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Class 7 Linear Equations Worksheet

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21 views6 pages

Class 7 Linear Equations Worksheet

Uploaded by

abdii1217mat
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ENTRANCE HUB GRADE 9 BASIC NOTES

1. LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES


MATHEMATICS
n Linear equation
l Equation : A statement of equality which involves in number (s) is called an equation.

4x = 12, 4 + x = 10, 7 – 2x = 5 etc.

The literal numbers involved in each equation are called its variables (unknowns). Usually the variables are
denoted by letters towards the end of English alphabet, e.g., x,y,z,u,v,w, etc.

l Linear equation : An equation in which the highest value of the variables involved is one, is called a linear

x
equation. eg., x + y = 10, 7x = 21, =8
3

l Linear equation in one variables : An equation only one variable (literal) with highest power 1 is called a
linear equation in one variable. e.g., 17x = 51, 17x – 30, 5 y = 30, etc.

l Linear equation in two variables : An equation of the form ax + by = c, where a, b, c are real numbers is
called a linear equation in two variables x and y.
} The graph of a linear equation ax + by = c is a straight line.
3x + 2y = 18, is an example of a linear equation in two tables.

} The value of the variables that satisfy the equation is called the solution (or solution set) of the equation.

l Important points about linear equation in two variables

(i) The graph of an equation of the type x = k (where k is a constant) is a straight line parallel to the y-axis
at a distance of k units from the y-axis.

(ii) The graph of an equation of the type y = k (where k is a constant) is a straight line parallel to the x-axis
at a distance of k units from the x-axis.
(iii) The points of intersection of the two lines gives the solution of the two equations.

(iv) A single linear equation in two variables has infinite no. of solutions.

n Pair of linear equations in two variables


Two or more linear equations in two variables form a system of linear simultaneous equations.

e.g., a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2.

where a1, a2, b1, b2 , c1, c2 are real numbers. Such that a12 + b12 ¹ 0,a22 + b22 ¹ 0

Clearly a pair of linear equations in two variables is said to be form a system of simultaneous linear equations.

Ex. x + y – 3 = 0 and 2x + 3y – 7 = 0

l Consistent system : A system consisting of two simultaneous linear equation is said to be consistent, if it has at
least one solution.

l Inconsistent system : A system consisting of two simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent, if it
has no solution.

MATHEMATICS
Conditions for simultaneous equations

Pair of linear equations Graphical Algebraic


a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Algebraic conditions representation interpretation
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0

Consistent a1 b1
¹ Intersecting lines Exactly one solution
(Independent) a 2 b2 (unique solution)

Consistent a 1 b1 c1 Coincident lines Infinitely many


= =
(Dependent) a 2 b2 c 2 solutions

a 1 b1 c1
In-consistent = ¹ Pair of parallel No solution
a 2 b2 c 2
lines

a1 b1
l The homogeneous system has a non-zero solution only when = and in this case, the system has an infinite
a 2 b2
number of solution.
l A system of equations has unique solution, when only one variable satisfies the equation.
l For a system of equations a unique solution is possible only when the number of variables is equal to or less than
number of independent and consistent equations.
e.g., 2x + 3y = 5 and 7x + 5y = 20
and 2x + 3y = 5, 7x + 5y = 12, 5x + 8y = 13
l The equation of the type ax + by = c and kax + kby = kc are known as dependent equations.
e.g., 2x + y = 11 ....... (i)
6x + 3y = 33 ....... (ii)
Here equation (ii) is the multiple of equation (i). Thus, there are basically both the equations same, i.e., equation
(ii) is dependent on equation (i). In this case there are infinite number of solutions.
l The equation of the type ax + by = c and kax + kby = lc are known as inconsistent equations.
e.g., 3x + 2y = 8 ....... (i)
6x + 4y = 6 ....... (ii)
Properties of graphs of a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2
(i) intersecting, if the system has a unique solution.
(ii) coincident, if the system has infinte number of solution.
(iii) parallel, if the system has no solution.
l Graphical representation of simultaneous equations :
(i) intersecting lines (unique solution)
e.g., x+y=4 ....... (i)
and 3x + 2y = 11 ....... (ii)
\ 3(x + y) = 3 × 4 Þ 3x + 3y = 12

\ 3x + 3y = 12
3x + 2y = 11
– – –
y=1

\ x +y =4 Þx+ 1=4Þx= 3
\ x = 3 and y = 1

MATHEMATICS
Thus two given lines intersect at x = 3, y = 1.

4
3
2 (3,1)
1
1 2 3 4
0
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 –1 5 6
–2 (x + y = 4)
(3x + 2y = 11)

(ii) Coincident lines (infinite number of solutions)


e.g., x+y=4 ....... (i)
2x + 2y = 8 ........ (ii)
The two equations are dependent, therefore the graph of two lines will coincide.

5
(0, 4) 4 x+y=4
3 and 2x + 2y = 8
2
1 (4, 0)

0
1 2 3 4 5

(iii) Parallel lines (no solution)


e.g., x+y=4
2x + 2y = 12
Since the system of equations is inconsistent then there is no any solution and in this case we obtain two
distinct parallel lines.

6 (0, 6)
5
4 (0, 4)
3
2
1 (4, 0) (6, 0)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2x + 2y = 12

(x+ y = 4)

MATHEMATICS
n Algebraic methods of solving simultaneous equations in two variables
Substitution method
Elimination
method
Elimination method or Addition
Subtraction of Equations

Cross multiplication method (Cramer's rule)


l Substitution method
To solve a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y by substitution method, we follow the following steps:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1)
and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)
Step-1: Choose one of the two equations and express y in terms of x (or x in terms of y), i.e., express, one
variable in terms of the other.
Step-2 : Substitute this value of y obtained in step-I, in the other equation to get a linear equation in x.
Step-3 : Solve the linear equation obtained in step-II and get the value of x.
Step-4 : Substitute this value of x in the relation obtained in step-I and find the value of y.
Ex. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.
2x + 3y = 0 and 3x – 8y = 0
Sol. We have,
2x + 3y = 0 ...(1) and 3x – 8y = 0 ...(2)

– 2x
From (1), we get y = ...(3)
3
– 2x
Substituting y = in (2), we get
3
æ – 2x ö
3x – 8 ç =0
ç 3 ÷÷
è ø
4x
Þ 3x + = 0 Þ 3x + 4x = 0 Þ 7x = 0
3

Þ x=0

– 2 ´0
Substituting x = 0 in (3), we get y = =0
3

Hence, the solution is x = 0 and y = 0.


l Elimination method
To solve a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y by elimination method, we follow the following steps:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1)
and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)
Step-1 : Multiply the given equations by suitable numbers so that the coefficient of one of the variables are
numerically equal.
Step-2 : If the numerically equal coefficients are opposite in sign, then add the new equations otherwise
subtract.
Step-3 : Solve the linear equations in one variable obtained in step-II and get the value of one variable.
Step-4 : Substitute this value of the variable obtained in step-III in any of the two equations and find the value
of the other variable.

MATHEMATICS
Ex. Solve the following pair of equation by the elimination method.

x + y = 5 and 2x – 3y = 4

Sol. Solution By Elimination Method:

x+y=5 ...(i)
2x – 3y = 4 ...(ii)

Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 1 and adding we get 3(x + y) + 1 (2x – 3y) = 3 × 5 + 1 × 4

Þ 3x + 3y + 2x – 3y = 19

19
Þ 5x = 19 Þ x =
5
19
From (i), substituting x = , we get
5
19 19 6
+y=5Þy=5– Þy=
5 5 5
19 6
Hence, x = ,y=
5 5
l Cross-multiplication method

Consider the system of linear equations

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1) ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)

To solve it by cross multiplication method, we follow the following steps :


Step-1 : Write the coefficients as follows :

x y l x y 1
= = or
b1 c1 c1 a1 a1 b1 b1 c1 a1 b1
b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2 b2 c2 a2 b2

x y 1
= =
b1c2 - b2 c1 c1a2 - c2 a1 a1 b2 - a2 b1

b1 c 2 - b2 c1 c1 a 2 - c2 a1
Þ x = a b –a b and y= a b –a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

Case-1 : If a1b2 – a2b1 ¹ 0 Þ x and y have some finite values, with unique solution for the system of equations.
a1 b1
Case-2 : If a1b2 – a2b1 = 0 Þ =
a 2 b2
Here two cases arise :

a1 b1 c1
(a) If a = b = c = l (l ¹ 0). Then a1 = a2l, b1 = b2l, c1 = c2l
2 2 2

Put these values in equation a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(i)

Þ a2lx + b2l y + c2l = 0 Þ l (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0 but l ¹ 0

Þ a2x + b2y + c2 =0 ...(ii)

So (i) and (ii) are dependent, so there are infinite number of solutions.

MATHEMATICS
a1 b1 c1
(b) If a = b ¹ c Þ a1b2 – b1a2 = 0
2 2 2

b1 c 2 - b2 c1 c1 a 2 - c2 a1
But x = a b – a b and y = a b – a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

Finite value Finite value


Þ x= = does not exist and y = = does not exist
0 0
So system of equations is inconsistent.

Ex. Solve 3x + 2y = – 25, – 2x – y = 10.

Sol. The two equations are

3x + 2y = – 25

–2x – y = 10.

The solution is given by

x y -1
= =
2 ´ 10 - ( -1) ´ ( -25) (-25) ´ ( -2) – 3 ´ 10 3 ´ ( -1) - ( -2) ´ 2

x y -1
or = =
-5 20 1

or x = 5, y = –20.

MATHEMATICS

Common questions

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The substitution method involves solving one equation for one variable and substituting this into the other equation, which is often simpler when one equation is easily solvable for one variable. The elimination method involves adding or subtracting equations to eliminate one variable, often useful when the coefficients of one variable can easily be made equal. Substitution might be preferred for equations with simple coefficients, while elimination is advantageous for more complex systems .

Manipulating coefficients can show these conditions by forming ratios. For a consistent, independent system, the ratio a1/a2 is not equal to b1/b2, leading to an intersecting line with one solution. Dependent systems show a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2, resulting in coincident lines. Inconsistent systems form a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2, indicative of parallel lines without solutions .

Cross-multiplication is used to eliminate variables by comparing ratios of coefficients and constants. It is effective when the system matrix determinant, a1b2 - a2b1, is non-zero, which guarantees solvability through unique values for variables derived from consistent and independent systems .

An infinite number of solutions signifies a dependent system where equations represent the same constraint, revealing redundancy in expressing relationships. In real-world scenarios, this can indicate an overlap in constraints or repeated conditions, necessitating additional independent equations for unique solutions .

The substitution method provides precise algebraic solutions without relying on visual accuracy, advantageous for exact answers where graph scales might distort interpretations. However, substitutions can be cumbersome with complex coefficients, where visualization offers intuitive insights into solutions' nature .

Graphically, the solution to a system of linear equations is represented by the intersection of the lines. If the lines intersect at a single point, the system has a unique solution. If the lines are coincident, they have infinitely many solutions, indicating dependence. If the lines are parallel, there are no solutions, indicating inconsistency. Graphical representation provides a visual understanding of the relationships between the equations .

A system of equations is consistent if it has at least one solution, inconsistent if it has no solution, and dependent if the equations describe the same line, leading to infinitely many solutions. Algebraically, the conditions are: for crossing lines (consistent), the ratio a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2; for coincident lines (dependent), a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2; for parallel lines (inconsistent), a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2 .

For a system of linear equations to have a unique solution, the determinant formed by the coefficients of the variables must be non-zero, i.e., a1b2 - a2b1 ≠ 0, indicating that the lines are intersecting. This reflects linear algebra concepts where a non-zero determinant implies linear independence of the equations .

Coincident lines mean that one equation is a scalar multiple of the other, indicating dependency. Such systems have infinitely many solutions because any point on the line satisfies both equations. This dependency shows that the equations do not provide unique information about the variables involved .

A linear equation is an equation in which the highest power of the variable(s) involved is one. The variables, also known as unknowns, are typically denoted by letters towards the end of the English alphabet, such as x, y, z .

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