Piping System Strategies and their

effects on the flow rates, diameters,

power required.

Piping System
Report

Fillip
Abstract
The oil refinery piping system for crude oil is a complex network of interconnected pipelines
and components engineered to facilitate the processing and transformation of crude oil into
various refined petroleum products. Beginning with the intake of crude oil from extraction sites
or terminals, this system comprises an extensive arrangement of pipes, valves, pumps, heat
exchangers, filters, and pressure relief devices within the refinery infrastructure

This intricate network serves multiple functions, including transportation of crude oil from
external sources, movement between distinct refining units, and regulation of flow, pressure,
and temperature throughout various refining processes. It supports essential operations such as
crude oil distillation, desalting, cracking, reforming, and treatment, all aimed at separating,
converting, and refining crude oil into valuable end products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

Challenges within this system revolve around corrosion, erosion, temperature, and pressure
management. The corrosive nature of crude oil demands materials and maintenance strategies
that mitigate degradation, while precise control of temperature and pressure is vital for different
refining processes. Safety and environmental concerns drive stringent safety protocols,
maintenance routines, and compliance with regulatory standards to prevent leaks, spills, and
environmental harm.

Maintenance practices, including regular inspections, corrosion prevention measures, and

robust emergency response plans, are integral to ensuring the system's integrity and safety.
Compliance with environmental regulations and industry standards dictates the operational
framework, emphasizing environmental responsibility and safety adherence.

Technological advancements, such as automation and control systems, material innovations,

and ongoing research into more resilient and durable materials, contribute to enhancing the
efficiency, safety, and longevity of the oil refinery piping system.

In conclusion, the oil refinery piping system for crude oil is a vital infrastructure that enables
the refining industry to transform raw crude oil into a spectrum of valuable petroleum products.
Its intricate design, operational intricacies, adherence to safety and environmental standards,
and continual technological advancements collectively drive the efficiency, safety, and
sustainability of the oil refining process.

1
Table of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 1

Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................. 4

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5

2.1. Components of the Piping System .............................................................................. 6

2.2. Functions and Operations of the Piping System ......................................................... 7

2.3. Challenges and Considerations ................................................................................... 8

3. Calculations........................................................................................................................ 8

3.1. Case-1 .......................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.1. Part-A ................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.2. Part-B ................................................................................................................. 11

3.1.3. Part-C ................................................................................................................. 11

3.1.4. Part-D ................................................................................................................. 12

3.2. Case-2 ........................................................................................................................ 12

3.2.1. Part-E ................................................................................................................. 12

3.2.2. Part-F.................................................................................................................. 13

3.2.3. Part-G ................................................................................................................. 13

3.2.4. Part-H ................................................................................................................. 15

3.3. Case-3 ........................................................................................................................ 15

3.3.1. Part-I .................................................................................................................. 15

3.3.2. Part-J .................................................................................................................. 16

3.3.3. Part-K ................................................................................................................. 16

3.3.4. Part-L ................................................................................................................. 17

3.4. Case-4 ........................................................................................................................ 17

4. Results .............................................................................................................................. 18

4.1. Case-1 ........................................................................................................................ 18

4.1.1. Swamee-Jain Formula ........................................................................................ 18

2
 4.1.2. Iterative method ................................................................................................. 18

4.1.3. Equation solver .................................................................................................. 18

4.2. Case-2 ........................................................................................................................ 18

4.2.1. Swamee-Jain Formula ........................................................................................ 18

4.2.2. Iterative method ................................................................................................. 18

4.2.3. Equation solver .................................................................................................. 18

4.3. Case-3 ........................................................................................................................ 18

4.3.1. Swamee-Jain Formula ........................................................................................ 18

4.3.2. Iterative method ................................................................................................. 18

4.3.3. Equation solver .................................................................................................. 18

5. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 19

6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 19

7. References ........................................................................................................................ 20

Appendices............................................................................................................................... 21

Appendix-A.......................................................................................................................... 21

Appendix-B .......................................................................................................................... 21

Appendix-C .......................................................................................................................... 22

3
Nomenclature
variable Description
V Volumetric flowrate
u Velocity of fluid
ℎ𝐿 Total head loss
ℎ1 Major head loss
ℎ2 Minor head loss
𝐷 Diameter of pipe
𝑓 Friction factor
Re Reynold Number
𝜇 Dynamic viscosity
𝑣 Kinematic viscosity
𝜀 Surface roughness

4
1. Introduction
The infrastructure of a crude oil refinery encompasses a complex network of piping
systems that play a pivotal role in the processing, transportation, and transformation of
raw crude oil into an array of valuable petroleum products. This intricate system
comprises an amalgamation of pipes, valves, pumps, and associated components,
collectively designed to handle crude oil while adhering to specific pressure, diameter,
and power parameters. This essay delves into the multifaceted aspects of pressure
management, the influence of pipe diameter on flow rates, and the significance of power
enrollment in facilitating efficient flow within the refinery's piping system.

Pressure regulation stands as a fundamental aspect of the crude oil refinery piping
system, crucial for governing various refining processes. The management of pressure
within the network is tailored to meet the distinct requirements of different refining
units. These pressure levels are meticulously controlled to ensure the optimal conditions
essential for the separation, distillation, and conversion of crude oil into refined
products. This is achieved through a sophisticated control mechanism that maintains the
requisite pressures throughout the intricate network of pipelines, ensuring seamless
operations across the refinery.

The diameter of pipes in the refinery piping system significantly influences the flow
rates of crude oil. Selection of pipe diameter involves a delicate equilibrium between
pressure drop, velocity, and friction losses. Larger diameters facilitate higher flow rates
but might incur increased energy consumption in pumping. Conversely, smaller
diameters offer lower flow rates with heightened pressure gradients. The meticulous
selection of pipe diameter is crucial to optimize flow rates without compromising the
system's efficiency or incurring excessive energy costs.

Efficient crude oil flow within the refinery piping system is contingent upon adequate
power enrollment, primarily through pumps and auxiliary machinery. Calculating the
power requirements of pumps is essential for maintaining proper pressure and
overcoming elevation changes and frictional losses. The strategic placement and
optimization of power enrollment in pumps facilitate the smooth transportation of crude

5
oil between different processing units within the refinery, ensuring an efficient and
streamlined refining process.

The interplay of pressure, diameter, and power parameters within the crude oil refinery
piping system is paramount for the efficient transportation, processing, and refining of
crude oil into valuable petroleum products. The intricate orchestration of these
parameters ensures the effectiveness, safety, and productivity of refining operations
within the facility, contributing significantly to the global energy sector.

2. Theoretical Background

The piping system within an oil refinery serves as the circulatory network responsible
for the transportation, processing, and transformation of crude oil into various refined
petroleum products. This system operates within a complex infrastructure consisting of
interconnected pipes, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, and other essential components,
each playing a specific role in facilitating the diverse processes involved in refining
crude oil.

2.1. Components of the Piping System

The components of piping system are:

1) Pipes:
These are the primary conduits that carry crude oil throughout the refinery. Typically
made of carbon steel or corrosion-resistant alloys due to the aggressive nature of
crude oil, pipes come in various sizes and configurations, depending on the specific
requirements of different refining processes.
2) Valves:
Crucial for regulating and controlling the flow of crude oil within the system.
Different types of valves, such as gate valves, ball valves, check valves, and control
valves, are strategically placed along the pipeline to manage flow rates, pressure,
and direction.
3) Pumps:

6
 Essential for maintaining adequate pressure and facilitating the movement of crude
oil between different processing units. Centrifugal pumps are commonly employed
in refineries to propel crude oil through the piping system.
4) Heat Exchangers:
These devices play a vital role in transferring heat between fluids to facilitate various
refining processes. They help regulate temperatures within the system, allowing for
optimal conditions required for specific refining operations.
5) Filters and Separators:
Used to remove impurities and separate different components from crude oil. These
components ensure the quality of the refined products by eliminating contaminants
and unwanted substances.
6) Pressure Relief Devices:
Critical for maintaining system safety by relieving excess pressure to prevent
potential equipment failures or accidents due to overpressure situations.

2.2. Functions and Operations of the Piping System

The functions and operations of the piping system are:

1) Crude Oil Distillation:

The piping system facilitates the process of separating crude oil into different
fractions based on their boiling points. This primary refining operation takes place
in distillation units where various fractions such as gasoline, diesel, and heavier
products are obtained.
2) Desalting and Treatment:
Before entering the refining process, crude oil often contains salts and impurities.
Desalting units within the piping system remove these contaminants to prevent
corrosion and damage to downstream equipment.
3) Conversion and Reforming:
Processes like cracking and reforming occur within specialized units connected by
the piping system. These processes involve breaking down larger hydrocarbon
molecules and rearranging them to produce higher-value products.

7
 2.3. Challenges and Considerations
The challenges and considerations are:

1) Corrosion and Erosion:

Crude oil contains impurities that can cause corrosion and erosion in the piping
system. Material selection and protective coatings are essential to mitigate these
issues.
2) Temperature and Pressure Control:
Different refining processes require specific temperature and pressure conditions.
The piping system must maintain these parameters accurately to ensure optimal
refining efficiency.
3) Safety and Environmental Concerns:
Strict adherence to safety protocols and environmental regulations is crucial to
prevent leaks, spills, and environmental hazards.
4) Maintenance and Safety Measures:
Regular inspections, corrosion prevention methods, emergency response plans, and
adherence to industry standards are essential for maintaining the integrity and safety
of the piping system within the oil refinery.

3. Calculations
3.1. Case-1
3.1.1. Part-A
L=200000m

D=60cm=0.6m

m3
V=0.5
s

hL =?

μ=0.009 Pa.s

μ 0.009
v= =
ρ 854

8
 v=1.055*10-5 m2 /s

141.5
σ=
API+131.5

141.5
σ=
34.2+131.5

σ=0.85

ρ=0.85*1000

kg
ρ=854
m3
π
A= D2
4
π
A= (0.62 )
4

A=0.28m2

V
u= =
A

0.5
u=
0.28
m
u=1.77
s

μ=12.8*10-2 *10-4 *853.099

ρDv 854*0.6*1.77
Re= =
μ 0.009

Re=1.005*105

ε=2*10-6 m

-2
Q2 L ε vD 0.9
h1 =1.07 5 {ln [ +4.62 ( ) ]}
gD 3.7D Q

After putting all the variables,

h1 =945.2m

9
The loss coefficients for all components are shown in table-1.

Table 1: Loss coefficient of all components

Component Loss coefficient

Sharp edged entrance 0.5
Threaded tee with line flow 0.9
Regular flanged smooth 90o elbow 0.3
Fully open gate valve 0.2
Sharp edged exit 1.05

∑ K L =0.5+(100*0.9)+(60*0.3)+(100*0.2)+1.05

∑ K L =129.55

u2
h2 = (∑ K L )
2g

1.772
h2 =129.55 ( )
2*9.81

h2 =20.63m

hL =h1 +h2

hL =945.2+20.63

hL =965.82m

∆P=ρghL

∆P=854*9.81*965.82

∆P=8.1*106 Pa

Power=∆PQ

Power=8.1*106 *0.5

Power=4.04*106 Watt

10
 3.1.2. Part-B
The code for polymath is in appendix A.

f=0.01798

hL =975.35m

∆P=8.171*106 Pa

Power=4.085*106 Watt

3.1.3. Part-C
1 ε/D 2.51
=-2log ( + )
√f 3.7 Re√f

1 ε/D 2.51
+2log ( + ) =0
√f 3.7 Re√f

Keep changing f until LHS of above equation become equal to zero. After performing the
iterations,

f=0.01798

L u2
h1 =f
D 2g

200000 1.772
h1 =0.01798* *
0.6 2*9.81

h1 =954.72m

hL =h1 +h2 =20.63+954.72

hL =975.35m

∆P=ρghL =854*9.81*975.35

∆P=8.171*106 Pa

Power=∆PQ

Power=8.171*106 *0.5

Power=4.085*106 Watt

11
 3.1.4. Part-D
The percentage error in total head loss is:

975.35-965.82 1
%error in hL = *100=0.9771% ⇒ Negligible
975.35

(8.1*106 )-(8.171*106 ) 1
%error in ∆P= *100=0.8689% ⇒ Negligible
8.171*106

(4.04*106 )-(4.085*106 ) 1
%error in Power= *100=1.1% ⇒ Negligible
4.085*106

3.2. Case-2
3.2.1. Part-E
∆P=250bar

∆P=250*105 =2.5*107 Pa

m3
V=0.6
s

∆P
hL =
ρg

2.5*107
hL =
854*9.81

hL =2984.26m

Initial guess for D is 0.2 m.

D=0.2m

π
A= D2
4
π
A= (0.22 )
4

A=0.0314m2

Q
u=
A

0.6
u=
0.0314

12
 m
u=19.09
s

u2
h2 = (∑ K L )
2g

19.092
h2 =129.55 ( )
2*9.81

h2 =2406.53m

h1 =hL -h2 =2984.26-2406.53

h1 =577.731m

4.75 0.04
1.25
LQ2 9.4
L 5.2
D=0.66 [ε ( ) +V v ( ) ]
ghL ghL

4.75 0.04
5.2
-6 1.25
200000*0.62 9.4 -5
200000
D=0.66 [(2*10 ) ( ) +0.6 *1.055*10 * ( ) ]
9.81*2984.26 9.81*2984.26

D=0.722m

Keep changing diameter until the guessed and calculated diameter become equal. After
repetitive iterations,

D=0.515m

3.2.2. Part-F
The code for polymath is in appendix B.

f=0.01675

hL =2984.263

∆P=2.5*107 Pa

Power=1.5*107 Watt

D=0.508m

3.2.3. Part-G
Initial guess for diameter is 0.2m.

13
 D=0.2m

π
A= D2
4
π
A= (0.22 )
4

A=0.0314m2

V
u=
A

0.6
u=
0.0314
m
u=19.09
s

u2
h2 = (∑ K L )
2g

19.092
h2 =129.55 ( )
2*9.81

h2 =2406.53m

h1 =hL -h2 =2987.25-2406.53

h1 =580.72m

ε
1 D 2.51
+2log ( + ) =0
√f 3.7 Re√f

Keep changing the f until LHS of the equation become equal to zero.

f=0.0141

L u2 200000 19.092
D=f =0.0141* *
h1 2g 580.72 2*9.81

D=90.08m

Adjust the guessed diameter iteratively until it matches the calculated diameter. After using the
above procedure,

14
 D=0.508m

3.2.4. Part-H
0.515-0.508 1
%error in D= *100=1.378% ⇒ Negligible
0.508

3.3. Case-3
3.3.1. Part-I
D=0.6m

∆P=150bar

∆P=150*105 =15*106 Pa

∆P 15*106
hL = = =1790.55m
ρg 854*9.81

π π
A= D2 = (0.62 )=0.283m2
4 4
0.5 0.5
gD5 h1 ε 3.17v 2 L
V=-0.965 ( ) ln [ +( ) ]
L 3.7D gD3 h1

Let’s say initial guess is 0.5 m3/s.

m3
V=0.5
s

V 0.5 m
v= = =1.767
A 0.283 s

u2
h2 = (∑ K L )
2g

1.7672
h2 =129.55 ( )
2*9.81

h2 =20.63m

h1 =hL -h2 =1790.55-20.63

h1 =1769.92m

Use this value in the Swamee-Jain formula:

15
 𝑚3
𝑉 = 0.704
𝑠

After changing the guessed diameter and the final flowrate is

𝑉 = 0.7 𝑚3 /𝑠

3.3.2. Part-J
The code for polymath is in appendix C.

f=0.0167

hL =1790.55

∆P=1.5*107 Pa

m3
Q=0.7
s

3.3.3. Part-K
Initial guess for flowrate is 0.5 m3/s.

m3
V=0.5
s
π π
A= D2 = (0.62 )=0.283m2
4 4

V 0.5 m
u= = =1.767
A 0.283 s

u2
h2 = (∑ K L )
2g

1.7672
h2 =129.55 ( )
2*9.81

h2 =20.63m

h1 =hL -h2

h1 =1769m

ε
1 D 2.51
+2log ( + ) =0
√f 3.7 Re√f

16
Change f until LHS =0

f=0.017

2gDh1
u=√
fL

m
u=2.407
s

V=uA

m3
V=0.68
s

As flowrates are not matching. Assume a new V and repeat the procedure until guessed and
calculated V become equal to each other. The final answer is,

m3
V=0.7
s

3.3.4. Part-L
0.7-0.7
%error in V= *100=0%
0.7

3.4. Case-4
Several enhancements can be explored to minimize the pumping needs and associated expenses
in transporting fluid from oil wells to refineries. Firstly, a crucial step involves meticulously
choosing the pipe size, balancing the initial expense against potential energy savings in
pumping. Secondly, investigating advanced materials with reduced friction coefficients can
lead to a decrease in energy losses. Opting for contemporary, energy-efficient pumps capable
of adapting to fluctuating flow rates, along with employing smart systems for real-time
adjustments, further diminishes energy consumption. It is imperative to assess and optimize
the pipeline route, aiming to minimize elevation changes and bends. The implementation of
pressure regulation systems assists in maintaining optimal pressure levels while concurrently
reducing energy consumption. Additionally, insulating the pipeline to manage temperature
variations proves effective in conserving energy. Moreover, the integration of renewable energy
sources like solar or wind power presents sustainable and cost-effective alternatives.
Establishing a comprehensive monitoring and control system, coupled with regular pipeline
maintenance to prevent deposits and ensure smooth fluid flow, is crucial. Exploring energy

17
recovery systems, such as turbines, contributes to further reductions in energy demands.
Keeping abreast of technological advancements and consistently seeking innovative solutions
enhances overall efficiency and lowers energy requirements in fluid transportation.

4. Results
4.1. Case-1
4.1.1. Swamee-Jain Formula
ℎ𝐿 = 965.82𝑚

4.1.2. Iterative method

ℎ𝐿 = 975.35𝑚

4.1.3. Equation solver

ℎ𝐿 = 975.35𝑚

4.2. Case-2
4.2.1. Swamee-Jain Formula
𝐷 = 0.515𝑚

4.2.2. Iterative method

𝐷 = 0.508

4.2.3. Equation solver

𝐷 = 0.508𝑚

4.3. Case-3
4.3.1. Swamee-Jain Formula
𝑉 = 0.7 𝑚3 /𝑠

4.3.2. Iterative method

𝑉 = 0.7 𝑚3 /𝑠

4.3.3. Equation solver

𝑉 = 0.7 𝑚3 /𝑠

18
5. Discussion
Determining and optimizing the fluid flow rate through a pipe, the pipe diameter, total head
loss due to friction, pressure drop, and the required pump power are crucial considerations for
cost-effective fluid transportation from oil wells to refineries. Although smaller diameter pipes
are cost-effective, their higher pressure drop leads to increased pump power requirements.
Hence, optimizing these parameters is essential for pump selection.

In Case-1, where the known variables are the pipe diameter and fluid flow rate, the Swamee-
Jain formula provides an explicit method for major head loss calculation without iterations,
resulting in lower computational costs. While the iterative method employs the Colebrook
equation, offering higher accuracy, it demands more computational resources. The percentage
differences in head loss, pressure drop, and pump power are 0.9771%, 0.9689%, and 1.1%,
respectively, all falling below 1.5%. Consequently, the Swamee-Jain formula is preferable over
the iterative method.

In Case-2, with known variables as pressure drop and fluid flow rate, the Swamee-Jain formula
provides an explicit method to determine the pipe diameter, minimizing computational costs.
The iterative method, utilizing the Colebrook equation, offers higher accuracy at a higher
computational cost. The percentage difference in pipe diameter is 1.378%, below the 1.5%
threshold, favoring the Swamee-Jain formula.

In Case-3, where pressure drop and pipe diameter are known variables, the Swamee-Jain
formula offers an explicit method for flow rate calculation without iterations, ensuring low
computational costs. The iterative method, based on the Colebrook equation, provides higher
accuracy with increased computational expenses. The percentage difference in flow rate is 0%,
insignificantly small compared to the 1.5% threshold. Hence, the Swamee-Jain formula is
recommended over the iterative method.

6. Conclusion
Swamee-Jain Formula, iterative method, and Polymath equation solver are used to determine
pipe parameters. Despite the iterative method's higher accuracy using the precise Colebrook
equation, the Swamee-Jain formula, approximating the Colebrook-White equation with a max
1% error, is preferred for its simplicity. The percentage difference between them is below 1.5%.
Smaller diameter pipes are cost-effective but result in higher pressure drop, requiring thorough
cost analysis for comprehensive optimization.

19
7. References
1. "Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes" by Robert A. Meyers

2. "Oil and Gas Pipelines: Integrity and Safety Handbook" by R. Winston Revie

3. "Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook: A Manual of Quick, Accurate Solutions to

Everyday Pipeline Engineering Problems" by E.W. McAllister

4. "Piping and Pipeline Engineering: Design, Construction, Maintenance, Integrity, and

Repair" by George A. Antaki

5. "Oil and Gas Pipelines in Nontechnical Language" by Thomas O. Miesner and

William L. Leffler

6. "Centrifugal Pumps: Design and Application" by Val S. Lobanoff and Robert R. Ross

7. "Pipeline Pigging Handbook" by Jim Cordell

8. "Piping Handbook" by Mohinder Nayyar

9. "Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and

Engineering" by R. Winston Revie and Herbert H. Uhlig

10. "Materials Selection in Mechanical Design" by Michael F. Ashby

20
Appendices
Appendix-A
D=0.6 #m
V=0.5 #m^3/s
L=200000 #m
API= 34.2
g=9.81 #m/s^2
dvis=0.009 #Pa.s
kvis=dvis/p #m^2/s
SG=141.5/(API+131.5)
p=SG*1000 #kg/m^3
A=((22/7)/4)*(D^2) #m^2
u=V/A #m/s
K1=0.5
K2=0.9
K3=0.3
K4=0.2
K5=1.05
KL=K1+(100*K2)+(60*K3)+(100*K4)+K5
Re=(p*D*u)/dvis
sr=2*10^-6 #m
f(fric) = (1/sqrt(fric))+((log((((sr/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re*sqrt(fric))))))*2)
fric(0) = 0.1
fric(min) = 0.01
fric(max) = 0.5
h2=(KL*(u^2))/(2*g) #m
h1=fric*(L/D)*((u^2)/(2*g)) #m
hL=h1+h2 #m
P=p*g*hL #Pa
Power=P*V #W

Appendix-B
V=0.6 #m^3/s
L=200000 #m
P=250*10^5 #Pa
g=9.81 # m/s^2
hL=P/(p*g) #m
API= 34.2
SG=141.5/(API+131.5)

21
p=SG*1000 #kg/m^3
K1=0.5
K2=0.9
K3=0.3
K4=0.2
K5=1.05
KL=K1+(100*K2)+(60*K3)+(100*K4)+K5
Power=P*V #pump power
A=((22/7)/4)*(D^2) #m^2
u=V/A #m/s
dvis=0.009 #Pa.s
kvis=dvis/p #m^2/s
Re=(p*D*u)/dvis
sr=2*10^-6 #m
h2=(KL*(u^2))/(2*g) #m
h1=hL-h2
D=0.508513097239202 # Guessed diamter in meter
Dcal=(fric*L*(u^2))/(2*g*h1) #calculated diameter in meter
f(fric) = (1/sqrt(fric))+((log((((sr/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re*sqrt(fric))))))*2)
fric(0) = 0.005
fric(min) = 0.0002
fric(max) = 0.5

Appendix-C
D=0.6 #m
L=200000 # m
API= 34.2
SG=141.5/(API+131.5)
p=SG*1000 #kg/m3
K1=0.5
K2=0.9
K3=0.3
K4=0.2
K5=1.05
KL=K1+(100*K2)+(60*K3)+(100*K4)+K5
V=0.70070527400296 # guessed volumetric flowrate in m3/s
P=15000000 #Pa
g=9.81 #m/s2
hL=P/(p*g) #m
A=((22/7)/4)*(D^2) #m2

22
u=V/A #m/s
dvis=0.009 #Pa.s
kvis=dvis/p #m2/s
Re=(p*D*u)/dvis
sr=2*10^-6
h2=(KL*(u^2))/(2*g) #m
h1=hL-h2
Vcal=A*(sqrt((2*g*h1*D)/(fric*L))) #calculated flowrate
f(fric) = (1/sqrt(fric))+((log((((sr/D)/3.7)+(2.51/(Re*sqrt(fric))))))*2)
fric(0) = 0.01
fric(min) = 0.001
fric(max) = 1
power=V*P #Watt

23