CLAUSE
Derivation: It is taken from a Latin word “Clausa” or
“Claudere” which means “to shut”.
Definition: It is a part of sentence having its own subject and
predicate which sometimes provides a complete meaning
and sometimes do not.
If you want, I can teach you.
THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CLAUSES:
• Independent clause
It is a kind of clause giving a complete meaning and sense.
I will teach you if you ask.
They would come if we requested them.
• Dependent clauses
Clauses not giving a complete meaning and sense and
cannot stand alone as a sentence.
If you listen to me, I will give you good advice.
When you come, I will hold a party.
KINDS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
1. Adjective Clause
ADJECTIVE: A word / a group of words describing a noun or
a pronoun is called an adjective.
Jack is a good person.
Henna is healthy.
She is healthy.
A clause functioning as an adjective is called an adjective
clause.
OR:
A clause describing the noun or the pronoun in main clause
is called an adjective clause.
Ex:
Jack is the driver who drives so fast.
Mark is a teacher who asks a lot of questions.
Karl is the guide who loses the direction soon.
NOTE THAT ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS ALSO CALLED RELATIVE
CLAUSE.
Why Relative Clause?
Because they are introduced with relative words.
Relative Words
Relative
Relative Adjective Relative Adverbs
Pronouns
Who Whose Where
Whom When
Which Why
That
WHO (PEOPLE)
1. WHO + VERB (Subjective Case)
2. WHO + SUBJECT + VERB (Objective Case)
EX:
John is a person.
He talks to me a lot.
John is the person who talks to me a lot.
Jackie is a cook.
He complains not much.
Jackie is the cook who complains not much.
John is the person.
I teach him.
John is the person who I teach. (Informal)
Carlos is a doctor.
I met him last day.
Carlos is the doctor who I met last day. (Informal)
WHOM (PEOPLE)
1. WHOM + SUBJECT + VERB
EX:
John is the person whom I teach. (Formal)
Carlos is the doctor whom I met last day. (Formal)
WHICH (THINGS / ANIMALS)
1. WHICH + SUBJECT + VERB (Objective case)
2. WHICH + VERB (Subjective case)
That is the laptop which I bought last day.
That is the car which I drive every day.
iPhone X is the phone which attracts me a lot.
That is the bike which gets my attention.
THAT (WITH ALL IN INFORMAL SPEECH)
Ryan is the person whom I saw last day.
Ryan is the person that I saw last day.
WHOSE + NOUN (PLACES, THINGS, ANIMALS, HUMANS)
Jack is a person.
His hair is nice.
Jack is a person whose hair is nice.
John is a doctor.
His car is expensive.
John is a doctor whose car is expensive.
Erteqa is an englisity.
Its students are smart.
Erteqa is an englisity whose students are smart.
WHERE (PLACES)
WHERE + SUBJECT + VERB
Room c is the place where I taught a lot.
Herat is the city where we live.
That apartment is the place where most of people go and do
not like.
WHEN (TIME)
WHEN + SUBJECT + VERB
10:00 is the time when I leave home.
12:30 is the time when I start taking lunch.
WHY (REASON)
WHY + SUBJECT + VERB
Your intelligence is the reason why I teach you.
Your hardworking is the reason why you are in a class of
Book 3.
CASES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
1. Subjective Case: A case in which the subject of the first
clause is the subject of the next clause.
RELATIVE WORD + VERB
I am the teacher who asks a lot of questions.
2. Objective Case: A case in which the subject of the first
clause is the object of the next clause.
RELATIVE WORD + SUBJECT + VERB
I am the teacher who you see every day.
This is the song which I listen to. (Informal)
That is the board which I am looking at. (Informal)
This is the building which I live in. (Informal)
That is the spider which I am afraid of. (Informal)
3. Oblique Case / Dative case:
PREPOSITION + RELATIVE WORD + SUBJECT + VERB
This is the song to which I listen. (Formal)
That is the board at which I am looking. (Formal)
This is the building in which I live. (Formal)
That is the spider of which I am afraid. (Formal)
KINDS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
1. Defining Adjective Clause / Essential Adjective Clause
/ Vital Adjective Clause
It gives essential information about noun/ pronoun. Hence
that is not deletable.
Jack is the student who gets the highest marks every time.
Richard is the driver who meets accidents every day.
2. Non-defining Adjective Clause
It gives non-essential information about noun/ pronoun.
Hence that is deletable.
NOTE THAT IT ALL THE TIMES COMES BETWEEN TWO
COMMAS OR A COMMA AND A FULL STOP.
#2: THEY COME AFTER NOUNS / PRONOUNS.
EX:
Jack, who speaks a lot, walks fast.
I know Jack, who all the time annoys you.
They respect Charlie, who was the teacher of all.
Ustad Khaliq, who leaves at 8:00 every day, is standing
outside.
3. Zero Adjective Clause
It is an adjective clause which does not get started with a
relative word.
#1: it only happens in objective case.
#2: it does not sound formal.
Ex:
1. Room C is the place where we teach grammar.
Room C is the place we teach grammar.
2. 01:00 is the time when I see you.
01:00 is the time I see you.
3. Your intelligence is the reason why I am here.
Your intelligence is the reason I am here.
4. Jack is the person whom I saw last day.
Jack is the person I saw last day.
4. Sentential Adjective Clause
5. Infinitival Adjective Clause
6. Stocking Adjective Clause