FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,
CUTTACK
BIOLOGY PROJECT
SESSION: 2024-25
A Project Report On
“Contraceptive Methods and
Its Effectiveness”
Submitted by : Amrita Samal
Class : XII (Science)
RegdNo. (CBSE)-B/2/25/15360/0321
Under the Guidance of
Ms. Sushree Subhadra Biswal
PGT(Biology)
Table of Contents
Declaration
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Aim of Project
Introduction
Types Of Contraceptive Methods
Benefits Of Contraception
Challenges and Misconceptions
Conclusion
Bibliography
FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,
CUTTACK
Declaration
I hereby declare that the project work
entitled “Contraceptive Methods and Its
Effectiveness” submitted to Department of
Biology ,Freedom International School is
prepared by me.
Amrita Samal
Class-XII (Science)
FREEDOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,
CUTTACK
Certificate
This is to certify that AMRITA SAMAL, student
of class-XII (Sci) has successfully prepared the
report on the project entitled “Contraceptive
Methods and Its Effectiveness” under the
guidance of Ms. Subhashree Subhadra Biswal
(PGT, Biology).
The report is the result of his/her effort &
endeavors. This report is found worthy of
acceptance as final project report for the subject
physics of class XII (Sci).
Signature of Biology Teacher Signature of External Examiner
------------------------- -------------------------
Signature of Principal
-----------------------------
Acknowledgement
I would like to express a deep sense of
thanks and gratitude my project guide for
guiding me immensely through the course of
the project. He always envinced keen
interest in my project. His constructive
advice & constant motivation have been
responsible for the successful completion of
his project.
My sincere thank goes to our principal Mr.
Gangadhar Behura for his co-ordination in
extending every possible support for the
completion of this project.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank
all those who had helped directly or
indirectly towards the completion of this
project.
Amrita Samal
Class-XII (Science)
Aim Of Project
To explore various contraceptive methods,
their mechanisms, effectiveness, benefits,
and limitations.
Introduction
CONTRACEPTION:
Contraception refers to methods or devices
used to prevent pregnancy resulting from
sexual intercourse.
Importance of Family Planning:
Contraception allows individuals to plan and
space pregnancies, improving maternal and
child health and ensuring socio-economic
benefits.
Types Of
Contraceptive Methods
A. NATURAL METHODS:
Examples: Fertility awareness methods (FAM),
lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), withdrawal
method.
Mechanism:
Tracking menstrual cycles to avoid intercourse
during fertile periods.
Relies on the body’s natural indicators like basal
body temperature and cervical mucus.
Effectiveness:
Fertility Awareness: 76%–88%.
Withdrawal: About 78%.
Advantages:
No physical devices or medications required.
Low cost.
Disadvantages:
Requires extensive knowledge and consistency.
Higher risk of failure compared to other method.
B. BARRIER METHODS:
Examples: Male condoms, female condoms, diaphragm,
cervical cap, and spermicides.
Mechanism:
Physically block sperm from reaching the egg.
Some include chemical agents like spermicides for
additional protection.
Effectiveness:
Male Condoms: 85%–98% (higher with proper
use).
Female Condoms: 79%–95%.
Advantages:
Protect against sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), including HIV.
Easily accessible and inexpensive.
Disadvantages:
Potential for breakage or slippage.
May reduce sexual sensation.
C. HORMONAL METHODS:
Examples: Oral contraceptive pills, contraceptive patch,
vaginal ring, hormonal injections, and implants.
Mechanism:
Prevent ovulation.
Thicken cervical mucus to block sperm entry.
Thin uterine lining to prevent implantation.
Effectiveness:
Pills: 91%–99% effective with proper use.
Implants: Over 99%.
Advantages:
Highly effective with consistent use.
Can regulate menstrual cycles and reduce menstrual
cramps.
Disadvantages:
May cause side effects such as nausea, weight gain,
and mood changes.
Requires a prescription and regular adherence.
[Link] DEVICES (IUDS);
An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped
device that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare
provider. It is a long-term, reversible form of birth
control that can prevent pregnancy for up to 10 years.
Types:
Copper IUD (non-hormonal): Prevents sperm from
fertilizing the egg.
Hormonal IUD: Releases hormones to prevent
ovulation.
Effectiveness:
Over 99%.
Advantages:
Long-term (5–10 years).
No daily maintenance required.
Disadvantages:
May cause discomfort during insertion.
Does not protect against STIs.
E. PERMANENT METHODS:
Examples: Tubal ligation (female sterilization), vasectomy
(male sterilization).
Mechanism:
Surgical procedures that block or seal the
reproductive pathways permanently.
1. Male Sterilization (Vasectomy)
Procedure: Cuts and seals vas deferens
Recovery time: 1-2 weeks
2. Female Sterilization (Tubal Ligation)
Procedure: Blocks or cuts fallopian tubes
Recovery time: 1-2 weeks
Effectiveness:
Over 99%.
Advantages:
Permanent and highly reliable.
No ongoing maintenance or additional costs.
Disadvantages:
Irreversible in most cases.
Requires surgery, which carries risks.
F. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION:
Examples: Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs),
such as levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate.
Copper IUD (used within five days after
intercourse).
Mechanism:
Delay ovulation or prevent implantation of a
fertilized egg.
Effectiveness:
ECPs: 85% effective if taken within 72 hours.
Copper IUD: 99.9% effective.
Advantages:
Provides a backup option after unprotected
sex.
Disadvantages:
Not a substitute for regular contraception.
Benefits Of Contraception
1. Health Benefits:
Reduces maternal and infant mortality rates
by preventing unintended pregnancies.
2. STI Prevention:
Barrier methods help reduce the risk of STIs
like HIV.
3. Economic Stability:
Families can plan their financial resources
better.
4. Empowerment of Women:
Allows women to pursue education and career
opportunities.
Challenges &
Misconception
Lack of Awareness:
Many individuals lack proper knowledge about
contraceptive options.
Cultural and Religious Barriers:
Contraception is taboo in some cultures.
Myths and Misconceptions:
Concerns about infertility or long-term side
effects deter usage.
Accessibility Issues:
High costs and limited availability in rural
areas.
Conclusion
Contraceptive methods are essential
tools for family planning and improving
quality of life. By educating
communities, addressing
misconceptions, and ensuring
accessibility, contraception can
contribute to healthier families and
societies.
Bibliography
NCERT BIOLOGY Textbook Class 12
World Health Organization (WHO) –
Contraceptive Guidance
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) – Contraception
Effectiveness
Wikipedia