NERVOUS TISSUE
Nervous tissue Consists of:-
Neuron Supporting cells(neuroglia)
Nervous system
1. central nervous system:- brain and spinal cord
2. peripheral nervous system:- cranial and spinal nerve.
Neurons : transmit electrical impulses from one site in the body to another, and receive and process
information
Neuroglia : are non-conducting cells that are in intimate physical contact with neurons .
Neurons – Functional unit of nervous system –
It Consists of:
• Cell body
• Processes
• It is basically a cell nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.
•Nuclei of nerve cells are: large, round and euchromatic with a single prominent nucleolus. •Centrioles-
absent.
•Cytoplasm of nerve cell bodies is abundantly supplied with: - masses of RER ,numerous Golgi bodies,
lysosomes Cell body(perikaryon or soma)
Cell body.....
•Nissl substance:-(nissl bodies / granules):-granular material, composed of rough endoplasmic
reticulum. protein synthesis – high
•Neurofibrils:- microflaments and microtubules)
•Pigment granules:- neuromelanin( substantia nigra) lipofuscin(resudual bodies – lysosomes)
Aggregation of cell body-- within CNS– k/a--nuclei outside CNS—k/a–ganglia
PROCESSES (NEURITES)
Two types:-
• Axon
• Dendrites
Axon:-
• long, cylindrical process up to 1m
• nissl substance absent
• axon hillock
• impulse:- away from cell body.
• telodendria.
• terminal boutons.
• commenly refer to as nerve fibers Initial segment telodendria
Dendrites
•Numerous, Highly branched
•Irregular
•Terminate near the cell body.
•Nissl granules – present
•Impluse- towards the cell body
Gray matter:- cell body of neuron unmyelinated
White matter:- myelinated fibers Aggregation of cell body-- within CNS– k/a--nuclei outside CNS—k/a–
ganglia
Types of neurone
a. According to the shape of cell body
b. According to variation in axon
[Link] to the shape of cell body:- shape of the cell body dependent on the number of processes
arrising from it.
3 types:-
1. Multipolar neurones:- many processes arises form the cell body eg:- motor neurone
[Link] neurone single dendrites and axon eg:- olfactory neuron, retina.
[Link] neurone single dendrite and the axon arise form common stem of the cell body. Eg:- dorsal
root ganglian.
According to variation in axon 2 types
Golgi type I:-
• long axon and connect remote regions
Golgi type II:-(microneurons)
• short axon and end near the cell body.
• Inhibitory in function.
Myelinated and non myelinated nerve fibers PNS:- schwann cell CNS:- oligodendrocytes. Non
myelinated:- • Small diameter axon • simple envolop by the cytoplasm Myelinated fibers:- • large
diameter fiber , • concentric layers .
15. Peripheral nerve •Afferent and efferent nerve fiber •1or more bundle(fascicles) of nerve fibers
Within fascicle, each nerve fibers with its investing schwann cell:- endoneurium Each fascicle is
surrounded -- tough Collagenous tissue with flat epithlial Cell-- perineurium If >1 fascicles, further layer
of loose collagenous tissue – epineurium.
16. Supporting cell ( neuroglia) •Non neural cell. •Highly branches cell that occupy the space between
neurones •Mechanical and metabolic support. In CNS – neuroglial cells are 1. astrocytes 2.
oligodendrocytes 3. microglia 4. ependymal cells In PNS:- neuroglial cells are 1. schwann cell 2. satellite
cell
17. Astrocytes •Most numerous glial cell •Long branched processes •Some processes terminate in
adjacent non-synaptic region of neuron •Some terminates upon the BM of capillaries( perivascular feet)
Which covers most surface of capillary BM forming BBB Some process invest between CNS and inner
most layer of meninges(pia mater)— impermeable barrierglia limitants
18. 2 types 1. Fibrous astrocyte:- • white matter • Few straight cytoplasmic processes microtubules and
intemediate filament– prominent. 2. Protoplasmic astrocyte:- • grey matter • numerous short , highly
branch cytoplasmic process.
19. Oligodendrocytes olios– few, dendron– tree. •Small number of short , branching process.
•Myelination of axon in CNS.(4th mts) •Upto 50 axon •Aggregate closely around nerve cell bodies.
•Large cell, with Small rounded condense nuclei Cytoplasm unstain( clear halo around nuclei)
oligodendrocyte
20. Microglia:- •Small cell, •mesenchymal in origin. •Elongated nuclei, •little cytoplasm which forms,
highly branch process •Becomes active after damagephagocytes.
21. Ependyma •Epithelial lining of ventricles and spinal canal •Cuboidal to low columnar, and tightly
bounded at luminal surface •Luminal surfacecilia present •Donot rest on BM which ramify with
process of astrocytes. Ependymal
22. Schwann cell ( lemnocytes, peripheral glial ) •Responsible for myelination of axon •Wraps itself as
spirally around a short segment of axon •Myelinate single axon. Satellite cell( capsular gliocytes) •Flat
cell that surround the cell bodies of neuron of PNS ganglia. •Regulate exchange of material between
neuron cell bodies and interstitial fluid
23. Ganglion Collection of cell body in PNS. 2 types. [Link] [Link] Sensory:- unipolar • fibers
passes centrally • ganglion cell located peripherally • nerve cell body– surrounded by rounded satellite
cell • cover on the outside by connective tissue capsule.
24. Autonomic ganglion •Multipolar •Neuron are scattered througout the ganglion •Nerve fiber are non
myelinated and thinner so, less conspicious than sensory • satellite cell present but not well define
•Nissl subs are better define. •Outside by connective tissue capsule.