ions)i
rr
aahi
nmaddi
needha.
• Naannoogosoot
aaddaddaat
tiqoodama.I
saani
s.
a)KanJi
raat
tot
a(Bi
oti
c/Li
vi
ng)-r
uqoot
abaawul
ooj
oqaasi
rnakkoo(
biol
ogi
cal
component
sofecosy
stem)l
ubbuqabeey
yii
wal
i
inwal
qabat
ani
i
dha.
• Fknbi
qil
oot
a,bi
neel
dot
a,or
gaani
zi
mot
axi
xi
qqoo…
b)KanJi
raachi
ft
oot
a(Abi
oti
c)-wanoot
amaddaanni
i
saa(
ener
gy)or
gaani
zi
moot
a
j
i
raachi
suufgar
gaar
ani
i
dda.
• FknHaal
aQi
l
leensa(
Cli
mat
e),hoo’
i
naaf
iqor
ri
na(
temper
atur
e),j
i
idhi
na
akka bokkaa, cabbi
i
, di
i
lal
l
a, haal
a bi
yyee(
ashawaa, kosi
i
,ji
i
dhaa,
goggogaa…)
,gosoot
aqi
l
leensot
aakanakkaOoksi
j
ii
nii
,Naay
iti
rooj
i
nii
,kkf
kanneenmaddaanni
saaf
iji
reeny
alubbuqabeeny
iit
a’an.
c)KanAadaa(
Cul
tur
al)
-want
oot
aadeemsaguddi
nadhal
anamaakeessat
tij
i
jj
ir
ama
namar
raan geessi
sani
i
fiakkaat
aaj
i
reeny
aa(
li
fest
yle)namaai
rr
att
imi
i
dhaa
f
idankanhammat
u.
• Har
ii
roon namoot
ii
n naannoo keessat
tiqaban si
rnakkoo (
ecosy
stem)
i
rr
att
imi
i
dhaal
eef
ida.
Sababi
i
nisaasnamoot
ii
naadaagar
agar
aaqaban
gaheehawaasakeessat
tiqabankal
aat
ti
leeaddaddaat
ii
nagar
sii
su.
• Ubannoowwan gama amant
ii
s(r
eli
gious under
standi
ngs)
,mi
i
dhaal
ee
di
nagdee (
economi
c pr
essur
es) f
i beekumsa bu’
uur
aa uumamaa
(
fundament
alknowl
edge ofnat
ure)sababa gar
aagar
ummaa aadaat
ii
n
mul
’
atu
• Uumamni
i
finaannoon j
i
reeny
aa Ogwal
aloo si
rnakkoo kal
aquuf
imi
i
ref
fanaa
Adduny
aai
bsachuufakkasumasgadi
fageeny
aanxi
i
nxal
uufi
saka’
umsaat
i.
[Link](
Indi
genousKnowl
edge)
• Wal
umaagal
att
i beekkumsi dhal
a namaa kan xabboof
i kan ammay
yaa
(
tradi
ti
onal
/indi
genous&moder
n)j
edhameebakkal
amat
tiqoodama.
• Mapar
a(2009)
,beekkumsaxabboo(
Indi
genousknowl
edge)
“l
ocal
l
yandnat
ural
l
y
gr
ant
ed bodyofknowl
edge oft
he i
ndi
genouspeopl
e”j
edhcuun i
[Link]
kanaanbeekkumsixabboobeekumsanaannoof
iuumamaanuummat
axabboo
gar
eewwan (
groups)
, qomoowwan hawaasaa (
communi
ti
es)
,f
i hawaasa
(
soci
eti
es)qoodamanbi
rat
tikanar
gamu.
• Beekkumsixabboo beekkumsa gama dandeet
ti
ibar
noot
aan (
int
ell
ect
ual
),
t
eeki
nol
ooj
i
in(
technol
ogi
cal
) si
rnakkoon (
ecol
ogi
cal
),xi
i
nfay
yaan (
medi
cal
)
kaneenbi
roohawaast
i naannooi
saakeessat
tiofdanda’
eeakkaj
i
traat
ukan
t
aasi
su.
• Beekkumsixabboohawaast
iji
reeny
awal
i
inakkaqabsaa’
u(t
ruggl
eforsur
viv
al)
,
ny
aat
aakkahoomi
shat
u(pr
oducef
ood)
,bakkaj
i
reeny
aaakkaar
gat
u(pr
ovi
de
shel
ter
)fij
i
reeny
aof
iiakkat
o’at
eakkami
l
kaa’
u(t
oachi
evecont
roloft
hei
rown
l
i
ves)kandandeessi
su.
• Beekkumsi xabboo meeshaa uummanni mar
ti(
keessat
tuu i
yyeey
yii
n)
r
aawwanaal
eeguy
yuu(
day
-to-
daypr
act
ices)
:hoj
i
iqonnaa,f
ayy
aa,qabeeny
aa
 umamaat
o’achuu,
fidal
agaal
eebi
rooi
tt
ii
ntohat
u.
• Beekkumsixabboo beekkumsa y
eroo guddaa,baasi
iheddu,umna guddaaf
i
ogummaa addaa hi
ngaaf
anne,sal
phaadhumat
tikan bar
[Link]
xabboohaal
aar
maangadi
i
nqoodama.
• Beekkumsaaf
uur
aaf
iAdduny
aa(
spi
ri
tual
&Secul
arKnowl
edge)
`
• Beekkubsa xabboo kunuunsa naannoo (
env
ironment
al pr
otect
ion)
-
t
o’annoo dachee/
biy
yoo, kunuunsa bosonaaf
iisaani
s qusannoon
f
ayy
adamuu.
• BeekkumsaXabboof
alaasama(
phi
l
osophy
)agar
sii
san.
• Beekkumsaxabboosi
rnaqonnaa,
qor
ichaaf
idahumsat
o’achuufgar
gar
an.
• Beekkumsa xabboo mi
i
dhagi
naaf
ii hoj
i
i har
kaa (
handi
craf
t) wal
i
in
wal
qabat
an.
• Beekkumsaxabboo wal
i
ttibu’
i
insaf
uruu(
conf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on)f
inagaaf
i
t
asgabbi
i
nnamaaf
iiuumamabi
roowal
i
inj
i
raachuuagar
sii
san.
• Duudhaal
ee af
ool
aa (
oralt
radi
ti
ons) kanneen unkaal
ee addaddaan
i
bsaman.
• Aar
ti
iwwwanr
aawwi
i(per
for
mat
ivear
ts)kanneenakkageer
arsaa.
• Beekkumsahor
sii
saaf
ikunuunsabeel
adaaf
ikanneenbi
roo.
• Beekkumsaqor
-bar
noot
axabboo(
indi
genouspedagogy
).

• Beekkumsu xabboo Jar

aa 21f
faa keessa guddi
na f
ufi
i
nsaa (
sust
ainabl
e
dev
elopment
)fikunuunsanaannoo(
env
ironmentpr
otect
ion)eguuf
imanca’
i
insa
l
afaa(
landdegr
adat
ion)f
igammooj
j
ummaa(
deser
ti
fi
cat
ion)hambi
suufgahee
ol
aanaaqaba.
• Si
rnibeekkumsawwanxabboogar
aagar
aakal
l
att
iisi
rnoot
aakkoobal
’
aan(
broad
per
spect
iveoft
heecosy
stems)f
ayi
daal
[Link]
aast
iisaani
i
:
• Qabeeny
aan uumamaa (
nat
ural r
esour
ces) ot
oo hi
nqi
saasessi
i
n
f
ufi
i
nsaanf
ayy
adamuuf
• Toof
taal
eej
i
reeny
aa(
sur
viv
alst
rat
egi
es)f
iakkaat
aanaannoot
okkot
tiof
madaksani
ij
ir
aat
ani
rr
att
ideebi
ikenna(
adapt
iver
esponses)
.
• Sadar
kaal
eeabbaawar
raa/
maat
ii
fihawaasaat
ti(
int
raandi
nter
-househol
d
 & communi
ty l
evel
s) naannoon akka kunuunf
amuuf
i geeddar
amu
gar
gaar
a.
• Har
ii
roo gar
ee hawaasaa j
i
dduu akka ci
muuf
ihawaasnigar
a hoj
i
i
guddi
naa, mi
soomaa, nageeny
aaf
i wal
ta’
i
nsaat
ti akka geeddar
amu
gar
gaar
a.
[Link]
ogumaaf
iNaannoo(
Lit
erar
y&Env
ironment
)
• Ogumninaannooj
i
reeny
anamaabakkabu’
uuf
iji
reeny
ahawaasaa cal
aqqi
sii
suu
keessat
tigaheeol
aanaaqaba.
• Ogumni y
aadr
imee '
Eco-
cri
ti
cism'Qeeqa Si
rnakkoo’j
edhu j
alat
ti har
ii
roo
ogumumaaf
inaannooj
i
dduu(
associ
ati
onamongl
i
ter
atur
e&env
ironment
)kan
xi
i
nxal
uudha.
• Har
ii
roon ogumaaf
iinaannoo j
i
dduu j
i
ru xi
i
nxal
l
iibakka bu’
ummaa j
i
reeny
aa
(
anal
ysi
s ofdepi
cti
ons ofl
i
fe)f
ihar
ii
roo j
i
reeny
iogumaaf
inaannoo wal
i
in
qabat
uudha.
• Haf
eewwaniogumaa dhi
mma hawaasummaaf
iaadaa (
soci
ocul
tur
alt
ext
)
unkaal
een ogumaa (
asoosamaaf
ial
-asoosamaa)keessaa bahan want
oot
a
ar
maangadi
ii
bsu.
• Dhi
mmoot
anaannoosi
rnakkoo(
ecosy
stem)bi
shaanj
alaa(
beneat
hthe
seas)
,ar
dii
l
eei
rr
aa(
cont
inent
s),
hawaa(
space)
.
• Gal
umsaal
eemi
i
dhagi
na(
aest
het
ic)
,si
yaasa(
pol
i
tical
)f
iaadaa keessat
ti
qor
att
oonni
akkagaaf
iigaaf
atani
i
fir
akkoof
urant
aasi
suu.
• Wal
umaagal
att
i Qeeqni Si
rnakkoo (
Eco-
cri
ti
cism) want
oot
a ar
maan gadi
i
xi
i
nxal
uui
rr
att
ixi
yyeef
fat
a.I
saani
s:
[Link]
ii
roo qor
annoo ogumaaf
i(l
i
ter
atur
e) f
inaannoo j
i
reeny
aa qabat
amaa
(
phy
sical
env
ironment
)ji
dduuj
i
ru.
[Link]
ii
rooAdduny
aanamaaf
iAdduny
aanam-
mal
ee(
human&non-
humanwor
ld)
j
i
dduuj
i
ru
[Link]
ii
roonamaaf
iiuumamaa(
humanandnaut
e)j
i
dduuj
i
ru.
[Link]
i
dhaal
eef
imanca’
i
insa(
har
ms&dest
ruct
ion)naannooj
i
reeny
aa(
env
ironment
)
i
rr
agahu
• Wal
umaagal
att
i,ogumninaannoosi
rnakkoo(
real
m ofecosy
stem)keessat
ti
 f
edhi
nnaa(
desi
re)hoj
i
il
eeaar
ti
ixi
i
nxal
uunadduny
aaqul
qul
l
uut
ti(
pur
enat
ure)
i
bsuufkancar
[Link]
mmooadduny
aandhal
anamaafqof
aot
oo
hi
nta’
i
inl
ubbuudhabeey
yii
fil
ubbuuqabeey
yii
akkat
a’ugar
gaar
a.
[Link]
imeewwanbu’
uur
ummaasi
rnoot
aaf
iIl
aal
chaawal
i
inWal
qabat
an/
yaadr
imee
f
alaasamanaannoof
iuumamaa.
• Yaadr
imeen addaddaa dhi
mmoot
a bu’
uur
aaf
ikal
l
att
ii
iil
aal
chaa namoot
ni
naannoof qabuuf
isababeessan xi
i
nxal
uu wal
i
in wal
qabat
u.I
saani
sjecha
‘
cent
er’
’
bu’
uur
a’j
edhu wal
i
in wal
i
ttihi
dhamuun kal
l
att
iii
l
aal
cha namoot
aaf
xi
yyeef
[Link]
raast
iisaani
i
:-
[Link]
-Si
rnakkoo (
Ecocent
ri
sm)
-bar
baachi
summaa r
uqoot
a si
rnoot
akkoo l
ubbu-
qabeey
yii
fil
ubbudhabeey
yii
(li
vi
ng&nonl
i
vingcomponent
s)xi
yyeef
fannookenna.
• Yaadr
imeenkunumamniof
umai
sheet
ii
fji
raachuuwaanqabduuf(
fori
ts
ownsake)akkaj
i
raat
ukabaj
uui
l
aal
chaj
edhuagar
sii
sa.
• Dhi
mmawal
i
igal
aanaannookkoo(
ecospher
e)kanneenl
ubbuumar
auumani
i
fi
want
alubbuunmar
tii
tt
iwalhor
uir
raakant
olf
amanwaant
a’eefj
i
raachuuqaba.
I
saani
s Si
rnakkoo dachee (
Ear
th’
s ecosy
stems)
, Qi
l
lensa dachee ol
i
i
(
atmospher
e),
Bishaan(
wat
er)f
ilaf
a(l
and)dha.
• I
laal
cha Adduny
aa (
wor
ldv
iew) kabaj
a uumamaa si
rnoot
akkoo keessat
ti
i
(
int
ri
nsi
cval
uei
necosy
stems)beekkamt
iiar
gat
[Link].
• Ruqoot
abaawul
ooj
i
kaal
aawaaf
ifi
i
zikal
awaa(
biol
ogi
cal&phy
sical
)ir
raa
want
otat
olf
aman.
• Adeemsawwansi
i
rnakkoobakkaaf
iyer
oon(
spat
ial
l
y&t
empor
all
y)wal
i
in
wal
qabat
an
• Fakeeny
aafnamnidacheegami
saany
knsi
rnoot
akkoodacheemar
aa(
allear
th’
s
ecosy
stems)y
oomancaase,
ofumai
saat
iif
alabar
baaduubaannaansany
ii
wwan
dacheer
raaj
i
ranbadani
idhmar
rat
tiof
ii
ll
eebaduudanda’
a.
[Link]
-namummaa(
Ant
hropocent
ri
sm)
-i
lmaannamaa(
humanbei
ngs)wal
aabuy
kn
dachee
(
uni
ver
se/
ear
th)keessat
tikanheddubar
baachi
saay
oot
a’uwant
oonnibi
roohundi
nama
j
i
raachi
suufkanj
i
raat
ani
l
alchaj
edhudeeggar
a.
 • Akka i
l
aal
cha kanaat
ti uumamni sababa meeshaal
eef
ifay
idaal
ee
qabat
amaa(
mat
eri
alorphy
sicalbenef
it
s)dhal
l
inamaaer
raaar
gat
uuf
kabaj
uu [Link] mal
eesi
l
aal
chikun dhal
l
inamaa l
ubbu-
qabeey
yii
bi
roocaal
akabaj
auumamaa(
int
ri
nsi
cval
ue)akkaqabuui
bsa.
• Dhi
i
mal
ubbuqabeey
yii
fil
ubbudhabeey
yiimal
eer
uqoot
aaadaa(
cul
tur
al
component
s)ofkeessat
tihammat
a.
[Link]’
uurbaawul
ooj
owaa(
Biocent
ri
sim)
-far
rai
l
aal
chabu’
uur
namummaay
oo
t
a’ul
ubbu-
qabeey
yii
n(l
i
vingbei
ngs)mar
tikabaj
auumamaa(
inher
entv
alue)akka
qabani
[Link]
l
aal
chakanaat
tidhal
l
inamaauumamoot
a(speci
ous)mar
acaal
ee
ar
gamuuhi
[Link]
iar
maangadi
ii
laal
i
.
• Wal
umaagal
att
ijaar
raan kana dhi
mmoonnibu’
uur
-namummaa xi
yyeef
fannoo
guddaa ar
gachuur
raa kan ka’
e gochoonni j
eequmsa naannoo si
rnakkoo
(
ecol
ogi
cal
cri
ses)i
rr
agahaaj
i
ra.
• Kunneenkeessaamur
aast
igamt
aanbaduu(
massext
inct
ion)
,sar
bamami
rga
namaa(
humanr
ightv
iol
ati
on)
,gaar
reendi
i
gamuu(
dest
ruct
ionofmount
aint
ops)
gamabu’
uur
-si
rnaakkoot
ii
n(ecocent
ri
cal
l
y)xi
yyeef
fannooar
gachuuqabu.
[Link]
rnakooSabl
ami
i(Et
hnoecol
ogy
)-qor
annooqaxxaamur
aaadaa(
cross-
cul
tur
alst
udy
)
akkaat
aa namoot
ii
n naannol
ee i
saani
ihubat
ani
i
fit
ohat
an (
per
cei
ve & mani
pul
ate)
xi
i
nxal
[Link]
ees:
• Kar
aaduudhaat
ii
n(t
radi
ti
onal
l
y)y
aadr
imeewwanbi
qil
oot
aa,beel
adoot
aa,
t
eessoo j
i
raat
tot
aa (
habi
tat
es)
fit
aat
eewwan qor
ikkoo (
ecol
ogi
cal
phenomena)gamaxi
i
nqooqaat
ii
nxi
i
nxal
uu.
• Wanoot
adugdaduubacaasaal
eesammuunamaa(
under
lyi
ngst
ruct
ures
ofhuman mi
nd)kanneen amal
oot
a namaa (
human behav
ior
)ibsan
mul
’
isuufcar
raaqa.
• Ragaal
ee aadaal
ee addaddaa wal
i
in dor
gomsi
i
suuni
s waa’
ee bu’
uur
a
uumamanamaa(
basi
chumannat
ure)bar
uuf
.
• Akkaat
aa dhal
l
i namaa mal
l
een addaddaa f
ayy
adamee danqaal
ee
naannoof(
env
ironment
alchal
l
enges)f
urmaat
akennudi
nqi
sii
fachuuf
.
• Fedhi
nnaal
eedaangaal
ee(
dimensi
ons)di
nagdee,si
yaasaaf
ieeny
ummaa
hawaasaxabboomur
teessuufhar
ii
roonamaaf
inamamal
eey
yuunaannoo
 namaahhubachuu.

Si
rnakooGenet
iki
i(Ecogenet
ic)

• Si
rnakkoo Genet
iki
i
n mi
i
dhaal
ee want
oonnidhal
oot
aan dhuf
an (
hedi
dit
ary
f
act
ors)deebi
ior
gaani
zi
moonninaannoo j
i
raat
an keessat
tiagar
sii
san wal
i
in
wal
qabsi
i
suunkanqor
atu.
• Gamabi
root
ii
nqor
annoodameeGenet
iksi
iwaa’
eewant
oonnidhal
oot
aadar
ban
(
genet
ict
rai
ts)dugdadeebi
iwanoot
a naannoo (
response t
o env
ironment
al
subst
ances)wal
i
inwal
qabsi
i
seekanqor
atu.
• Kanaj
echuuni
sqor
annoonhar
ii
root
uut
auumamaa(
nat
uralpopul
ati
on)casaaa
want
a dhal
oot
aan dar
buu (
genet
ic st
ruct
ure)want
oot
a hi
r’
isan adda baasa
j
[Link]
rnakkooGenet
iki
iwanoot
aar
maangadi
ixi
i
nxal
uufool
a:I
saani
s-
• Mi
i
dhaal
eegar
aagar
ummaamur
taa’
aadhal
oot
aandurt
ure(
preexi
sti
ng
genet
ical
l
y-det
ermi
nedv
ari
abi
l
ity
)deebi
iwanoot
anaannoogeeddar
ani
i
n
dhuf
u(r
esponset
oenv
ironment
alagent
)ir
rat
tiqaban.
• Want
oonniqaama namaa geeddar
an (
hostf
act
ors)
-umr
ii
,dhal
oot
a
(
her
edi
ty)
,soor
ata(
diet
),
dhi
beewwan t
uran (
preexi
sti
ng di
seases) f
i
akkaat
aawwanj
i
reeny
aanamaa(
li
fest
yles)dhi
beewwanf
aal
amanaannoo
i
rr
aadhuf
an(
env
ironment
all
y-
induceddi
sease)i
rr
att
imi
i
dhaal
eeakkami
i
akkageessi
san.
• Wanoot
a naannoo f
aal
an (
pol
l
utant
s)f
iisaani
s akkami
timi
i
dhaa akka
namar
raangahan.
• Wanoonnidhal
oot
aan(
genet
ical
l
y)namniqabuakkami
tt
idandeet
ti
iwaa
damdamachuunamadhuunf
aa(
adapt
ivecapaci
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
)akka
mi
rt
eessan.
 Dhi
beewwansababaf
aal
amanaannooi
rr
aakanka’
eqaamanamaa
mi
dhan
addaddaat
uji
ra.I
saani
s:
• Haal
awwanseel
i
idhi
i
gadi
i
maa(
redbl
oodcel
lcondi
ti
ons)mi
i
dhan
• Rakkoo kal
een summi
i of
keessaa al
att
i baasuu dhadhabuu (
li
ver
 met
abol
i
sm pr
obl
em)
• Dhi
bee keessoo i
dda dhi
i
gaa f
urdi
san/
qal
l
isan wal
i
in wal
qabat
an
(
car
diov
ascul
ardi
seases)
.
• Dhi
beewwan kaansar
iisombaaf
iiqaama ar
gansuu wal
i
in wal
qabat
an
(
Respi
rat
oryDi
seases)

.
Qeeqi
nsaSi
rnakkoo(
Ecocr
it
ici
sm)

• Maqaal
ee kaneen akka Gr
een Cul
tur
alSt
udi
es,Eco-
poet
ics,Env
ironment
al
l
i
ter
arycr
it
ici
sm,
Lit
erar
y-ecol
ogy
,Eco-
theor
yjedhameebeekama.
• Qeeki
nsi si
rannakkoos j
echuuni
s qor
annoo har
ii
roo ogumaaf
i naannoo
(
li
ter
atur
e&phy
sical
env
ironment
)ir
rat
tixi
yyeef
fat
u.
• Qor
annoo ogumaf
i qor
ikkoo (
kal
l
att
ii i
l
aal
cha hundagal
eessumaan
(
int
erdi
sci
pli
nar
y)t
a’eekanxi
i
nxal
l
iihaf
eewwani
i(t
ext
s)dhi
mmamanaannoo
i
bsuuf
imal
l
een addaddaa ogumnidhi
mma naannoo (
subj
ect of nat
ure)
xi
i
nxal
[Link]
nsa Si
rnakkoo (
Ecocr
it
ici
sm)want
oot
aar
maan gadi
i
rat
ti
xi
yyeef
fat
a:
• Madaal
l
ii
fiqeeqa(
judgment&cr
it
ici
sm)hoj
i
il
eeogumaai
rr
att
itaasi
famu.
• Ci
minaaf
i hanqi
naal
ee (
excel
l
ence & def
ect
s) hoj
i
il
ee ogumaa
gadi
fageeny
aanxi
i
nxal
uudhumar
att
ibu’
aaaar
tummaa(
art
ist
icswor
th)
madaal
uudha.
• Di
mmay
kny
aadr
imeeqor
ikkooogumaqor
achuukeessat
tif
ayy
adamuum
y
aal
aAdduny
aay
erooammaaf
iif
uul
dur
aa(
present&f
utur
e)xi
i
nxal
uudha.
• Mal
oot
aqor
annoosaay
insi
i
wwani
i naannooxi
i
nxal
uunhaal
anaannoo
addduny
aa ammaaf (
cont
empor
ary env
ironment
al si
tuat
ion)
f
urmaat
awwanl
afakaa’
uudha
• Qor
annoohar
ii
rooaadaa,
ogumaaf
iqor
ikkoo(
cul
tur
e,l
i
ter
atur
e&ecol
ogy
)
dha.
• Qor
annoo har
ii
roo namaaf
i namaa al
aa (
human & non-
human)
seenaaaadaanamoot
aakeessaan(
cul
tur
alhi
stor
y)f
iwaa’
eei
l
manamaa
kanxi
i
nxal
uuudha.
Kut
aaI
I.
Qor
annooOgwal
alooSi
rnakoo(
Ecopoet
icResear
ch)
• Qor
annoon ogwal
aloo si
rnakkoo har
ii
roo namaaf
i uumama j
i
dduu j
i
ru
ogwal
aoot
tigar
gaar
amuunkani
bsu,
xi
inxal
uuf
iqeequ.
• Qor
annnoon ogwal
aloo si
rnakkoo dhuma Jaar
raa 20f
faa hubanneeqor
ikkoo
(
ecol
ogi
cal awar
eness) f
i dhi
mmama bal
aa naannoo (
concer
ns ov
er
env
ironment
aldi
sast
er)qor
achuuwal
i
inwal
qabat
eeeegal
e.
• Qor
annoon kun dhi
mmoot
a naannoo kar
aa di
rr
ee qor
annoo wal
keessaa
(
int
erdi
sci
pli
nar
y)f
idi
rr
eeqor
annoodanuu(
mul
ti
disci
pli
nar
y)qor
ata.
• Dhi
yyeessidi
rr
eeqor
annoowal
keessaaf
idi
rr
eeqor
annoodanuuogwal
l
oowwan
y
aduuf
ibar
eessuu,saay
insi
i
,yaadi
ddamaaf
i di
yeessot
afooy
ya’
oo(
innov
ati
ve
appr
oach)hammat
a.
• Wal
umaagal
att
isaay
insi
i
nJaar
raa20f
aaxi
yyeef
fannoosi
rnoot
abeekkumsaa
(
focusofknowl
edgesy
stems)sadar
kaaj
i
ini
i(l
evelofgene)gadbuuseexi
i
nxal
a
y
oot
a’u,dhumaJaar
raa20f
faaf
i21f
faai
mmoodhi
i
mma j
alqabbi
iji
raat
tot
a
l
ubbuqabeey
yii(
uni
tofsur
viv
al)dhi
mmawal
xaxaaj
i
raat
tot
asi
rnakkoowwani
i
(
compl
exuni
tofecosy
stems)keessat
tisababeessuunqor
ata.
• Haal
a kanaan ogwal
aloon si
rnakkoo (
ecopoet
ics)qor
annoo haar
aa akkasi
i
hmmachuunal
att
iogwal
aloosaay
insi
iuumamaawal
i
inwal
i
ttihi
dhuunqor
anoo
sababaakangaggeessu.
• Gabaabumat
tiqor
annoo ogwal
aloo si
rnakkoo Adduny
aa kana kar
aa aar
ti
if
i
saay
insi
i
tii
nsakkat
ta’
uunhubachuu,
ibsuu,
hii
kai
tt
ikennuuf
iqeequudha.

Qor
annooOgwal
alooSi
rnakoo…I
tt
ifuf
e
2.
[Link]
yeessa Mal
l
eeni
i
fiYaadi
ddamaa (
Met
hodol
ogi
cal&Theor
eti
cal
) Ogwal
aloo
Si
rnakkoo
[Link]
aGabr
ummaaDar
bachuu(
Decol
oni
zi
ngMet
hodol
ogy
)
• Mal
l
igabr
ummaadar
bachuu dhumaJaar
raa18f
faabi
i
yyoonniAwur
ooppaa
dhaal
mal
eegi
tabi
tt
oot
aauummat
aadduny
aafdabar
sanwal
i
inwal
qabat
eekan
dhuf
eedha.
• Yaadi
ddamnikuni
syaadr
imeewwan uumamaa (
nat
ure)
,aadaa (
cul
tur
e) f
i
hawaasa(
soci
ety
)dhaal
maadhaandar
bansakat
ta’
aal
eesaay
insi
ihaar
aa(
new
sci
ent
if
icdi
scov
eri
es)
,kal
aqaal
ee(
inv
ent
ions)f
imal
l
eenhomi
shaa(
modesof
pr
oduct
ion)i
rr
aakanka’
edanqaani
rr
aga’
uukani
buuwal
i
inwal
qabat
a.
• Mal
l
ikunmal
aseer
otakol
oneef
fat
toot
aasadar
kaabi
yyaat
tinamar
rat
tif
e’aman
di
duunsammuunsi
rnay
aadamagi
tabi
tt
oot
aa(
col
oni
ali
deol
ogy
)ir
raabi
l
isa
gochuudha.
• Mal
l
ikun y
aada gi
tabi
tt
oot
aa dhuudhaan gadaant
ummaa f
udhachuu i
dda
bal
’
ifat
ee(
deep-
root
ed)namar
rat
tif
e’amekanxi
i
nxal
u.
Gamai
l
aal
chay
aadi
ddamaat
ii
n(t
heor
eti
calper
spect
ive)
,dhi
yyeessigabr
ummaa
dar
bachuur
aawwannal
ee(
qor
annoor
esear
chpr
act
ices)ar
maangadi
i
nibsama.
I
saani
s
• Hoj
i
il
ee gadi
fageeny
aan/
qeeqaan cal
aqqi
sii
suu(
exer
cisi
ng cr
it
ical
r
efl
exi
vi
ty)
• Fay
idaa wal
eef
idhi
mma hi
ree of
iiof
ii
n mur
teef
fannaa dandessi
suu
(
reci
proci
ty&r
espectf
orsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion)
• Yaadanamoot
abi
roohammachuu(
embr
aci
ngot
herway
sofknowi
ng)
• Shaakal
l
ii
wwangeeddar
amaabakkabuusuu(
embody
ingat
ransf
ormat
ive
pr
axi
s)
• Yaadi
ddamni kuni
s naannoo j
i
reeny
a namaaf
i qabeeny
aan ambaal
ee
gi
tabi
tt
oot
aat
ii
ndhaal
uuj
alaaakkami
i
tiakkabahuuf
ibar
baachsummaaduudhaa
of
ii
/sanaof
iici
msuuagar
sii
sa.
• Mal
l
i kun qor
annoo si
rnakkoo keessat
ti dhi
mma ganaadant
ummaa
gi
tabi
tt
umaar
aan dhuf
e dhi
i
mma naanoo (
env
ironment
al)
fi dhi
mma ar
dii
(
cont
inent
al)keessat
tigaaf
fi
leeaddaddaakaasuunxi
i
nxal
uufgar
gaar
a.
[Link]
l
att
iiI
laal
chaAy
idol
ooj
i
kaal
awaa(
Ideol
ogi
cal
Per
spect
ive)
• Ay
idol
ooj
i
int
uut
ayaadaa/
amant
aal
ee(
setofopi
nions/
bel
i
efs)namadhuuf
faaf
i
gar
eeey
oot
a’uamant
aasi
yaasaay
knamat
aaaadaaaddaacal
aqqi
sii
suunkan
beekamu. Fakkeeny
aay
, Kaappi
taal
i
zimi
i
, Koomi
nizi
mii
, Sooshaal
i
zimi
i
,
Maar
kisi
sti
Ayi
dol
ooj
i
i,kkfdha.
.
• Kal
l
att
ii Ay
idol
oji
kaal
awaa (
ideol
ogi
cal per
spect
ive) gar
aagar
ummaal
ee
 (
dif
fer
ences)hawaasakeessaadar
anakkaj
i
raat
uyaaduu/
deeggar
uudha.
• Yaannikuni
sdaangaangar
aagar
ummaasobaant
olf
ameakkahi
nji
raannegar
uu
hammat
ummaan(
incl
usi
veness)akkaj
i
raat
utaasi
suudha.
• Ay
idol
ooj
i
in gama xi
i
nhawaasaat
ii
n j
i
ran bu’
uur
sabdaneessummaa
(
ethnocent
ri
sm)f
izar
any
aa(
raci
sm)ni
argamu.
• Yaadi
ddamni kuni
s amant
aanamoot
a dhuunf
aaf
i gar
ee gar
aagar
a t
a’uun
ogwal
aloo dabal
ateefhoj
i
il
ee aar
ti
iaddaddaa keessaa kunuunsa naannoof
i
wal
i
tti
dhuf
eeny
ahawaasaaeeguundacheebakkaj
i
reeny
aafmi
j
atut
aasi
suudha.
[Link]
isummaa(
Romant
ici
sm)
• Sochi
iaar
ti
if
iogumaadhumaJaar
raa18f
faai
rr
aamaddey
oot
a’ukaka’
umsa
(
inspi
rat
ion)
,abbent
ummaa (
subj
ect
ivi
ty)
fidur
summaa namoot
a dhuunf
aa
(
pri
macyofi
ndi
vi
dual
s)i
rr
att
ixi
yyeef
fat
a.
• Akkaqaamasochi
ibeekkumsaaar
ti
it
ti(
art
ist
icmov
ement
)Jaar
raa20f
faat
ti
r
oomaant
isummaan i
bsami
i
ref
fannaaf
idhagay
eet
ti
i(f
eel
i
ng and emot
ions)
namadhuunf
aaxi
i
nxal
uufool
a.
• Roomaant
isummaan i
l
aal
chawwan (
att
it
udes) y
aadawwan (
ideal
s) f
i
mi
ref
fannaal
ee (
feel
i
ngs) dhugaadhaan (
real
i
sti
c) ot
oo hi
nta’
i
in y
aadaan
/
jaal
alaan(
romant
ic)kanmul
dhat
uudh.
• Wal
umaagal
att
iroomaant
isummaanamal
oot
agur
guddaa5nbeekama.I
saani
s
umamaan(
Int
uit
ion)
,manaabaa(
Imagi
nat
ion)
,qul
qul
l
umaa(
Innocence)
,fedhi
i
addaa(
Inspi
rat
ion)f
imuuxannookeessanamaa(
InnerExper
ience)dha.
• Ogumni r
oomant
isummaa abbent
aaf
i xi
yyeef
fannoo dhi
mma dhuunf
aa
(
subj
ect
ivi
ty& emphasi
soni
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm)bat
tal
aahubachuual
att
ikanneen
ar
maangadi
ii
rr
att
ixi
yyeef
fat
a.
• Seer
arr
aabi
l
isabaasuu(
freedom f
rom r
ules)
• j
i
reeny
a gamt
aa caal
aji
reeny
a qophummaa (
sol
i
tar
yli
fet
han l
i
fei
n
soci
ety
)
• Amant
aal
eemanaabnisababacaal
uu(
bel
i
efst
hati
magi
nat
ioni
ssuper
ior
t
oreason)
• Mi
dhagi
naafbakka guddaa kennuuf
i(dev
oti
on t
o beaut
y)f
iuumama
j
aal
achuuf
iit
tisagaduu(
lov
e&wor
shi
pofnat
ure)
.
 • Roomaant
isumaan ogwal
aloo si
rnakkoo keessat
tisonoonni
i
fiar
ti
if
inama
dhunf
aami
i
dhagi
nahawaasaa(
qual
i
tyofsoci
ety
)fimanaabanamadhuunf
aa
gabbi
suunnaannooj
i
reeny
aahawwat
aakant
aasi
sut
a’uuagar
sii
sa.
4.I
ndaast
ir
ummaa(
Indust
ri
ali
sm)
• I
ndaast
ir
ummaansi
gnaldi
nagdee(
economi
csy
stem)i
ndaast
ir
ii
wwansadar
kaa
ol
aanaa(
lar
ge-
scal
eindust
ri
es)i
rr
att
ikanbu’
uur
eff
[Link]
aafmeeshaal
ee
manaf
aakchar
ii
ngi
igat
iiqaal
i
ifi
hoomi
shasoor
ataasadar
kaaol
aanaamagaal
aa.
• Amal
l
oonni i
ndaast
ir
ii mal
l
een hoomi
sha t
eeki
nol
ooj
i
i maashi
niii
rr
att
i
bu’
uur
eff
atej
i
jj
ii
ramaguddaaguddi
nadi
nagdee(economi
cgr
owt
h),qoodi
nsa
dal
agaadar
an bu’
aqabeessa(
mor
eef
fi
cientdi
vi
sion ofl
abor
)fif
ooy
ya’
i
insi
(
innov
ati
on)t
eeki
nol
oji
i
dha.
• Ogwal
aloonsi
rnakkoosbal
aahamaai
nduust
ir
ii
nwal
qabat
anmi
i
dhaal
eef
aal
ama
qi
l
leensaaf
inaannoo uumamaa manca’
i
isa naanoo i
rr
aan gahan t
o’achuuf
i
qeequui
rr
att
ikanxi
yyeef
fat
u.
• Kanaafi
nduust
ir
ii
wwanf
aal
amanaanookeesssat
timi
i
dhaagageessuundhal
l
li
namaaof
umaanaannoouumamaabal
l
eessuunsi
rnaakkoof
isi
rnoot
aqaama
namaa mi
i
dhuun beekkumsa aar
ti
it
ifay
yadamani
iil
aal
cha dhal
oot
aa j
i
jj
ii
ruu
f
eesi
sa.
[Link]
inaami
zummaa(
Dynami
sm)
• Daay
inaami
zummaan duma (
real
i
ty) sochi
i
wwan want
oot
aa (
mov
ementof
t
hings)y
knadeemsa(
processes)y
eroodheer
aakeessageeddar
amuudha
• Ji
j
ji
ir
amni
/geeddar
amninaannoosababageeddar
amanaannoowal
i
rraahi
nci
ti
in
(
const
ant changi
ng) i
rr
aa ka’
a dhuf
[Link]
s sababoot
a namt
olcheef
i
uumamaant
a’uumal
u.
• Waant
otanamt
ocheef
iuumamaanaannoogeeddar
am maal
maal
fa’
i
?
• Gammoj
j
ummaa,
kir
kir
alaf
aa,
bubbeeehamaaf
igal
aandhangal
a’
uu
• Bosonaci
ruu,
tul
l
uuf
itabbamancaasuu,
laggeenj
all
i
sii
ngogsuu
• Daay
inaami
zumaan y
aaddi
ddama mi
i
idhaa sababa want
oot
a uumamaaf
i
namt
olcheer
raankanka’
emi
i
dhaanaannoor
raka’
ukanxi
i
nxal
uwaant
a’eef
xi
yyeef
fannooogwal
aloosi
rnakooi
sai
j
oodha.
[Link]
uraal
i
zummaaSi
rnakooAl
-qeqamaa(
Uncr
it
ical
Ecol
ogi
cal
Nat
ural
i
sm)
 • Naat
uraal
i
zimi
i
n(nat
ural
i
sm)y
aadi
ddamamal
asaay
insi
i
fif
aal
aasama(
sci
ent
if
ic
met
hod&phi
l
osophy
)wal
qabsi
i
suunxi
i
nxal
u
• Mal
l
ikuni
sji
raat
tot
aaf
itaat
eewanmar
a(al
lbei
ngs&ev
ent
s)wal
aabu(
uni
ver
se)
keessa j
i
raat
u kan uumamaa mal
a saay
insi
i
n qor
atamuu akka danda’
an
mi
rkaneessa.
• Naat
uraal
i
zimi
i
ngosoot
asadi
iqaba
• Nnaat
uraal
i
zimi
iont
olooj
i
i(ont
oloj
i
calnat
ural
i
sm )
-uumamniqaamot
a
waahundacaal
u(super
nat
ural
power
)rr
aakanhi
nqabannet
a’uukani
bsu
• Naat
uraal
i
zimi
i mal
l
eeni
i (
met
hodol
ogi
cal nat
ural
i
sm)
- gaaf
fi
in
f
alaasamaa(
phi
l
osophi
cali
nqui
ry) mal
asaay
insi
i
n(sci
ent
if
icmet
hod)
wal
i
inkanut
ubu.
• Naat
uraal
i
zimmi
isaf
uu (
mor
alnat
ural
i
sm)
-dhugaan saay
insi
isaf
uu
hawaasaawal
i
inkanwal
qabat
eta’
uukanagar
sii
su.
• Di
mmoonni naat
uraal
i
zimi
i
ifi saf
uuwwan, y
aadr
imeewwan, t
a’i
nsoot
nii
fi
amal
oonnidhugaawwan(
fact
s)ar
maangadi
i
tii
i
nibsamanhammat
a.
• Dhugaawwanwaa’
eeAdduny
aauumamaa(
fact
saboutt
henat
ural
wor
ld)
• Dhugaawwanwaa’
eei
l
maannamaa(
fact
sabouthumanbei
ngs)
• Uumamanamaa(
humannat
ure)
figamt
aahawaasaa(
humansoci
eti
es)
.
• Akka y
aadi
ddama Naat
uraal
i
zummaa Si
rnakoo (
Eco-
nat
ural
i
sm)t
tikunuunsi
nannoo(
env
ironment
alpr
otect
ion)f
ikunuunsil
ubbuqabeey
yiit
art
ii
ibauumamaa
i
saani
ieeguunt
aasi
famu(
prot
ect
ionofl
i
fei
nit
snat
uralor
der
)har
ii
rooci
maa
[Link]
snaannookunuunsuunl
ubbuqabeey
yii
kunuunsuuagar
sii
sa.
• Naat
uraal
i
zummaa Si
rnakoo Al
-qeqamaa (
Uncr
it
icalecol
ogi
calnat
ural
i
sm)
duudhaal
eenaannoo,l
ubbuqabeey
yyi
i
,saf
uuwwani
i
fit
a’i
nsoot
auumamaanj
i
ran
gadi
fageeny
aanxi
i
nxal
ani
ihubachuudhabuui
rr
aankanka’
ebal
aanaannoot
ti
dhuf
u xi
i
nxal
[Link]
mmoo dhi
i
mma xi
i
yyeef
fannoo ogwal
aloo si
rnakkoo i
sa
guddaadha.
[Link]
aSi
rnakkooDi
rqamaa(
Ecol
ogi
cal
Imper
ati
veMet
hod)
• Yaadt
il
maama(
assumpt
ion)mi
i
dhi
i
dhaal
eedhal
l
inamaadacheer
rat
tir
aawwat
u
(
human i
mpact
) xi
qqeessuu si
rnakkoo dachee (
ear
th’
s ecosy
stem) bade
deebi
suuf
ikunuunsuu(
rest
ore&pr
eser
ve)mi
i
dha.
 • Kuni
skant
a’ubaay
'i
nanamaadacheer
raj
i
ruu(
popul
ati
onnumber
)hi
rdhi
suuf
i
qabeeny
auumamaaqusannoonf
ayy
adamuunsi
rnoot
akkooeeguudha.
• Sababami
i
dhaal
eedhal
l
inamaadacheeer
raanka’
uir
raakanka’
ehagay
oonaa
l
unbbuqabeey
yii
n heddu dacheer
raa badan xi
yyeef
fannoo sabaahi
maal
ee
dhabani
i
ru.
• Wal
umaagal
l
att
i namoot
ii
n bi
i
li
yoonot
a t
a’an mi
i
dhaa dhi
bee bal
aaf
amaa
(
pandemi
cs)
,mi
i
dhaa hawasaaf
imi
dhaal
ee di
nagdee i
rr
aa kan ka’
e bal
aa
si
rnakkooqaqabsi
i
sani
i
ru
• Kanaafgochoonninamadhuunf
aay
erooammaa(
cur
rentact
ions)namummaa
f
uul
dur
att
iful
l
a’eej
i
raat
u(humani
tyt
obesur
viv
e)i
rr
att
imi
i
dhaaf
uda.
• Ogwal
aloosi
rnakkoosnaannoonj
i
raachuunnamnij
i
raachuuakkat
a’et
tii
l
aal
a.
Kuni
s kan r
aawwat
u kar
aa di
rqama sf
uu aadaat
ii
n(cul
tur
ali
mper
ati
ve)f
i
aadaat
tiar
aar
amuun(
cul
tur
almedi
ati
ons)
dhaani
.Mal
l
ikuni
smi
i
dhaaj
i
jj
ir
ama
qi
l
leensaan dhuf
uu,haal
a geeddar
ama si
yaasaa (
image pol
i
tics ofcl
i
mat
e
change)
fi gaheewwanf
ufi
i
nsaaadaa(
rol
eofcul
tur
alsust
ainabi
l
ity
)dhi
mma
mi
i
dhagi
nasi
rnakkoo(
eco-
aest
het
ics)i
bsuudha.
• Kanaafy
aadr
imeen “
ecol
ogi
cali
mper
ati
ve”j
edhu bu’
aal
ee aadaa (
cul
tur
al
pr
oduct
s)akkaat
aa qabeeny
a namoot
aa i
tt
ii
n kunuunsi
nu (
human r
esour
ce
management
)it
ti
ini
j
aar
uudhaakkaka’
umsaat
tif
ayy
adamuudha.
• Kanaaf
uu dhi
i
mmoot
a si
rnakkoo (
ecol
ogi
cal t
hemes) f
i aal
a naannoo
(
env
ironment
alt
hemes)i
rr
att
ixi
yyeef
fachuuun,dhi
mmoonninamummaawal
i
in
want
oot
awal
qabat
andhi
mmoot
amar
ii(
discour
se)kaasuunni
danda’
ama.
[Link]
chaawaaHawaasawaa(
Soci
alConser
vat
ism)
• Faal
aasama si
yaasaa (
pol
i
tical phi
l
osophy
) xi
yyeef
fannoo kan kennu
heddummi
na hawaasa (
soci
alpl
ural
i
sm) ot
oo hi
nta’
i
in caasaal
ee aangoo
duudhaa(
tradi
ti
onal
powerst
ruct
ures)dha.
• Caasaal
een aangoo duudhaas want
ota akka dal
agaa (
dut
y),dhuudhaal
ee
(
tradi
ti
onalv
alues)j
aar
miy
aal
eehawaasaa(
soci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons)kanneenakka
caasaamaat
ii
,gaheekooor
niy
aa,
har
ii
rookoor
niy
aa,
duudhaaamant
ii
fikkfdha.
• Yaadi
damnichi
chama hawaasaa (
soci
alconser
vat
ism)i
j
ij
ji
i
rama hawaasaa
(
soci
alchange) y
eroo heddu i
j
a shakki
i
tii
n waan i
l
aal
uuf haal
araawwi
i
 dhi
mmoot
ahawaasaay
erooammaa(
stat
usquo)
ti
ifxi
yyeef
fannookenna.
• Chi
chamnihawaasaa mi
rgoot
ajaar
miy
aal
ee amant
iidhi
mma hawaasaa
keessat
tiqoodaf
udhachuufkabaj
[Link]
akanaani
sbeekamt
ii
amant
ii
fibul
chi
i
nsaammaay
yaafkennuun ol
aant
ummaamot
ummaamor
ma
y
knsekkul
aar
izi
mii
mor
ma.
• Qaj
eel
famoonni
bu’
uur
aa(
basi
cpr
inci
ples)ci
chummaahawaasaasadan:
• Seer
onni
naamusaaci
maan(
endur
ingmor
alor
der
)ji
raachuu.
• Duudhaa (
cust
om)
,mar
iiar
aar
aa (
conv
ent
ion)f
ifuf
ii
nsi(
cont
inui
ty)
j
i
raachuu.
• Mal
a seer
ota j
i
ran hi
muut
ti amanuu (
bel
i
eve i
n t
he pr
inci
ple of
pr
escr
ipt
ion)
.
• Ogwal
aloonsi
rnakkooci
choomi
naduudhaa,amant
aa,seer
otaaf
idhuudhaal
ee
amant
iii
rr
aakanka’
ekunuunsanaannooeeguukeessat
tidar
anuumamawaan
t
a’eefy
aadi
ddamni
kunheddubar
baachi
saadha.
[Link]
alooSi
rnakkooBu’
uur
fal
maa(
Radi
cal
Ecopoet
ics)
• Bu’
uur
fal
maa (
radi
cal
i
sm) duudhaa saay
isnsi
isi
yaasaa (
pol
i
ticalsci
ence)
hawaast
i sochi
i
wwwan bi
yyool
essaa (
soci
al mov
ement
s) qof
a keessaan
j
i
jj
ii
ramuudanda’
aamant
aaj
edhukanqabuudha.
• Ogwal
alooSi
rnakkoobuu’
uur
fal
maa(
Radi
calEcopoet
ry)kani
rr
att
ixi
yyeef
fat
u
haal
abal
aanaannooi
rr
agahaaj
i
rui
l
aal
chi
seegeeddar
amoot
asadar
kaaol
aanaa
(
ext
remechanges)gamai
l
aal
chawwan(
exi
sti
ngv
iews)
,amal
eef
fanaal
ee(
habi
ts)
,
haal
awwani
i
n(condi
ti
ons)
,jaar
miy
aal
een(
inst
it
uti
ons)j
i
rudeeggar
a.
• Fakkeeny
aaf
• f
aal
amanaannoohambi
suufl
absi
i
nji
j
ji
ir
amabu’
uur
aa f
eest
aal
aaf
i
meekkaaakkaur
ufar
rat
tihi
ndar
bat
amnedaangessuu.
• Ji
i
nii
inamaai
rr
abal
aanakkahi
nqqaqqabneef xur
aawaan bal
fi
naannoobal
l
eessuuguut
ummaaguut
uut
tit
o’at
amuuqaba.
• Hoj
i
inaar
ti
ihoj
i
isay
insi
icaal
aanaamusanaannooi
bsuufwaan
umnaqabuufhay
yoonninaannooi
rr
att
iqor
annoogageessanhundi
aar
ti
it
tigar
gaar
amani
inaannookunuunsuuqabu
[Link]
aaHaal
awaa(
NewFor
m ofPhenomenol
ogy
)
• Haal
awaan (
phenomenol
ogy
) akka damee f
alaasamaa y
kn sochi
iSeenaa
f
alaasmaakeessaat
ti(
mov
ementi
nthehi
stor
yofphi
l
osophy
)fudhat
ama.
• Akkasaay
insi
i
ttihaal
awaan(
phenomenol
ogy
)qor
annoocaasaal
eemuuxannoo
(
studyofst
ruct
uresofexper
ience)y
knqal
beef
fannoo(
consci
ousness)dha.
• Kanaafgabaabumat
tihaal
ownihi
i
kawant
oonnimuuxannookeeny
aanmul
’
atan
(
meani
ngs t
hings hav
ein our exper
ience) [Link] mal
ees want
oot
a
wal
fakkeeny
aqabanar
maangadi
i
nibsama.
• Akkaat
aawant
oonni
itt
imul
’
atan(
appear
ancesoft
hings)
• Akkaat
aawant
oonni
muuxannookeeny
aanmul
dhat
an.
• Mal
l
leemuuxannoowant
oot
aai
tt
ii
nibsannu(
way
sweexper
iencet
hings)
• Akka di
rr
ee f
alaasamaat
ti(
fi
eld ofphi
l
osophy
)haal
awaan (
phenomol
ogy
)
dameewwan beekkumsaa want
oot
a ar
maan gadi
iwal
i
in kan adda t
a’eeef
i
wal
fakkeeny
aqabu.I
saani
s:
[Link]
olooj
i
i(ont
ology
)-amal
oot
a want
oot
aaf
ihar
ii
roo want
oot
aa j
i
dduu
y
knwant
oot
aji
raat
anmaalakkat
a’ankanqor
atu(
thest
udyofbei
ngor
whati
s).
2.I
ppi
sti
mool
ooj
i
i(epi
stemol
ogy
)- qor
annoo beekkumsaa (
study of
knowl
edge)
dha.
Kanas gama waa sababeessuu y
aadawwan (
just
if
iabl
e
bel
i
efs)f
iyaadaa(
opi
nion)j
i
ruaddabaasa.
[Link]
i
kii(
logi
c)-qor
annoosababaf
udhat
amaqabuu(
thest
udyofv
ali
d
r
easoni
ng)y
knsaay
insi
isi
rr
ii
nyaaduu(
sci
enceofcor
rectt
hinki
ng)dha.
[Link]
uuwwan(
ethi
cs)
-qor
annoot
a’i
nsoot
asi
rr
ii
fidogoggor
aa(
thest
udyof
r
ight&wr
ongact
ions)dha.
• Akkaat
aaunkaal
eehaar
aahaal
awaat
ti(
new f
ormsofphenomol
ogy
)hawaast
i
haal
a bu’
uur
aa dur
ii(
ori
ginal phenomenol
ogy
)ir
raa ka’
uun of
iii
saat
ii
qaj
eel
famoot
a(pr
inci
ples)haar
omsuunbeekkumsadar
anbabal
’
isa.
• Kanaaf
,haal
oft
ihaar
aa,
mii
dhaal
eesaay
insi
i
wwanuumamaamal
ee,manaaba
namaagadi
fageeny
aansakat
ta’
uubar
baada.
• Akkaqor
annoosi
rnakkoot
timanaaba hoj
i
iaar
ti
in(
ogwal
aloo,asoosama,do’
i
i)
haal
aAdduny
aaf
ihar
ii
rool
ubbuqabeey
yii
fil
ubbudhabeey
yiinaannoobal
aai
rr
aa
i
tt
isuunni
danda’
ama.
2.
[Link]
essot
aOgwal
alooSi
rnakkoo(
Model
s/Fr
amewor
ksofEcopoet
ics)
)
• Qeeqi
nsisi
rnakkoo(
ecocr
it
ici
sm)mal
abal
’
aabeekt
otniogumaaf
iaadaa(
li
ter
ary
andcul
tur
alschol
ars) j
eequmsanaannoowal
i
igal
aa(
globalecol
ogi
calcr
isi
s)
qor
achuuf oguma,aadaa,naannoof
iif
ii
zi
kaal
awaa (
phy
sicalenv
ironment
)
wal
simsi
i
suunqor
u.
• Har
ii
roowant
oot
aibsamani
ifay
yadamuunqor
achuundaay
eessa(
framewor
k)
bar
baachi
sa.
• Daay
eessi (
framewor
k)j
echuun y
aada wal
i
igal
aa caasaa bar
baachi
saa
deeggar
saa (
essent
ialsuppor
ti
ngst
ruct
ure)want
oonnibi
rooi
rat
tihundaa’
uun
i
j
aar
amani
i
dha.
• Ogwal
oonsi
rnakkooswant
oot
adaay
eessot
aar
maangadi
ii
rr
att
ihundaa’
uunkan
bu’
uur
eff
ama.I
saani
s:
[Link]
ooj
i
kaal
i
i(Topol
ogi
cal
)- saay
insi
i bakkeewwani
i
fi gar
tuul
ee
qabi
yyeewal
aloonal
aji
raat
an(
ref
erent
ialdi
mensi
onout
sidet
hepoem)
dha.
[Link]
rooppol
ooj
i
kaal
i
i(Tr
opol
ogi
cal
)-
want
oot
aij
oo mat
aa i
saani
i
tii
n akka
dubbi
iij
oosi
rnoot
akkoot
tit
ajaaj
i
lan(
fi
gur
ati
vedi
scour
set
hatf
unct
ions
l
i
keecosy
stemst
hemsel
ves);
3.I
ti
noot
ir
ooppol
ooj
i
kaal
i
i(Ent
ropol
ogi
cal
)-
want
oot
akal
l
att
ii
nmal
awal
aloo
keessaabahan(
dir
ectmat
eri
alsf
orm amet
hodofpoet
ry)
.
4.I
ti
nol
ooj
i
kaal
i
i(Et
hnol
ogi
cal
)-l
ubbuqabeey
yiidacheer
raagamawant
oot
a
i
saan hammat
ani
i
n (
component
s) amal
oot
aisaani
i
n (
dist
inct
ive
char
act
eri
sti
cs)f
ihar
ii
roo(
rel
ati
ons)wal
i
ifqaban.
2.
[Link]
eeOgwal
alooSi
rnakkoo(
Sour
ceofDat
aforEcopoet
ic)
[Link]
l
ori
ki
i(Fol
kl
ori
c)-
seenessawwani
i
fi af
wal
aloo gar
agar
aa daay
yeessa
dhal
oot
aa (
nat
ive modelof or
igi
n) i
rr
att
ibu’
uur
eff
achuu si
rnakkoo wal
i
in
wal
qabat
an mar
a.I
saani
s kal
aqa aar
ti
if
iraawwi
i
iwal
i
in si
msi
i
suun waa’
ee
si
rnakookani
bsaani
i
[Link]
idaal
eenr
agaal
eef
ooki
l
ori
iakkasi
i
s:
• I
tt
if
ayy
adama,hubannoof
ihi
i
ka uummanniuumamaafkennu ni
mur
teessu
• Si
rnakkoobal
l
eessuunaadaabal
l
eesuu(
damageofcul
tur
e)akka
 t
a’eagar
sii
su
• Beekkumsaaadaanaannoomur
taa’
aasi
rnakkoo(
localecol
ogi
cal
knowl
edge) haal
a beekkumsa naannoo ammay
yaa (
moder
n
env
ironment
alschol
arshi
p)i
rr
att
iodeef
fannoodabar
sa.
• Uummanninannoo t
okkoo kaka’
umsaa akka ar
gat
ee (
ini
ti
ate
empower
ment
)mur
teeaddaddaakennuni
taasi
sa.
• Mi
i
dhaal
ee naannoo j
i
reeny
aaf
i l
ubbuqabeey
yii
rr
a gahu
xi
yyeef
fannooakkaar
gat
uufi
maammat
air
rat
tidhi
i
bbaaf
ida.
[Link]
i
nqooqawaa(
Lingui
sti
c)
• Qooqnimal
aaf
aani
i
fiaf
aankeessaan(
by&t
hroughl
anguage)Adduny
aakeessa
dhal
l
inamaai
tt
ii
nji
raat
u(awayt
oengaget
hewor
ld)t
i
• Xi
i
nqooqnit
ajaaj
i
laqooqaasadar
kaacaasaaf
icaasaaol
i
i(i
tt
ifay
yadamaaf
aani
i
aadaahawaasakeessat
ti
)kandhi
mmabahu.
• Keessat
tuu j
ecoot
aa,j
echamoot
aa,l
oogot
a,sookoof
isor
koo,dubbi
i
wwwan
qool
aaf
iebsoot
niaddaddaa qi
ndaa’
uun caasaa wal
aloof
iunkaal
ee ogumaa
(
asoosamaaf
ial
-asoosamat
ti
)ij
aar
u.
• Wal
umaagal
l
att
iqooqnidandeet
ti
iji
j
ji
ramaa (
evol
ved abi
l
ity
)qaama namaa
keessaamaddubu’
uur
aeeny
ummaanamaa(
thecor
eofwhowear
e)Adduny
aa
keessaakani
bsuudha.
• Kanaaf
uuogumaakkawal
i
igal
aaf
iogwaal
oosi
rnakkooakkaaddaat
tikani
tt
ii
n
t
olf
amuaf
aani
i
nwaant
a’eefRagaanTi
i
nqooqaaMaddaOgwal
aloosi
rnakkoot
i.
[Link](
Hist
ory
)
• Seenaanr
agaal
eewaa’
eei
nnaadar
beer
rat
tikanxi
yyeef
fat
uta’
usdar
beennaa
ammaaf
iennaadhuf
uwal
i
inwal
qabachi
i
suuny
aadannoosammuuy
aadannoo
Seenaa(
Hist
ori
cal
Memor
y)namaaakeessat
tiuuma.
• Ragaanseenaasgal
umsabal
adhaa(
broadcont
ext
)waa’
eet
a’i
nsoot
aa(
event
s)
f
ihaal
awwani
(ci
rcumst
ances)dhi
mmaaddaai
bsuufool
a.
• Ragaal
eenseenaas t
a’i
nsoot
ainnaadar
beexi
i
nxal
uuf(
toexami
nepastev
ent
s)
hubannoonamaahaar
omsuuf(
tor
efi
ningunder
standi
ngs)
.
• Ragaal
eeSeenaa Seenaaaadaa(
cul
tur
alhi
stor
y),r
agaaSeenaahawaasaa
(
soci
alhi
stor
y),r
agaanaannoophi
sikaal
awaa(
phy
sical
/geogr
aphi
calhi
stor
y),
 Seenaanamaa(
peopl
ehi
stor
y)gal
umsaadddaakeessat
tixi
i
nxal
uufool
a.
• Seenaahawaasaa(
soci
alhi
stor
y)caasaal
eehawaasaa(
soci
etalst
ruct
ures)
,
geeddar
amahawaasa(soci
alchange)
,muuxannonamadhuunf
aa(
indi
vi
dual
exper
iences)y
oot
a’uSeenaaaadaa(
cul
tur
alhi
stor
y)j
i
reeny
amar
aa(
ever
yday
l
i
fe)
,mooxannool
ee (exper
iences)
,snoot
a(v
alues)f
isaf
uuuwwan (
nor
ms)
hawaasawal
i
inwal
qabachi
i
suunqor
at.
• Ogumni
s akka wal
i
igal
aaf
iogwal
aloon si
rnakkoo akka addaat
ti namoot
ii
n
duubat
tideebi
’
ani
i
waa’
ee dachee,aadaa dur
tur
ee,saf
uu hawaasaa,Seenaa
hawaasaa naannoo addaddaa keeessat
toi
j
ireeny
a hawaasaa wal
i
in
wal
qabsi
i
suunqor
achuu,
dinqi
sii
fachuuf
ixi
i
nxal
uuakkasumaskeequufool
a.

Kut
aaI
II
.Ogwal
alooSi
nakoof
iNaamusaal
eeNaannooJi
reeny
aaOr
omoo(
Ecopoet
ic&
Or
omoEnv
ironment
alEt
hics)
TheOr
omoar
eagr
icul
tur
alcommuni
ti
eswi
thacul
tur
eenr
ichedbyf
olksongs,my
ths,
andecol
ogi
calar
chet
ypesasar
esul
toft
hei
recol
ogi
caladapt
ati
onsdev
elopedov
er
t
imeaboutt
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onalpat
ter
nofl
i
feandconst
anti
nter
act
ionwi
thnat
[Link]
,a
smal
l
-scal
e agr
icul
tur
eisi
dent
if
ied as t
he maj
or cause of def
orest
ati
on and
env
ironment
aldegr
adat
ioni
nOr
omi
a(Mi
nist
ryofEnv
ironment2017)
.
Cur
rent
ly,
theOr
omoar
einsomedebat
eaboutwhatconst
it
utest
hehumangoodwhen
t
hingsf
allapar
tandhowt
oendur
eli
fei
nadv
ersecondi
ti
onsast
hepol
i
ticaluncer
tai
nty
i
sunf
oldi
ngi
nEt
hiopi
[Link],
theOr
omoengagedi
napai
nful
hist
oryofsubj
ugat
ionand
al
i
enat
ioni
nthet
radi
ti
onal
l
ydomi
nantAby
ssi
nianOr
thodoxChr
ist
iancul
tur
eandar
e
at
tempt
ingt
oredr
essper
sist
enti
nequi
ti
esandunequalhi
stor
icalr
elat
ionshi
psi
nthe
f
aceofdeni
alf
rom Aby
ssi
nianel
i
tes

[Link]
nsaSi
rnakkoo(
Ecocr
it
ici
sm)
1. Osookani
l
keesoddom qaabuj
i
ruut
ii
,kat
akkal
l
eehi
nqabnesoof
tuuf
udhat
ee
suwaakamur
uufgaar
att
ideemakanabeekaa.
3.
Mul
tiol
guddat
aaj
i
ruuf
idaa’
i
mni
olguddat
aaj
i
rtut
okko
Fakeeny
otaOgwal
alooSi
rnakkooXi
i
nxal
l
ii
f
Fakkeent
a1
Way
iej
ersamur
it
taa
Way
idameeakkam godhi
tt
aa?
Way
iof
iieer
umi
tt
aa
Way
ianaakkam godhi
tt
aa?
Fkn2
Mukahundahi
nmur
ani
i
Mukamur
ant
iji
raa
Manahunahi
n=bul
ani
i
Manabul
atuj
i
ra
Lammi
ihi
ndahi
nfaar
sani
i
i
Lammi
ifaar
sant
uji
raa
Fkn3
EdaaOdaanBul
tumi
i
Waasadi
qabaa
Jal
aanbi
shaanqabaa
Kubbaanmi
dhaanqabaa
Mor
kadur
eessaaqabaa
Qaamaanshar
ggaggaqabaa
Mor
kagoot
aat
iqabaa
Fkn4
Al
l
ayaaHgaar
aLaf
aa
Gaar
riSangoot
aLaf
aa
Ar
addaadal
l
aal
afaa
Dhagaanxannachal
afaa
Bi
shaai
mimmaanl
afaa
Ci
taandabbasaal
afaa
Gar
aanmut
taal
i
qimst
ee
Qi
cii
caaLammi
iti
yaa
Akami
i
nansi
rar
ahaf
aa
Fkn5
I
biddaanqabat
ee,
I
lmaanoboof
icor
uu,
Lubbuuar
eer
rat
ee,
Dhi
i
gni
bishaant
atee,
Qaamni
huccuut
aat
ee,
Akkaqi
rcaasangaa,
f
oongar
garf
acaat
e,
Qaamni
orooaboo,
akkasi
i
ntat
taat
e,
Lubbuut
asabaat
e!
Qi
l
leensi
niaf
arsaa,
Roobni
gubbaanj
i
gaa,
Danbal
i
ingal
aanaa,
Si
i
fiachi
sir
baa.
Cabbi
i
ndi
i
lal
l
aa’
aa,
onneebi
tt
inaa’
aa,
Lubbuut
asabaat
e,
bakkabuut
eenhaf
te.
Fkn6
Dachee!Haadhahundaa,
Dachee!Abbaahundaa,
Si
rr
akaannasi
rr
aany
aannaa,
Saf
uuuumaasaf
eef
fannaa?
Kakuuuumaani
kakannaa?
Laguuuumaani
lagannaa?
Ki
rki
rakeeammeef
fannaa?
Saf
uuqabdakanganamaa,
Kanuumamaadhi
baaf
annaa.