Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................1
1.2DESCRIPTION OF AN AREA................................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................................4
2.1 WATER SUPPLY................................................................................................................................................................ 4
TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY NERTWORK...................................................................................................................................4
2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSUMABLE WATER..................................................................................................................6
2.3 DISTRIBUTION METHOD...................................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA...................................................................................................................9
3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................................................9
3.2 PROCUDURES FOR OBTAINING FIELD DATA FOR DESIGN................................................................................................9
3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND GEOLOGICAL LOCATION...................................................................................9
3.3.1 LOCATION..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.3 LAND FORMS...............................................................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 4 DEMAND ESTIMATION......................................................................................................................................11

1
 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE

1.1Introduction
The provision of water to the community is important for domestic purposes and other daily
activities such as economic and social [Link] economic point of view , water is extremely
an important input for agriculture and livestock development also is the raw material for soft
drink industry . In Tanzania many areas there is scarcity of safe water.
In this project we focused on different water supply system and all treatment system of water
that enable to solve the existed problem in our UBUNGO ward.
Water supply is the distribution of water to the public utilities , commercial organization
community endeavours or by individual ussualy via system of pumps and gravity .Water supply
system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provides water
supply (Chandler R etal of 1994)
Clean (fresh safe) and reliable water supplies are vital for industry , agriculture and energy
production. Every community and eco system on earth depend on water for sanitation hygiene
and daiy survival . The population growth climate condition urbanization industrialization will
all results to the inadequate of ocean water hence remain a global health challenge for many
years (Reid 1982)
According to the survey done by who and Global Workshop On appropriate Water AND
WASTE WATER treatment Technology for developing countries in 1975 some of the factors
which severly handicap programs to provide safe drinking water are.
 Shortage of trained personnel and finance.
 Lack of governmental support within the developing countries.
 Inadequate institutional structures ( insufficient organization and administration).
 .Lack of local interests and acceptance of water supply projects.

2
In Tanzania clean water is becoming scarcer day after day the situation is especially worse in
rural areas where women still walk long distance in search [Link] of the water used in such
areas
come from shallow wells and is usually nothing more than muddy mixture whose cannot be
guaranteed. There is also an acute shortage of clean water in urban areas due to rapid population
increase.
Hydrological cycle
The water hydrological cycle states that water is always on the move from one for to another .It
can change from liquid to gas or from liquid to solid and vice versa .Thus this cycle describes
the cyclic motion of water .There are two types of hydrologic cycle. Natural hydrologic cycle
and artificial hydrologic cycle.
This describes the constant cyclic motion on, under and above the earth surface through the
environment in nature.
The sun rays heat the layer of air over the earths land more quickly than that over large masses
of water .As the land air becomes warm and therefore lighter .It rises causing the moist air over
nearby water to fill the gap horizontally , thus causing the effect of sea breezes. This is known as
convection.
Large masses of water such as the oceans and lakes as well as that portion of rainwater has been
intercepted by vegetation and small ground surface depressions give up water vapour to the
atmosphere after being heated by direct the sun rays. Such process is known as evaporation.
Plant also lose water they absorb from the soil through transpiration process returning it to the
atmosphere as vapour. The combined processes of evaporation and transpiration is called
evapotranspiration. Clouds are formed warm air containing water vapour raising up, becoming
cooled and condensed into visible moisture and hence precipitation in the form of rain snow or
hail .Part of the precipitation penetrates though the ground surface a process known as
infiltration and percolates into saturated soil and porous rocks forming ground water reservoirs
called aquifers.

1.2DESCRIPTION OF AN AREA
Ubungo is a densely populated area located in the western part of Dar es Saalam Tanzania. Its
one of the city main commercial and residential hubs known for its vibrant urban atmosphere
and butling traffic. The area is home to variety of bussineses including retail shops markets and
service providers making it a key economic center in DAR es SALAAM.

3
Ubungo ward a a part of Ubungo district in Dar es Salaam has a population of approximately
200,000 to 250,000 people, The population is diverse with a mix of residential commercial and
industrial zones. The rapid urbanization combined with its growing economic significance and
role as a transportation hub , has led to the increase in population density over the years.
Main objective,
Proposing a new water source and re design a water supply system for the community at
Ubungo ward in Dar es Salaam.
1.3Specific objectives
To analyse water demand and available water supply at Ubungo ward.
To analyse project estimates.
To design water transmission pipes
To propose a new water source
To establish storage facility locations ( Tank sizing and Base demand and Zoning demand)
To design water supply system for community of Ubungo ward.
To design water treatment plan.
Below is the diagram of Ubungo Topographical map

4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 WATER SUPPLY

Water supply refers to the provision of water, typically for human consumption, sanitation, agriculture, and
industrial use. It involves the collection, treatment, storage, distribution, and management of water resources to
ensure a reliable and safe supply of water to meet the needs of communities and various sectors.
Basic components of a water supply system include:
i. Water Sources: These are natural or artificial sources from which water is obtained, such as rivers,
lakes, reservoirs, groundwater wells, or desalination plants.
ii. Water Treatment: Water from natural sources often requires treatment to remove impurities,
contaminants, and pathogens to make it safe for drinking and other uses. Treatment processes may
include filtration, disinfection (e.g., chlorination), sedimentation, and chemical treatment.
iii. Water Storage: Treated water is often stored in reservoirs, tanks, or water towers to ensure a continuous
supply, especially during periods of high demand or in emergencies.
iv. Water Distribution: Once treated and stored, water is distributed through a network of pipelines,
pumping stations, and distribution systems to deliver it to homes, businesses, and other facilities.
v. Water Quality Monitoring: Regular monitoring of water quality is essential to ensure that drinking water
meets safety standards and is free from harmful contaminants. This involves sampling and testing water
at various points in the supply chain.
vi. Infrastructure Maintenance: Regular maintenance and upkeep of water supply infrastructure, including
pipes, pumps, and treatment facilities, are essential to prevent leaks, breakdowns, and ensure the reliable
delivery of water.

Water supply systems play a critical role in supporting public health, sanitation, agriculture, industry, and
economic development. Access to clean and safe water is fundamental to human well-being and is recognized
as a basic human right by the United Nations. Sustainable management of water resources and infrastructure is
essential to meet current and future water needs while protecting the environment and ensuring equitable access
to water for all.

TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY NERTWORK

The water distributed via municipal water supply systems should reach the end-user with sufficient pressure and
flow rates. In order to achieve this, four mains water distribution system types are used:

i. Gridiron systems In gridiron systems, the main water supply line goes through the central part of the
area, while sub mains branch out perpendicular to the main line. This system has no dead-ends, as all of
the individual pipes are interconnected. This type of water supply system is great for cities that have a
rectangular layout that resembles a gridiron
5
ii. Ring systems Circular or ring systems feature a supply main that forms a circle or ring around the area
of distribution. In this system, the branches are cross-connected to the supply mains and each other. This
type of system has similar advantages and disadvantages to gridiron systems and is suitable for towns
and cities with well-planned roads and streets.

iii. Radial systems 6 In radial systems, the distribution area is divided into different distribution districts or
zones. Each zone has an elevated distribution reservoir in the middle from which supply lines run in a

6
 radial pattern towards the distribution district periphery. Radial systems offer swift distribution and
allow for simpler design calculations.

iv. Dead-end systems Dead-end water supply systems are the best choice for cities and towns without
definite road patterns. In this type of system, there is one main line that runs through the town or city
with sub-mains branching off from left and right. These sub-mains then divide into a number of branch
lines that provide service connections.

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSUMABLE WATER

Consumable water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe for human consumption, meaning it meets
certain quality standards and does not pose a threat to health when consumed. Some characteristics of
consumable water include:
7
2.2.1 Chemical
1. Chemical Composition Chemical composition refers to the presence and concentration of various substances
dissolved or suspended in water. This includes minerals, ions, organic compounds, heavy metals, and other
chemical constituents. Monitoring chemical parameters is crucial for assessing water quality and ensuring
compliance with regulatory standards.
2. pH Level: Explanation: pH is a chemical characteristic that measures the acidity or alkalinity of water. It
indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions and affects the solubility and behaviour of various substances in
water. pH levels outside the optimal range (6.5-8.5) can impact water quality, affect aquatic ecosystems, and
corrode or scale water distribution infrastructure.

3. Presence of Disinfectants: Explanation: Disinfectants, such as chlorine or chloramine, are chemical

substances added to water during treatment to kill or inactivate harmful microorganisms. Monitoring
disinfectant levels ensures effective disinfection and microbial safety of drinking water. However, excessive
disinfectant concentrations can lead to taste and odor issues and pose health risks to consumers.

2.2.2 Physical
1. Clarity: Clarity refers to the transparency of water, which is a physical characteristic. It is determined by the
presence of suspended particles, colloids, or other substances that scatter or absorb light. Clear water indicates
low levels of suspended solids and is desirable for aesthetic reasons and to ensure that water is visually
appealing.
2. Color: Color is another physical characteristic of water, determined by the presence of dissolved substances
or suspended particles. Unusual colors in water may result from natural sources 8 (e.g., organic matter) or
human activities (e.g., industrial discharges). Monitoring water color helps identify potential sources of
contamination and assesses water quality.
3. Odor: Odor is a physical characteristic related to the presence of volatile compounds in water. It can result
from natural processes (e.g., organic decay) or human activities (e.g., industrial pollution). Unusual or offensive
odors may indicate the presence of contaminants or organic matter and can affect the acceptability of drinking
water.
4. Taste: Taste is a physical characteristic influenced by the presence of dissolved substances in water, such as
minerals, salts, or organic compounds. It is subjective and can be affected by factors like temperature, pH, and
the presence of contaminants. Unusual tastes, such as metallic or earthy flavors, may indicate water quality
issues and affect consumer acceptance.

2.2.3 Biological
1. Microbiological Quality Microbiological quality refers to the presence of microorganisms, such as bacteria,
viruses, and parasites, in water. These pathogens can cause waterborne diseases and pose serious health risks to
8
consumers. Ensuring microbiological safety involves monitoring for indicator organisms and pathogens and
implementing appropriate treatment measures to eliminate or reduce microbial contamination

2.3 DISTRIBUTION METHOD

Water distribution systems convey water drawn from the water source or treatment facility, to the point where
it is delivered to the users. Also, water can be distributed to the consumers by considering level of the source of
the water and that of the distribution point, topography of the area, and other local conditions. There are three
systems used for distribution
i. Gravitational System
ii. Pumping System
iii. Combined Pumping and Gravity System
Our nertwork is made of combined pumping and gravity system

9
 CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This shows all the procedures or methods used in obtaining the information for the project work and data
analysis

3.2 PROCUDURES FOR OBTAINING FIELD DATA FOR DESIGN

We used various types of methods to obtain the data for design; the following were the methods which we used
to obtain our data.

i. Questionnaire method: the method was used in collecting the data by asking questions to the local authority,
institutions and citizen of Ubungo ward. The questioner format was closed end questioner which involved
asking a question and answering the question without long explanation.

ii. Observation method: This was a physical surveying of the area to be worked for the project, this involved
observation physical existing features, nature of the area and master plan of the streets.

iii. Literature review: Some data were obtained through reading different books, articles and other writes
associated with water supply network design.

iv. Study of topographic map: The topographic map of Ubungo was careful studied.
Reconnaissance survey of the area was carried out to know the actual location of some physical features. The
contours were generated using computer software to indicate ground elevation of the area. It provides better
understanding of direction of sewage and storm water.
It also helps in determining slope for sewers.

3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND GEOLOGICAL

LOCATION

3.3.1 LOCATION
The study area, Ubungo , is situated within 6.7998º S and 39.0807º E, aThe district covers approximately 269
kilometre square
north of Dar es Salaam harbor in Ubungo Municipality. The area is flat and heavily constructed with hotels and
residential buildings. Ubungo ward covers a total area of approximately 5.889km2
3.3.2 UBUNGO CLIMATE

10
Ubungo Municipality experiences a modified type of equatorial climate. It is generally hot and humid
throughout the year with an average temperature of 29o C. The hottest season is from October to March while it
is relatively cool between May and August with temperature around 25o C.

There are two rain seasons: short rain from October to December and long rain season between March and May.
The average annual rainfall is 1300mm. Humidity is around 96% in the mornings and 67% in the afternoons.
The climate is also influenced by the Southwest monsoon winds from April to October and Northeast monsoon
winds between November and March.

3.3.3 LAND FORMS

Land units characterize Ubungo Municipal, each with homogeneous characteristics potential for the future
municipal development.
i. Lowlands and Wet [Link] are low laying areas that may experience seasonal flooding , contributing to
wetland ecosysytems that are vital for biodiversity.

ii. Hills and elevated [Link] parts of Ubungo are characterized by rolling hills , which provide scenic views
and can influence local climate and vegetation .

iii. Valleys .The area includes valleys that may be formed by river systems or erosion , contributing to the local
ecosystem.

[Link]. The Msimbazi River flows through the region , influencing land use and providing water resources
for both residential and agricultural purposes.

v. Transportantion corridors .Major roads and highways , such as the Morogoro Road , traverse through Ubungo ,
impacting the local topography and accessibility.
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CHAPTER 4 DEMAND ESTIMATION

𝑛
4.1 POPULATION FORECASTING
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 (1 + )
𝑟

100

Where; -
n-number of years
p n -forecasted population
po-population at present
r-rate of change
YEAR NUMBER OF POPULATION
2012 845368
2022 1086912
Table: 2 Population data9

Assuming the geometric projection method (constant growth rate)

𝑟 )𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 (1 +
100
𝑟 )10
1086912 = 8 4 5 3 6 8 (1 +
100
r2.545
The population is forecasted for 30 years from 2022 to 2052.

𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃0 (1 𝑟𝑛
+ ) but r2.545, n=30yrs
100

30
2.545
𝑃𝑛 = )
1086912(1 + 10

𝑃𝑛 = 2310090

12
 4.2WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION
4.1.1 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
The quantity of water required in the houses for drinking, bathing, cooking, washing etc.

plate: 1 Minimum Water requirement for various categorized domestic users

Per capital consumption 110 l/cd.

demand=110l/cd2310090

Domestic demand=254.341MLD

4.1.2 INDUSTRIAL DEMAND

The quantity of water required in the industries but this depends on the type and size of the industries. Most of
the industries at Ubungo are wet industries with medium scale.

SIZE CONSUMPTION(m3/ha/d) NO OF INDUSTRIES AREA(ha) DEMAND(m3/d)

SMALL 5 200 20 20000

MEDIUM 20 50 50 50000

LARGE 50 15 200 150000

TOTAL 265 270 220000

13
 4.1.3COMMERCIAL WATER DEMAND
If there is a reservation in the town plan for the future business area without any specification, the
estimates must be based on per hectare demand. As a guide, a water demand of 10 - 15 m 3 /ha/d for a
non-specified commercial area in a new town plan can be adopted.

COMMERCIAL NO OF PROJECTED NUMBER WATER TOTAL

BUILDINGS BUILDINGS OF DEMAND(L/d) DEMAND (L/d)
PEOPLE

HOTELS 157 334 50 200 3340000

BARS 50 106 100 70 742000

MALLS 3 6 1000 25 150000

SHOPS 200 425 60 70 1785000

MARKETS 5 11 150 110 181500

Table: 4: Commercial demand

Commercial water demand = (3340000+742000+150000+1785000+181500) L/d = 6.199MLD

4.1.3 INSTITUTIONS WATER DEMAND

When designing and planning for a water project, water requirements for present and anticipated
institutions in the project area have to be computed.

14
 CONSUMER NUMBER OF PROJECTED NUMBER WATER TOTAL
INSTITUTION OF PEOPLE DEMAND(L/d) DEMAND
(L/d)

CHURCH’S 150 319 400 10 1276000

MOSQUE 80 170 100 10 170000

DAY SCHOOLS 120 255 1500 10 3825000

BOARDING 10 21 1000 70 1470000

SCHOOL

HOSPITAL 5 10 100 200 200000

HEALTH 15 32 50 100 160000

CENTERS

DISPENSARY 30 63 40 10 25200

COLLEGES 8 17 1500 60 1530000

OFFICES 200 425 30 70 892500

Table: 5: Institutional demand

Institution’s demand= 9.55MLD

4.1.4 LIVESTOCK KEEPING WATER DEMAND

LIVESTOCK NO OF LIVESTOCKS DEMAND (L/day) TOTAL
DEMAND (L/day)

CURRENT PROJECTED

COWS 5027 10684 75 801300

GOATS 2933 6234 50 311700

HENS 381045 809873 25 20246826

DOGS 10078 21420 50 1071000

OTHERS 30000 63762 25 1594050

Table: 6: Livestock demand

Livestock demand= 20.4MLD

15
4.1.5 NET WATER DEMAND
Net water demand = Domestic demand + Industrial demand + Institution demand + Commercial
demand + Livestock demand

Net water demand = 0.44+254.341+6.199+9.55+20.4

Net water demand = 290.93 MLD

This is then the potential billable water consumption or revenue water.

4.1.6 FIRE FIGHTING

Fire-fighting requirements are necessary in urban areas and commercial rural Centre’s, which are fast
growing including airports and dry ports constructed in peripheral areas.

Under normal design and operation 2% of the water demand should be set for fire-fighting. It should
be noted that the water supplied here normally forms part of the unbilled authorized consumption as in
the IWA recommended water balance.

Firefighting demand =2% x 290.93 MLD = 5.8186 MLD

4.1.7 OPERATIONAL LOSSES

The operational water demands are required for operation of the water treatment processes such as
clarifier de-sludging, rapid sand filter backwashing and chemical mixing, and operational activities
such as the flushing out of reservoirs and the pipe work system through washouts and when cleaning
bulk meter screens.

Best practice is to get a good estimation of the actual amount, however, the estimate of five per cent
(5%) is suggested for water treatment where it takes place and a further 2% for other operational
demands be allowed for this water use also forms part of the unbilled authorized consumption as
explained in the IWA recommended water balance.

The operational water demand at Ubungo municipal is 7% of the

total demand. Operational loss=7% 290.93MLD

Operational loss= 20.365MLD

16
4.1.8 WATER LOSSES
Technical water losses occur due to leakages and overflow from reservoirs, treatment units, break
pressure tanks, valves, mains and distributions piping. Traditionally, it is suggested that overall, this can
be taken at between 20 to 25% of the gross water demand (gross supply).

However, experience shows that in urban areas except under the best situations, this can grossly
underestimate what actually occurs. Other losses result from third party damage, usually resulting
from either successful or unsuccessful attempts at illegally obtaining water for consumption. Others
temper with the bills collection software to block or delay registration of funds received as
experienced by some DAWASA customers.

Water losses = 25% x 290.93

Water losses = 72.73 MLD

4.1.9 NON-REVENUE WATER (NRW )

The difference between the volume of water put in to a water distribution system and the volume that
is billed to the customers. But for a new system the non-revenue water is taken as 15%.

The non-revenue water is taken as 25% of the gross

demand. NRW = water losses + unbilled authorized water

NRW= (72.73+20.365+5.8186) MLD

NRW= 98.91MLD
𝑁𝑅𝑊
𝑁𝐸𝑇 =98.91 100
NRW%=
𝐷𝐸𝑀𝐴𝑁𝐷 290.93

4.2 OVERALL WATER DEMAND

=
𝑁𝐸𝑇 𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝐷𝐸𝑀𝐴𝑁𝐷 290.93𝑀𝐿𝐷
= 1−𝑁𝑅 1−0.34
𝑊

= 440.8 MLD
The overall
water demand
is 440.8MLD

17
 CHAPTER FIVE: WATER SOURCE

5.1 PROPOSED WATER SOURCE

6 Water in all three forms that are solid, liquid, or gas is an extremely valuable resource
for fulfilling the basic necessities of humans. Clean water is not just required for drinking
but for sanitation purposes as well. Therefore, water supplied to our homes should be free
from impurities, bacteria, and any harmful chemicals. In order to meet these needs and
demands, it becomes imperative for a modern society to plan and build suitable water
supply schemes. To ensure a constant and reliable water supply, we as engineers we need to
plan and design a water supply system based on the required characteristics.

BASIC CONSIDERATION WHILE PROPOSING FOR A NEW WATER SOURCE

I. It is the smallest, geologically youngest, and physically most complex of the world’s
three First and foremost, while planning for a water supply system, the total water
demand of the society needs to be worked out. To meet this demand, it becomes essential
to look for the closest water source in the vicinity of the city or town, if the available
source is not sufficient to meet the demand, other distant and viable sources should be
discovered. After all the possible sources are listed, they are evaluated on multiple
parameters for finalizing the major source. Sources of Water
The sources of water can be broadly divided into two categories: surface sources and sub-surface
sources.

• Surface Sources As the name suggests, in the surface sources, the water flows over
the earth’s surface and is immediately available for water supply.

• Lakes and pond or lake is formed when a natural depression of a large size on the
surface gets filled with water. The depression of a lake is more compared to a pond.

• Streams and Rivers

are channels that feed water to rivers or lakes. Large streams can be used as a
source of water by using barrages or by providing storage reservoirs. Rivers are
known to be an important source for public water supply systems.

• Impounding Reservoirs
Impounding reservoirs (storage reservoirs) are pools or artificial lakes that are made
by barricading rivers or streams.

18
 • Sub-surface or Underground Sources

Water that gets stored beneath the surface of the ground through infiltration and
other processes is known as underground water. Underground water is generally
pure and free from bacteria to a great extent but may have salts and minerals in it.

Through natural processes such as springs, the groundwater is brought to the

surface. Groundwater can also be tapped using artificial methods such as
constructing wells, infiltration galleries, etc.

II. Factors for Selecting Water Source

The following factors are taken into consideration while selecting a source of water
supply to a town or city
Selecting a suitable water source for water transportation engineering involves
considering several factors to ensure the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of the
water supply system. Here are some key factors to consider:
a. Quantity and Quality of Water:

• Quantity of water:
The quantity of water at the source should be adequate to meet all the demands
of the design population for the entire design period of the scheme. In certain
cases, the water source is mobilized to meet the present-day demand, and as time
passes, extra units can be added. As mentioned earlier, in case the quantity of
water is not sufficient, distant sources of water should be considered.
• Quality of Water
The water of the source should be free from poisonous and toxic substances. The
level of impurities in the water should be as low as to be screened out using
normal treatment methods at a reasonable price.
Ensure the water meets quality standards to avoid corrosion, scaling, and other
issues that may affect the infrastructure.

19
b. Proximity to Demand Centers:

The source of supply must be as close as possible to the point of delivery. If the

distance is less, it will help in reducing the overall cost of the project as small-sized pipes

would be used, and the number of appurtenances required would also be less, hence less

energy consumption. c. Topography of Surrounding Area

The land between the source of supply and the city/society shouldn’t have high
mountains, deep valleys, or ridges. In other words, the surface shouldn’t be highly
uneven as uneven topographies would require tunnels to be constructed or a greater
number of trestles for supporting the water pipes. This will increase the overall cost.

d. Accessibility and Infrastructure:

Evaluate the accessibility of the water source, considering the existing transportation

infrastructure and the feasibility of building or upgrading infrastructure for water

conveyance. e. Elevation of Water Source

The water source must be on a higher elevation as compared to the town or city. This

would facilitate gravity flow of water. When the water sources are at a lower level,

equipment like pumps have to be used. This would increase operational and maintenance

costs. f. Reliability and Stability:

Assess the reliability of the water source by considering factors such as seasonal
variations, drought susceptibility, and any potential disruptions to the water supply.

g. Environmental Impact:

20
 Consider the environmental impact of extracting water from the chosen source. Evaluate
the potential effects on ecosystems, aquatic life, and local communities.

h. Legal and Regulatory Compliance:

• Ensure that the water source is compliant with local, regional, and national regulations.

Obtain necessary permits and approvals for water extraction and transportation. i.

Cost Analysis:

Conduct a comprehensive cost analysis, considering not only the initial investment but
also operational and maintenance costs associated with extracting and transporting
water from the source.

j. Water Treatment Requirements:

Evaluate the need for water treatment based on the quality of the water source. Consider
the type and extent of treatment required to meet the desired water quality standards.

k. Climate and Weather Conditions:

Take into account the climatic conditions of the region, including temperature
variations and extreme weather events, which can impact the availability and
accessibility of the water source.

After accessing all factors as a group, we came up with four possible new sources of water,

• boreholes,

• Upper Ruvu source,

• Rain harvesting,

21
 • Ocean water (Indian ocean)

Upon the further discussions we concluded the Ruvu river source to be a suitable one

Ruvu river
 Geographical location of Ruvu river its originates from uruguru mountains in the
Morogoro region. It flow southeastward through the Pwani region before emptying into
the Indian oceans near Bagamoyo.
 Its basin cover an area of approximately 17,700 square kilometers.
 The depth of Ruvu river varies depending on location, seasons and flow condition.
In dry season the depth range from 2m to 5m while during rainy season vary from 5m to 10m.

Figure no showing Ruvu river

22