Unit-1 Noteskarts Unit-1

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Noteskarts Flow of Nuids: Types of
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Notes manometers, Reynolds number and its significance,
Bernolli's theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Orifice
Venturimeter, Pitot tube and Rotometer. meter.

Unit-1 Flow of fluids:

The tlow of substances that do not resist distortion
permanently is termed iluid flow or Ilow of
fluds Characteristic property of fluids is that they deform or flowv cont1nuously under an applied
shear stress
Fluds denote the phases of matter like gases, liquids, plasma, and to some extent plast1C
Solids

Pharmaceutical Engineering The d1stinction between solids and fluids is made by evaluating the VISCOSIty of the

For example:
substance

If you are pour1ng water from a mug, the velocity of water is very lhigh over the lip. moderately
high approaching the lip, and very low at the bottom of the mug
The unbalanced force is gravity, and the flow contmues as long as the water is avarlable and the
mug is tiited

Fuid pressure
The pressure which is applies by the fluid.
UNIT-I Also known as hydrostatic pressure
Reynolds number and its
" Flow of fluids: Types of manometers, Pressure:
significance, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Force f Mg
Orifice meter, Venturimeter, Pitot tube and Rotometer. Pressure
Area A
Size Reduction: Objectives, Mechanisms & Laws governing size
reduction, factors affecting size reduction, principles, construction,
energy
Force
Mg
working, uses, merits and demerits of Hammer mill, ball mill, fluid A A
mill, Edge runner mill & end runner mill.
Size Separation: Objectives, applications & mechanism of size P= phg
separation, official standards of powders, sieves, size separation Principles, Application of Flow of Fluids:
construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Sieve shaker, cyclone To transfer air and nutrient broth into the fermenter,
separator, Airseparator, Bag filter & elutriation tank. For passing of reactant (liquid or gases) into the reaction apparatus,
During packaging and bottling of medicament (mainly liquid and semisolid dosage form).
For mixing of solids and liquids to form a suspension, and
To transfer sterile air and water while preparing parenteral.

Fluid flow can be studied under the following two headings:

I) Fluid Statics: It is the study of fluids at rest in equlibrium stage.
2) Fluid Dynamics: It is the study of fluids in motion.

Manometer:
It is a devices which is used to measure pressure difference.

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Type of Manometer:
Unit.4
1. Simple manometer
2. D1flerent1al Manometer

1. S1mple manometer
These are those manometers which measure the pressure at
any pont is a tube etc
" S1mple Manometers: These manometers are made up of glass tubes. One end of these remains
open to the atmosphere and the other end are connected to a point where pressure is to be ñ-Tube Differential Manometer
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U-Tube Differential Manometer
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U-tube manometer:
A U-ube manometer is a simple device used to measure pressure It cons1sts of a U-shapcd The fwo ends are linked to the twO
plass tuhe filled with a lhquid, typically mercury. spots in the
Allow pressure at point A to he yreater than pipe where a pressure differential is necessarv
One leg of the tube Is connected to the stem whose pressure is to be measued, while the The higher pressure at A will hen cau[e the pressure at point B
other leg IS upen to the atmosphere When there is no pressure difference between the two to this effect, the heavy liquid in the heavier liquid in the U-tube to travel downward Due
legs. the hquid levels in the two legs will be equal. nght limb will ascend, causing the heavy liquid in the left
limb to descend

The prevute pxrt Bis gIven by

Reynolds number:
Wherc The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity that is used to
pattern as laminar or turbulent while flowing through a pipe. determine the type of flow
p Sen1ts of bgm uqund It is defined by the ratio of inertial forces to that of viscous forces.
h ight of hght iqund abovt referenc be. The Reynolds number (Re) is given by the following formula:

Re pVD
h =heght o hea qund above reference linc
Where:
p is the density of the fluid
2. Differential Manometer Vis the velocity of the fluid
A differential manometer is a device that measures the difference in pressure between two places. D is the characteristic length of the flow (e.g.. the diameter ofa
pipe)
They can range from s1mple to complex digital equipment. u is the viscosity of the fluid
Standard manometers are used to measure the pressure in a container by comparing it to normal
atmospheric pressure.
Differential manometers are also used to compare the pressure of two different containers It gives that flowv is steady or tubulent
Example: U-tube d1fferential manometer It Re <1000 then flow is steady.
It Re>2000 aprox then it is turbulent.
U-tube differential manometer:
As shown in the pIcture, the point of measurement is attached to one end of a glass tube Significance:
into a V while the other end is exposed to the atmosphere. curved
The Reynolds number is that it can be used to predict the type of flow that will occur in a given
situation.
This information can be used to design and optimize fluid systems to ensure that they operate
efficiently and safely.
It also used to study the sedimentation rate

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Subscribe & V1sit our Website For Notes Pitottube:
Venturimeter: The nrinciple of flow mcasurement by Pitot tube was first used for measuring velocites
device used to measure discharge of water in the river
Ventur1 meter is a flow measurement instrument or
through a pipe. A right angled large glass tube was used for the purpose
" It us based on Bernoullis princ1ple One end of the tube faces the tluud flow while the other end remains open to the
atmosphere,
Construction:
Applications:
It is widely used to measure the airspeed of aircrafts. speedboat speed and for
fluid flow measurement in industrial appl1cation
Pitot tubes are mainly used lor gas lines
These may be empioved where the flowing tluid is not enclosed in a pipe or duct
flow in
For example, for measuring the flow of riWer water, or for measuring air
acro plane.
imsergng P Advantages:
ventu smeier Pitot tube is small and do not contain any moVing parts.
Low permanent pressure loss.
constrictIon at meter's
It consist of two tapered section inserted in a pipeline with
centre Loss of head is negligible by insertion of Pitot tube.
plate and flow nozzle.
The upstream cone is normally shorter than the
downstream. It is very cheap as compared to venturi meter, orifice
The tapers are smooth and gradual. Ease of installation into an existing system.
measure the pressure dilerence.
A monometer is connected at point A and B to Disadvantages:
of the order of 250 Pa,
Applications: The differential pressures produced are usually low, say
gases. and so their sensitivity is low
Venturimeter can be used for the mcasurement of flow of water, liquids,
dirty liquids etc. Pitot tube requires higher tlow velocity in order to produce measurable heads.
They are cormmonly used in water supplv industry.
Advantages: Rotometer
pressure head.
It has low head loss of about 10% of d1fferential A rotameter is a device that measures the volumetric flow rate
of fluid in a closed tube.
few meters of diameters due to
It can measure higher flow rales in p1pes having It measures flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area
the fluid travels through to
high coeflicient of discharge owing to lower loss. vary, causing a mecasurable effect
horizontal, vertical or incl1ned.
It us suitable for use in anv position, for example, Construction:
smaller size throat which leads to
Higher Sensitivities can be achieved due to It consists of vertical tapered tube which is mounted with a narrow end down.
higher pressure d1fferential The tube is usually made of glass on which a linear scale is etched
Disadvantages: Asolid plummet is placed in the tube (diameter smaller than narrow end of tube)
" It has space lm1tations due to larger siZe Plummet/ float may be made of lead. aluminum, glass and plastic
Due to large s1ze. the cost of ventur1meter is higher

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