ENVIRONMENT (STATIC) – SAMADHAAN PRELIMS CRASH COURSE: TARGET 2024

Under the Guidance of M K YADAV

REVISION CARD 1 NATURAL CAPITAL

•
A natural asset in their role of providing natural resource inputs and
environmental services for economic production.
Meaning of Natural Capital • It is the world’s stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water, and
all living things ➔ human derive ecosystem services from it.
• It is “generally considered to comprise three principal categories: natural
resources stocks, land, and ecosystems.”
NATURAL CAPITAL = NATURAL RESOURCES + NATURAL SERVICES
Aspects Natural Resources Natural Services
Materials and energy essential or Functions of nature that support life and
Definition useful to humans in nature human economies
Renewable (e.g: air, water, soil, Essential life-supporting functions (e.g., air
Classification plants, wind) or non-renewable (e.g., and water purification)
copper, oil, coal)
Renewable: Air, water, soil; Non- Purification of air and water, nutrient
Examples renewable: Copper, oil, coal cycling
Dependency on Ecosystems Yes Yes
Natural resources provide essential Crucial for the circulation of necessary
Role in Nutrient Cycling nutrients; nutrient cycling is crucial chemicals for life
NATURAL CAPITAL ACCOUNTING AND VALUATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (NCAVES)
• About: A collaborative initiative involving the United Nations Statistics Division NATURAL CAPITAL ACCOUNTING
(UNSD), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the Secretariat of (NCA): An umbrella term used as an
the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). accounting framework to provide a
• Aim: Enhance awareness by presenting diverse perspectives on the environment. systematic way to measure & report
• Funded by EU; Participants: India, Brazil, China, South Africa and Mexico. on stocks and flows of natural capital.
• India: NCAVES project implemented by Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in close collaboration with
the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC).

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REVISION CARD 2 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE: GASEOUS & SEDIMENTARY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GASEOUS CYCLE AND SEDIMENTARY CYCLE

Aspect Gaseous Biogeochemical Cycles Sedimentary Biogeochemical Cycles
Cycles with the main reservoir in Cycles with the main reservoir in
Definition air or water Earth's crust
Circulation Mainly Atmosphere and hydrosphere Lithosphere
Through
Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and Iron, calcium, phosphorus, and other
Types water earthbound elements
Biogenetic Material Gaseous Nongaseous
Environmental Factors Temperature, atmospheric Climate, erosion rates, geological
composition, etc. activities, etc.
Time Scales Relatively faster processes Relatively slower processes
Influence nutrient availability and Influence soil fertility and geological
Impact on Ecosystems climate processes
Reservoir Pool Atmosphere and hydrosphere Lithosphere
Examples Nitrogen Cycle, Water Cycle, Sulphur Cycle and Phosphorus Cycle
Oxygen Cycle and Carbon Cycle
Biogeochemical Cycle: Also know as a cycle of matter, is the movement and transformation of chemical
elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust.

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REVISION CARD 3 ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID

Ecological Pyramid – It is a graphical representation of the relationship between the different living organisms at
different trophic levels.
Types of Ecological Pyramids
Aspects Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Energy
Meaning Shows the population, or the relative Shows the total amount of Represents the total energy that is
number of organisms available for biomass/relative amount of organic created from the sun by primary
consumption by the next higher matter available for consumption producers to upper trophic levels.
trophic level. by the next higher trophic level.

Represe- Shows the number of individuals Represents the total mass of living Illustrates the flow of energy from
ntation organisms at each trophic level matter at each trophic level one trophic level to the next.

Direction Upright or inverted Upright or inverted Always Upright

Example Upright – Grass Land and Pond Upright – Forest Forest Ecosystem

Inverted – Forest Inverted – Aquatic

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REVISION CARD 4 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Ecological Succession - Succession is a series of progressive changes in the composition of an ecological

community over time.
Stages of Succession – From pioneer community to Climax Community.

Difference Between Primary Succession and Secondary Succession

Aspects Primary Succession Secondary Succession
Definition Takes place in a recently formed Occurs in an environment with an already
environment lacking habitable soil. established ecosystem.
Initial Vegetation Occurs in an area without any initial Occurs in an area with initial vegetation.
vegetation.
Initiation Initiated either due to a biological Initiated by an external factor
factor or an external agent. (Fire/Hurricane).
Soil Surface soil is absent before the Occurs in an area covered with surface soil.
beginning of primary succession.
Organic Matter No organic matter is present in the Organic matter is present in the environment
environment
Pioneer Species Enter the ecosystem from the outside Species already present within the previous
environment. ecosystem, mostly grasses.
Time Takes a longer time to complete. Takes a shorter time to complete.
Example Bare rock, newly formed ponds, newly Deforested land due to forest fires, etc.
cooled lava, etc.

Types of Succession
Based on Plants Hydrach & Xerach

Based on Agents of Autogenic and Allogenic

Change
Based on Dominance Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

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REVISION CARD 4 BIOMES

BIOME LOCATION CLIMATE SOIL PLANTS ANIMALS

Poor in Rodents, Snakes, Lizards,
Mid - Generally, very hot animal and Cacti, yuccas, Tortoises, Insects, and
Desert Latitudes days, cool nights; plant decay bunch grasses, some Birds. The Sahara
precipitation less products but shrubs, and a in Africa is home to
than 10 inches a often rich in few trees Camels, Gazelles,
year minerals Antelopes, Small Foxes,
Snakes, Lizards and
Gerbils
Very cold, harsh,
High and long winters; Nutrient Grasses, Musk Oxen, Migrating
Tundra Northern short and cool poor: wildflowers, Arctic Foxes, Weasels,
Latitudes summers; 10- permafrost mosses, small Snowshoe Hares, Owls,
25 centimeters (4- layer a few shrubs Hawks, Various Rodents,
10 inches) of inches down Occasional Polar Bears
precipitation a year
Mostly grasses American grasslands
Mid - Cool in winter, hot in and small include Prairie Dogs,
Grassland Latitudes, summer; 25- Rich topsoil shrubs, some Foxes, Small Mammals,
Interiors of 75 centimeters of trees near Snakes, Insects, Varous
Continents precipitation a year sources of Birds. African grasslands
water include Elephants, Lions,
Zebras, Giraffes.
Relatively mild Hardwoods Wolves, Deer, Bears and a
Deciduous Mid - summers and cold Rich topsoil such as oaks, wide variety of Small
Forest Latitudes winters, 76- 127 over clay beeches, Mammals, Birds,
centimeters (30-50 hickories, Amphibians, Reptiles and
inches) of maples Insects.
precipitation a year
Very cold winters, Acidic,
Taiga Mid to High cool summers, mineral poor, Mostly spruce, Rodents, Snowshoe
Latitudes about 50 decayed pine, fir, and other Hares, Lynx, Sables,
centimeters (20 and spruce evergreens Ermine, Wolves, Birds in
inches) of needles on Summer
precipitation a year surface
Greatest More Species of Insects,
Tropical Near the Hot all year round, diversity of any Reptiles, and Amphibians
Rainforest Equator 200- 400 Nutrient poor biome; vines, than anyplace else,
centimeters (80-100 orchids, ferns, Monkeys, Other Small and
inches) of rain a and a wide Large Mammals including
year variety of trees in some places Elephants,
all sorts of Colorful Birds

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REVISION CARD 5 MAJOR REGIONS OF TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS

Major regions of Temperate Grasslands

S. No Grasslands Country/Region Other information
It is a dry, grassy plain.
1 Steppes Russia/China It lies between the tropics and polar regions
The prairies are known as the ‘bread baskets of the world’
The dry, shortgrass prairie of North Americas Great Plains
is also a steppe.
2 Prairies North America (USA
It lies on the western edge of the Great Plains, in the rain
Canada)
shadow of the Rocky Mountains.
It extends from the U.S. state of Texas in the south to the
province of Saskatchewan, Canada, in the north.
It is a region of flat, gently sloping or hilly land.
It is a flat area covered in grass or low scrub.
Southern Africa (South Veldt are rolling plateaus with varying heights ranging
3 Veldt Africa, Lesotho, from 600 m to 1100 m.
Zimbabwe Botswana) The Drakensberg mountains bound them on the east.
The Veldt have a mild climate due to the influence of the
Indian Oceans.
It consists of tilted layers of relatively soft chalk containing
bands and seams of flint.
The soils of Downs are mostly thin, well drained and rich
4 Downs Australia in calcium. This soil type is called rendzina.
Rendzina soil only allows slow rates of plant growth, and
is largely responsible for the diversity of small, low-
growing herbs in this area.
5 Pustaz Hungary and its
surrounding regions
6 Canterbury New Zealand
7 Pampas Argentina/ Uruguay
Paraguay, Bolivia, It is located west of the Paraguay River and east of the
8 Gran Chacko Argentina, and Brazil Andes, and is mostly an alluvial sedimentary plain shared
among Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina.
Mongolia, the Chinese Warm and productive during summer, cold and
Autonomous region of windblown during winter, this ecoregion supports a
9 Manchurian Inner Mongolia and diverse grassland community with small populations of
North-eastern China. wild ungulates such as the Mongolian gazelle.

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REVISION CARD 6 GRASSLANDS IN INDIA

GRASSLANDS IN INDIA

Type Example Location Other information

Foothills of the • It is belt of marshy grasslands, savannas and green

Himalaya, the Siwalik forests in Indian subcontinent
Terai
Hills, the Ganges and • Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion in
Brahmaputra Plain India are Valmiki and Dudhwa National Parks.

• It is on the edge of the desert of marshy salt.

• It is known for rich wildlife, biodiversity and
supports numerous animal genetic resources like
Banni Rann of Kutch, Gujarat Banni buffalo, Kankrej Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Camel
and horse.
• Banni Grasslands Reserve has identified as one of
the last remaining habitats of the Cheetah in India.

Higher altitude hill • It is tropical montane forest found in rolling hills

Tropical regions of the Nilgiris, and valleys in the higher montane regions of
Grasslands Kanyakumari and in the South India.
Western Ghats ranges • Shola forests and grasslands are home to many
of Karnataka, Kerala and threatened and endemic species such as
Shola Tamil Nadu. endangered Nilgiri tahr, Lion-tailed macaque, 300
species of birds Laughing thrushes, Nilgiri
woodpigeons and Nilgiri flycatcher.

• It is a high-altitude alpine grassland.

• It also known as nature’s own gardens with green
grass and seasonal flowers.
Bugyal Uttarakhand • Nanda-Devi National Park and Biosphere Reserve,
Valley of Flowers Biosphere Reserve, Dayara
Temperate
Bugyal in Roopkund, Kushkalyan Bugyal in
Grasslands
Tungnath are very fragile ecosystems in this
region.

Chamba district • Grasslands of Khajjiar is covered by dense deodar

Himachal Pradesh and fir.
Khajjiar

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REVISION CARD 7 DESERT BIOMES

Types of Desert Characteristics Examples Location

• Unbroken sunshine for the whole year +
Stable descending air + High pressure aloft Namib Southern Africa
• These areas are located between 15-30 Sahara Desert North Africa
Tropical Desert degrees south & north latitude, under the Thar Desert Rajasthan, India
(Hot Desert) subtropical latitudes called the horse Chihuahua United states
latitudes.
Desert
Great Basin
Desert
Mojave Desert
• Location: Found on the western edges of Atacama Chile, South America
continents near the Tropics of Cancer and Namib Southern Africa
Coastal Desert Capricorn.
• Measurable rainfall of 1 millimetre once
every 5-20 years.
• Severe arid conditions with Dry Gobi Desert Northern and North
Atmosphere. eastern China and of
• Temperature less than 0°C and drops to – Southern Mongolia.
50°C during winter. Turkestan Central Asia between
• Heavy snowfall occurs between Desert Siberia to the north; Iran,
November and march. Afghanistan, and Tibet to
• Soil type: the south, the Caspian
• Sandy to sandy loam. Sea to the west and the
Temperate Desert • pH - neutral to slight alkaline. Gobi Desert to the east.
• Nutrient: Poor organic matter content. It Patagonian Argentina
has low water retention capacity. Desert
• Mean annual rainfall less than 400mm Atacama Desert Peru
• Growth of vegetation is slow and of
stunted nature.

Minerals found in Desert

Nomadic Tribes in Desert
TRIBE DESERT Kalahari (Thirst land) Diamond & Copper
Caliche (Cemented Chile
Bushmen Kalahari
Atacama gravel), Sodium (Largest copper
Bindibu, Aborigins Australia Nitrate fertilizer town)
Bedouin Arabia
Tauregs Sahara Sahara & Saudi Arabia Oil

Mangols Gobi Mexico Silver

Utah Uranium
Nevada Copper

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REVISION CARD 1 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES

Critically Endangered Species

Name of the Biological Location in India Threat it faces
species status
Native to alluvial grasslands in Human encroachment, destruction of
Pigmy hog Mammals the foothills of the Himalayas. natural habitat, agriculture, domestic
grazing, and deliberate fires, poaching &
fire etc.
Andaman shrew Mammals Endemic to the South Andaman Habitat loss due to selective logging and
Island of India. natural disasters.
Nicobar shrew Mammals Endemic to the Great Nicobar Habitat loss due to selective logging and
Island of India. natural disasters.
Endemic to the Sinhgad Habitat loss, overgrazing of vegetation,
Kondana Rat Mammals Maharashtra. and disturbance from tourism etc.
Found only in the Eastern Habitat destruction through expansion
Elvira Rat Mammals Ghats of Tamil Nadu. of human settlements, logging, grazing,
and dumping of mining debris.
Namdapha Flying Mammals Endemic to Arunachal Pradesh Poaching for food & habitat destruction.
Squirrel
Malabar Civet Mammals Endemic to the Western Habitat destruction and hunting outside
Ghats (Karnataka and Kerala) protected areas.
Isolated pockets in Andhra Infrastructure Development (roads and
Great Indian Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, electric power lines)
Bastard Aves Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
and Rajasthan.
Bengal Florican UP through the Terai of Land conversion for intensive
Aves Nepal to Assam, agriculture, Poaching.
Arunachal Pradesh
Indian Vulture Aves Hilly crags in central and Poisoning caused by the veterinary
peninsular India. drug diclofenac.
Increased use of gill nets, loss of riverine
Rivers - Ganges, Brahmaputra, habitat as dams, barrages, irrigation
Ramganga, Chambal, Mahanadi canals and artificial embankments,
Gharial Reptiles siltation and sand -mining, changed river
courses; agriculture and grazing, hunted
for skins, and indigenous medicine.
North River Exploitation as a food item, illegally
Terrapin Reptiles West Bengal & Odisha export and trade, Loss of nesting
beaches and pollution
Pondicherry Fish Spotted near coastal Andhra Overfishing, unregulated artisanal and
Shark Pradesh, East Godavari River. commercial fisheries
Ganges Shark Fish Largely restricted to the rivers of Overfishing, habitat degradation from
eastern and north-eastern India pollution, increasing river use, and
management, including construction of
dams and barrages.

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Sumatran Rhino Mammals Not found in India Poaching, primarily for their horns,
trophy hunting, loss of habitat, disease,
explosion of the nearby volcano.
Javan Rhino Mammals Not found in India Poaching, habitat destruction, loss for
agriculture and development.
Kashmir Stag Mammal Native to Kashmir. Also found in Habitat destruction, over-grazing
Himachal Pradesh. and poaching.
Forest Owlet Aves Endemic to the forests of Deforestation
central India
Jerdon’s Courser Aves Endemic to southern India, Construction of dams, human
southern Andhra Pradesh population, firewood extraction,
increased livestock pressures.
Leatherback Reptiles Nicobar Islands Light pollution, increased fishing
Turtle
Baer’s Pochard Aves North east India Fishing, illegal hunting, and picking up
bird eggs.
Since 2002 Siberian Cranes have Western population winters in India
Siberian Crane Aves not been spotted anywhere in south to Nagpur and east to Bihar.
India.
Poor land management practices
Fire Corals Hydrozoa Found on reefs in the Indian releasing more sediment, nutrients and
ocean. pollutants into the oceans and
overfishing.

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REVISION CARD 2 ENDANGERED SPECIES

Endangered Species
Name of the Biological Location in India Threat it faces
species status
All over India, most prominently in Habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching and
Tiger Mammal Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, wildlife trade, declining prey base and
Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, Karnataka, human-tiger conflict.
West Bengal etc.
Red Panda Mammal Endemic to the temperate forests of Habitat degradation and
the Himalayas, Sikkim and Assam. deforestation resulting in habitat loss or
fragmentation, poaching,
Sangai Deer Mammal Found only in Manipur - floating Habitat degeneration due to continuous
marshy grasslands of the Keibul inundation and flooding by high water from
Lamjao National Park, parts of reservoirs.
the Loktak Lake Local people cutting up the Phumdi.
Asiatic Lions Saurashtra's Gir Forest and the Epidemic or large forest fire, poaching.
Mammal surrounding areas (only habitats)
South, north, central and north-east Poached for their ivory tusks, habitat
Elephant Mammal India. Prominently in Karnataka, destruction and conflicts with local people.
Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Odisha,
Meghalaya etc.
Endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the Poaching, Habitat loss
Nilgiri Tahr Mammal southern portion of the Western &
Eastern Ghats in the states of Tamil
Nadu and Kerala.
Endemic to the Western Ghats of Encroachment and degradation of habitat
Lion Tailed Mammal South India. Scattered over several
Macaque areas in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and
Karnataka.
Gangetic Mammal Ganges, Brahmaputra Rivers and their Heavy pollution, fishing activities, vessel
Dolphin tributaries in India. traffic and dams disturbance.
Most of India south of the Ganges,
particularly in the Central Indian Hunting
Indian Wild Mammal Highlands and the Western and
dog/Dhole Eastern Ghats. In Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal
and in the Indo-Gangetic Plain's Terai
region.
Golden Langur Mammal Found in a small region of western Road accidents, electrocution, habitat
Assam degradation by human activity.
Northern India such as in Jammu and Hunting and trade.
Himalayan Mammal Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Musk Deer Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal
Pradesh.

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REVISION CARD 3 VULNERABLE SPECIES

Vulnerable Species
Name of the Biological Location in India Threat it faces
species status
Predator’s raccoons, coyotes, feral dogs and
Oliver Ridley Reptile Gahirmatha in Odisha pigs, opossums, coatimundi, caimans, ghost
Turtles (Largest mass nesting site crabs, and the sunbeam snake. Trawling, gill
for the olive ridley). nets, entanglement, and ingestion of marine
debris.
One Horned Mammal Assam, NW Bengal, and Excessive hunting and agricultural development.
Rhino the Brahmaputra Valley.
NE region of India, few
Great Indian Aves forest areas in the Deforestation, poaching, habitat loss and
Hornbill Western Ghats and along hunting.
the Himalayas
Mammal Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Fishing-related fatalities, habitat degradation
Dugong Gulf of Kutch and and hunting.
Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
Snow Leopard Mammal J&K, Ladakh, Uttarakhand Poaching and habitat destruction.
Himachal
Pradesh, Sikkim,
and Arunachal Pradesh.

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REVISION CARD 4 BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN INDIA

Biosphere Reserves In India

Sr. No.
No.

Year Name Location National State Key Fauna Type/Other Details

Park/Sanctuaries
National Parks -
Part of Waynad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Mudumalai,

Aralam,
Mudumalai, Western Ghats
Mukurthi,
1 Nagarhole, Tamil Nadu,Kerala and Karnataka Nilgiri Tahr, Lion-tailed Macaque, UNSECO World
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

Bandipur and Tiger Heritage Site

Nilambur, Silent Valley

Silent Valley
ational parks UNESCO MAB
Programme
1986

Sanctuary -
Wayanad,
Sathyamangalam
wildlife
sanctuaries.

Tiger Reserve -
Nagarahole,
Bandipur,
Mudumalai
Western Himalayas
Reserve

Bageshwar District
Parts of Chamoli,

National Parks - Snow Leopard, Himalayan Black

National Park &

Pithoragarh &

Uttarakhand
Nanda Devi

Nanda Devi Bear, Himalayan tahr UNSECO World

1988

2 Heritage Site (Valley

Biosphere

Sanctuary - of Flowers)
Nanda Devi
UNESCO MAB
Programme
National Parks - Eastern hills
Meghalaya

Nokrek National Red panda, Asian Elephant, Hoolocks

Nokrek

Garo Hills
1988

3 Park, UNESCO MAB

Part of

Programme

National Parks - Coasts

Mannar
Gulf of

Gulf of Mannar Dugong or Sea Cow

Tamil
Mannar

Nadu
1989

Gulf of
part of
Indian

4 Marine National UNESCO MAB

Park Programme

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National Parks - Gangetic Delta

Sundarbans
Part of delta of Ganges and Brahmaputrariver
National Park UNSECO World
Heritage Site
5 Sanctuary - Royal Bengal tiger
Sundarbans UNESCO MAB
West, Programme

West Bengal
Sundarbans

Sundarbans
1989

South and
Sundarbans East
Wildlife
Sanctuaries,
Sajnakhali
Wildlife
Sanctuary
system

Tiger Reserve -
Sunderbans TR
National Parks - Eastern hills
Barpeta,Nalba

Manas National Golden langur, red panda, Asiatic UNSECO World

Bongaigaon,

and Darrang
Manas

Assam
ri, Kamrup
Kokrajhar,
1989

Park Elephant, Tiger, Assam roofed turtle, Heritage Site

Districts

6 Hispid hare, Pygmy Hog

Part of

Tiger Reserve, UNESCO MAB

Elephant Reserve Programme
Islands
Biosphere Reserve

islands of Andaman
and Nicobar Islands

National Parks - Saltwater crocodile, Nicobar

Nicobar Islands
Great Nicobar

Andaman and

Campbell Bay NP, scrubfowl, Edible-Nest Swiftlet , UNESCO MAB

Southernmost
1989

Galathea Bay NP Nicobar Long-Tailed Macaque, Giant Programme

7 Leatherback Sea Turtle, Malayan Box
Sanctuary - Turtle, Nicobar Tree Shrew, Indira Point -
Galathea Bay WLS, Reticulated Python, Giant Robber southernmost point
Crab of Republic of India
National Parks -
Part of Mayurbhanj district

Simplipal NP Deccan Peninsula

8 Sanctuary - Gaur, Royal Bengal Tiger, Elephant UNESCO MAB

Simlipal

Odisha
1994

Simlipal WLS Tiger Programme

Reserve
Part of
Mayurbhanj
Elephant Reserve

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Golden langur, Bengal tiger, hoolock

Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia

gibbons, leopards, clouded leopard,
jungle cat, sloth bear, dhole, small
Indian civet, Malayan giant squirrel,
Dibru-Saikhowa

districts Chinese pangolin, Gangetic dolphin Eastern Hills

Assam
1997

National Parks -
9 Dibru-Saikhowa White-winged Wood Duck, Bengal
National Park Florican, Lesser Adjutant Stork,
spotted-billed Pelican, White- bellied
Heron, Pallas's Fish Eagle, Jerdon's
Babbler.

National Parks - Mishmi Takin, Musk Deer,

Mouling National Arunachal Pradesh red goral, red panda, Asiatic black
Part of Siang and

10 Park bear, Eastern Himalaya

Dihang-Dibang

Dibang Valley
1998

Sanctuary -
Dibang Wildlife
Sanctuary

National Parks - Giant squirrel, flying squirrel, Semi-Arid

Districtand Chhindwara
Pachmarhi Biosphere

Satpura National
Parts of Betul District,

chinkara, nilgai, wild dogs, the Indian

11 Park wolf, bison. UNESCO MAB
Madhya Pradesh
Reserve

Programme
1999

Hoshangabad

Sanctuary - Bori
Sanctuary,
District

Pachmarhi
Sanctuary

Red Panda, Snow Leopard, Himalayan East Himalayas

Parts of Kangchenjunga

Black Beer and herbivores species of

Khangchendzonga

National Parks - Musk deer, Great Tibetan Sheep, UNSECO World

Khangchendzonga Blue Sheep, Boral and Barking Deer, Heritage Site (Only
Sikkim
2000

12 NP Monal Pheasants, Tragopan mixed site in India)

Pheasants and Blood Pheasants (the
State UNESCO MAB
Bird) Programme

Sanctuary - Western Ghats

Agasthyamalai Biosphere

Neyyar, Peppara
Neyyar, Peppara and
Shenduruny Wildlife

and Shenduruny UNESCO MAB

Kerala, Tamil Nadu

Wildlife Asian Elephant, Tiger and Nilgiri Tahr Programme

Sanctuary
Reserve

13 Sanctuary
2001

Home to the
Tiger Reserve - Kanikaran one of
Kalakkad the oldest surviving
Mundanthurai ancient tribes in the
world

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Maikala Hills

BiosphereDindori

Madhya Pradesh
& Chhattisgarh
Four-horned antelope, Indian wild
Achanakmar-
14 Sanctuary - UNESCO MAB
Amarkantak
2005

Bilaspur
Annupur,
Achanakmar dog, Sarus crane, White-rumped Programme
Reserve
Districts
Wildlife vulture, Philautus Sanctisilvaticus
Sanctuary (Sacred grove bush frog)
&

In Kutch Area Desert

Surendranagar and Patan Districts

Sanctuary - Banni grasslands -

Great Rann of Kutch

15 Indian Wild Ass Indian wild ass (Rann of Kutch) the

Sanctuary, Kutch, largest natural
Part of Kutch, Rajkot,

Gujarat
grassland in the
2008

Desert Wildlife
Sanctuary, Indian subcontinent,
Narayan Sarovar inhabited
by Maldhari
Sanctuary, Kutch
pastoralists
Bustard
Sanctuary

National Parks -
Pin Valley National Park &
surroundings; Chandratal

Pin Valley Western Himalayas

Himachal Pradesh

16 National Park Snow Leopard

and Sarchu & Kibber
Wildlife Sancturary
Cold Desert
2009

Sanctuary -
Chandratal,
Sarchu & Kibber
Wildlife
Sanctuary

National Parks - Eastern Ghats

Ranges- Chittoor&
Kadapa d\Districts
Seshachalam Hills

Srivenkateshwara
Seshachalam Hill

Slender Loris, Indian Giant Squirrel, Large reserves of

Andhra Pradesh

17 NP
Mouse deer, Golden Gecko, Yellow Red Sandal wood
2010

Sanctuary - Sri Throated Bulbul

Venkateswara
WLS

National Parks - Tiger, Leopard, Chital, Chinkara, Catchment Area of

Chhatarpur

Madhya
Pradesh

18 Panna NP Nilgai, Sambhar and Sloth Bear. Ken River

Panna

Panna &
2011

District

Tiger Reserve

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REVISION CARD 1 UV RAYS

Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with UV-C UV-B UV-A
wavelength from 10 nm (with a corresponding frequency Short-wavelength Medium- Relatively long-
of approximately 30 PH to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than wavelength wavelength
that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
Most harmful but Biologically active Accounts for
are completely but cannot approx 95% of the
absorbed by penetrate beyond UV radiation
the Earth’s the superficial skin reaching the
atmosphere and layers. Earth's surface.
does not
reach the Earth’s
surface.

Responsible for Penetrate the

delayed tanning deeper layers of
and burning. the skin and is
responsible for the
immediate
tanning.

Enhances skin
ageing and
significantly
promotes the
development of
skin cancer.

Exposure to UV-B
rays can cause
DNA and cellular
damage in living
organisms

Most solar UVB

is filtered by the
atmosphere.

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REVISION CARD 2 OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

ODS comprises of:

i. Chlorofluorocarbons

ii. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons

iii. Carbon tetrachloride

iv. Methyl chloroform

v. Halons

vi. Methyl bromide and Oxides of Nitrogen

Ozone depleting Developed countries Developing countries

substances
Hydrobromofluoroca
rbons (HBFCs) Phased out end of 1995 Phased out end of 1995
Chlorofluorocarbons Phased out end of 1995 Total phase out by 2010
(CFCs)
Halons Phased out end of 1993 Total phase out by 2010
CCI4(Carbon Phased out end of 19953 Total phase out by 2010
tetrachloride)
CH3CCI3 (Methyl Phased out end of 1995 Total phase out by 2015
chloroform)
• Freeze in 2013 at a base
Freeze from beginning of level calculated as the
1996 average of 2009 and
Hydrochlorofluoroca 35% reduction by 2004 2010 consumption levels
rbons (HCFCs) 75% reduction by 2010 90% 10% reduction by 2015
90% reduction by 2015 • 35% reduction by 2020
• 67.5% reduction by 2025
Total phase out by 2020 • Total phase out by 2030

•
Freeze in 1995 at 1991
base level. • Freeze in 2002 at
Methyl bromide • 25% reduction by 1999 average 1995-1998 base
(CH3Br) (horticultural • 50% reduction by 2001 level
uses) • 70% reduction by 2003 • 20% reduction by 2005
• Total phase out by 2005 • Total phase out by 2015
Bromochloromethan Phase out by 2002 Phase out by 2002
e (CH2BrCI)
• 10% reduction by 2019 • Freeze in 2024
30% reduction by 2024 • 10% reduction by 2029
Hydrofluorocarbons • 70% reduction by 2029 • 30% reduction by 2035
(HFCs) • 80% reduction by 2034 • 50% reduction by 2040
• 85% reduction by 2036 • 80% reduction by 2045

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REVISION CARD 3 OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

•Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere rise due to human activities that burn fossil
fuels. Driving, creating electricity, and deforestation are all activities that emit carbon dioxide.

•Excess carbon dioxide dissolves into the ocean, where it reacts with water (H2O) to create
carbonic acid. This chemical reaction increases the acidity of the ocean.
•Ocean acidity is measured by pH (a lower pH = higher acidity).
•CO2 + H2O = Increased Acidity

•Increased acidity harms marine life. Even small changes in pH can have a big impact.
•Some fish can't function well in higher acidity environments and may have trouble detecting
predators, growing and developing, or finding suitable habitats.

How Can We Stop

Ocean Acidification?
• Reduce global carbon
emissions
• Seaweed farming
• Growing plankton
• Geoengineering

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REVISION CARD 4 CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Methods of Carbon Advantages Disadvantages

Sequestration
Oceanic • Ocean carbon dioxide removal does not • Growing and then sinking large amounts of kelp
Sequestration compete for space with other land uses. or algae could bring in invasive species.
• It targets and accelerates natural • Dissolving certain types of rock in the ocean could
sequestration processes. reduce ocean acidity.

Geological • By absorbing extra carbon dioxide from • Concerns around gas leakages through faults in
Sequestration the atmosphere, carbon rock formations. There is a risk that injected
sequestration prevents the occurrence CO2 can seep through underground drinking
of climate change. water sources and contaminate them.
• Direct air capture technology is another • Carbon dioxide leaks from geologic formations
sequestration technique limiting carbon into groundwater will cause drops in pH and
dioxide emissions. escalated mineral dissolution rates with the
potential release of metal-based contaminants.
• Direct air capture plants are costly to run on a
large scale.

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Oceanic Fertilization • Fertilization reduces the concentration • The excess of nutrients can lead to
of atmospheric greenhouse gases. eutrophication, which can reduce oxygen levels
• Stimulates phytoplankton growth, (anoxia), change phytoplankton species
potentially enhancing atmospheric CO2 (development of undesired algal blooms), and
removal and subsequent sequestration lower biological diversity.
in the deep sea. • Fertilization may decrease in a small extension
• Increasing fish stocks via increasing the pH in deeper zones.
primary production.
Terrestrial • Decrease atmospheric CO2 levels and • Difficult to measure and verify the amount of
Sequestration increase productivity of the land by carbon stored in the soil.
improving soil health and productivity.
Phyto Sequestration • Large Sink Capacity. • Deforestation.
• Cost Effective. • Photosynthetic efficiency and plantation need to
be enhanced at global level.
Chemical • Long Term Storage. • Less efficient at industrial level.
Sequestration • Minimum leakage of stored CO2. • Reactions are very slow and extremely high
temperature is required.

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REVISION CARD 1 CLIMATE FINANCE

Financial mechanisms established by UNFCCC and related Agreements
Global • A financial mechanism, established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
Environment • World Bank serves as the GEF Trustee, administering the GEF Trust Fund.
Facility (GEF) • GEF serves as financial mechanism for: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); UN Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD); Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs); Minamata Convention on
Mercury
• It manages 2 funds:
- Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF): established in 2001, to finance projects relating to
adaptation; technology transfer and capacity building; & mitigation in sectors like energy,
transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management
- Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF): established in 2001, to support a work programme
to assist LDCs carry out preparation and implementation of national adaptation
programmes of action (NAPAs).
• GEF’s recipients - GEF funds are available to developing countries and countries with economies
in transition. India is both a donor and a recipient of GEF.

Adaptation Fund • Established in 2001 under Kyoto Protocol of UNFCCC

(AF) • To finance projects aimed at helping developing countries to adapt to the harmful effects of
climate change.
• It is financed through a share of money from UN Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

Green Climate • It was established in COP 16, in 2010 and developed countries had pledged to mobilise US$ 100 billion
Fund (GCF) per year by 2020 through this fund to support developing countries raise and realize their Nationally
Determined Contributions (NDC) ambitions towards low-emissions, climate-resilient pathways.
• HQ: Incheon, South Korea

Loss and Damage • COP 27 saw the creation of the Loss and Damage fund and a Transitional Committee (TC) tasked with
fund operationalizing the fund (operationalized in COP 28, 2023).

Other Funds and instruments of financing

UN-backed • Climate Investment Funds (CIFs): A multilateral fund established in 2008 to accelerate climate
international action by empowering transformations in clean technology, energy access, climate resilience, and
climate funds sustainable forests in developing and middle-income countries.
- CIF consists of two funds, the Clean Technology Fund and the Strategic Climate Fund.
• Clean Technology Fund (CTF): It aims at empowering transformation in developing countries by
providing resources to scale up low carbon technologies.
• UN- Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD): It aims to protect forests,
a pre-eminent nature-based solution to the climate emergency.
• Net Zero Asset Owner Alliance: It has 29 members, including pension funds, insurance companies, and
sovereign wealth funds, and is working on substantial methodologies to align portfolios with net zero
Paris targets.
Other international • Climate Change Fund of Asian Development Bank (ADB): established in 2008 to facilitate greater
funds investments in developing member countries to effectively address the causes and consequences
of climate change, by strengthening support to low-carbon and climate-resilient development.
• Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF): created in 2007 by the World Bank and The Nature
Conservancy, global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples
focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock
conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon
stocks in developing countries, activities commonly referred to as REDD+.

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• Global Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy Fund advised by the European Investment Bank
Group: GEEREF invests in funds in Asia, Africa and Latin America that target infrastructure projects
and companies in the energy efficiency and renewable energy sectors.
• Africa's Climate Change Fund (ACCF): Intends to increase climate funding mobilised for activities
that take account of climate change in African countries.
• Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP): For channelling climate and
environmental finance to smallholder farmers.
Other National and • Allocations from National Governments: For example, National Adaptation Fund for Climate
local Sources of Change (NAFCC) in India.
raising finances • Carbon pricing instruments: These include a carbon market approach (where an Emissions
Trading Scheme is established, and carbon credits are bought and sold based on a market price per
tCO2); Carbon emissions tax approach (that can also be in the form of a fossil fuel tax or removal
of fossil fuel subsidies) etc.
• National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC): Central Sector Scheme, set up in 2015-16,
Climate Funding to support concrete adaptation activities to mitigate adverse effects of climate change. National
Initiatives by India Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD) is the National Implementing Entity (NIE).
• National Compensatory Afforestation Fund (NCAF): Established under the Public Account of India
as a non-lapsable fund. It aims at financing afforestation to compensate for loss of forest cover,
regeneration of forest ecosystem, wildlife protection and infrastructure development.
• National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF): Created in 2011, under Public Account of India, using the
carbon tax (clean energy cess on coal), for funding research & innovative projects in clean energy
technologies.
• Green Bonds: They are bonds in which money raised by the issuer is earmarked towards financing
`green' projects, i.e. assets or business activities that are environment-friendly. For eg. renewable
energy, clean transportation or sustainable water management.

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REVISION CARD 2 UN CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)

Objective • Conservation of biological diversity.

• Sustainable use of the components of biological diversity.
• Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.
Signatories 196 parties. (India is a Party)

Genesis An international legally binding multilateral treaty, opened for signature in 1992 at the Rio "Earth
Summit".

SUPPLEMENTARY AGREEMENTS OF CBD (INDIA HAS SIGNED AND RATIFIED ALL 3 OF THESE PROTOCOLS)
Protocols Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Nagoya Protocol on Access and Nagoya - Kuala Lumpur
Benefit-sharing Supplementary Protocol on
Liability and Redress to the
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

Aim To ensure the safe handling, Sharing the benefits arising from To contribute to the
transport and use of living the utilization of genetic resources conservation and sustainable
modified organisms (LMOS) in a fair and equitable way. use of biodiversity by
resulting from modern providing international rules
biotechnology that may have and procedures in the field of
adverse effects on biological liability and redress relating to
diversity and human health LMO.

Applies to damage resulting

from living modified organism
which find their origin in a
transboundary movement.
It Established- Advance informed agreement Access and Benefit-sharing
(AIA) procedure for ensuring that Clearing-House platform for
countries are provided with the exchanging information on access
information necessary to make and benefit-sharing.
informed decisions before
agreeing to the import of such
organisms into their territory.

Biosafety Clearing-House to
facilitate the exchange of
information on living modified
organisms.

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REVISION CARD 3 UNFCCC

BODY United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Genesis • An Intergovernmental treaty established in 1992 which entered into force in 1994.
• It is a "Rio Convention", one of two opened for signature at the "Rio Earth Summit" in 1992.
• The Rio Conventions derive directly from the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), also known as the 'Earth Summit', held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.
Objective • To stabilize greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
• To ensure that food production is not threatened.
• To enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

Membership 198 countries that have ratified the Convention are called Parties to the Convention. India a Party
Location of • Secretariat: Bonn, Germany. UNFCCC secretariat is part of the United Nations.
UNFCCC • The secretariat provides technical expertise and assists in the analysis and review of climate
change information reported by Parties and in the implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms
Key lt also maintains the registry for Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) established under
information: the Paris Agreement.
Agreements Key Agreements established under the Convention: Kyoto Protocol and Paris Climate Agreement
Signed under
UNFCCC
Legally Non But protocols can be used to set legally binding emission limits (For eg. Kyoto Protocol).
Binding
Operating Conference of the Parties Conference of the Parties Conference of the Parties
Mechanism of (COP): The supreme serving as the meeting of the serving as the meeting of the
UNFCCC decision-making body of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol Parties to the Paris Agreement
Convention. (CMP): Oversees (CMA): Oversees the
implementation of Kyoto implementation of the Paris
All States that are Parties to Protocol and takes decisions Agreement and takes decisions
Convention are represented to promote its effective to promote its effective
at COP. implementation. implementation.
lt meets every year unless All States that are Parties to
the Parties decide All States that are Parties to the Paris Agreement are
otherwise. the Kyoto Protocol are
represented at the CMP, while represented at the CMA, while
States that are not Parties States that are not Parties
participate as observers. participate as observers.

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REVISION CARD 4 KYOTO PROTOCOL TARGET REDUCTIONS

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REVISION CARD 5 CLIMATE EFFORTS SINCE 1972

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REVISION CARD 6 INDIA’S INITIATIVE TOWARDS CLIMATE CHANGE

CATEGORY INITIATIVE KEY FEATURES

Launched in 2008, it encompasses 8 sub-missions namely: National Solar
Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on
National Action Plan on
Sustainable Habitat, National Water Mission, National Mission for Sustaining the
National Climate Change (NAPCC)
Himalayan Ecosystem, Green India Mission, National Mission for Sustainable
Policies and
Agriculture, and National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
Plans
• It aims to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric
National Electric Mobility
vehicles in the country. The target is to achieve 6-7 million sales of hybrid
Mission Plan 2020
and electric vehicles year on year from 2020 onwards.
Jawaharlal Nehru National
• Target of installing 100 GW of solar power by 2022.
Solar Mission
National Wind Energy
• Aims for the installation of 60 GW of wind power by 2022.
Mission
National Biofuel Policy 2018 • The target is to achieve 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025-26.
Green Energy Corridor • Aims to facilitate the grid integration of large-scale renewable energy
Project capacity, enhancing the transmission infrastructure.
Renewable • KUSUM (Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan) under Ministry of
Energy KUSUM Scheme New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) supports farmers in installing solar
Development pumps and grid-connected solar power plants.
• Facilitates the development of offshore wind energy in the Indian Exclusive
Offshore Wind Energy Policy
Economic Zone.
• It aims to accelerate the deployment of Green Hydrogen as a clean energy
National Green Hydrogen
source, will support the development of supply chains that can efficiently
Mission
transport and distribute hydrogen.
Renewable Energy • A market-based instrument to promote renewable energy and facilitate
Certificates (RECs) compliance with Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO).
• A market-based mechanism under the National Mission for Enhanced
The Perform, Achieve and
Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) to enhance cost-effectiveness through
Trade (PAT) Scheme
certification of energy savings that can be traded.
• Launched by the Government of India to promote efficient lighting,
Unnat Jyoti by Affordable
enhance awareness on using efficient equipment to reduce electricity bills
Energy LEDs for All (UJALA)
and preserve the environment.
Efficiency
• Implemented by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), it provides
Standards & Labelling
consumers with information about the energy efficiency of appliances,
Programme
encouraging the adoption of energy-efficient devices.
Energy Conservation Building • Sets minimum energy standards for new commercial buildings. It is aimed
Code (ECBC) at promoting energy efficiency in building design and construction.
National Mission for a Green • Aims to increase forest/tree cover to enhance carbon sinks, with a target
India (GIM) to green 5 million hectares of land.
National Afforestation • A centrally sponsored scheme to regenerate degraded forests and nearby
Programme (NAP) areas. The NAP focuses on afforestation and reforestation activities.
Forestry and Aligned with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the NBAP focuses on
National Biodiversity Action
Biodiversity the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of biological resources, and
Plan (NBAP)
equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use.
Launched to protect and conserve India's tigers and elephants, these projects
Project Tiger and Project
focus on preserving habitats, anti-poaching efforts, and minimizing human-
Elephant
animal conflicts.

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Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) is a govt
MISHTI
program to protect and revive mangrove ecosystems along the Indian coast.
REDD+ stands for countries' efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and
National REDD+ Strategy forest degradation, and foster conservation, sustainable management of
forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
India has pledged to restore 26 million hectares of degraded and deforested
Bonn Challenge Pledge
land by 2030 under the global Bonn Challenge.
• The aim is to enhance the resilience of Indian agriculture covering crops,
National Initiative on Climate livestock and fisheries to climatic variability and climate change through
Climate
Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) development and application of improved production and risk
Resilient
management technologies
Agriculture
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas • It aims at supporting and promoting organic farming, in turn resulting in
Yojana (PKVY) improvement of soil health.
Pradhan Mantri Sinchayee • It was launched in 2015-16 to improve water use efficiency and expand
Yojana cultivable land.
• The aim is to improve the management of groundwater resources in select
Atal Bhujal Yojana water stressed areas in identified states viz. Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka,
Water
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Conservation
• Launched in 2019, this campaign focuses on water conservation and
Jal Shakti Abhiyan-I
resource management in 256 water-stressed districts.
Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the • Launched in 2022, this campaign aims to conserve small rivers and
Rain rejuvenate traditional water bodies.
National Disaster • Aligns with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction,
Climate
Management Plan emphasizing the need for disaster-resilient infrastructure.
Resilient
• Aims to develop sustainable and resilient urban areas with modern
Infrastructure Smart Cities Mission
infrastructure.
and Disaster
Management • Focuses on providing basic services and infrastructure in urban areas, with
AMRUT Mission
an emphasis on sustainability.
• It was established in 2010-11 to promote clean energy initiatives and
National Clean Energy and
Financial research. The fund is financed by a cess on coal production and imports,
Environment Fund (NCEEF)
Instruments based on the "polluter pays" principle.
and Green Bonds • Financing tool for projects with environmental benefits.
Mechanisms Compensatory Afforestation • The aim is to ensure the efficient and transparent use of funds released for
Fund Act (CAMPA) of 2016 forest land diverted for non-forest purposes.
• India ratified the UNFCCC in 1993 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2002.
• Also, India is a party to following conventions: Convention on Biological
Conventions and treaties
Diversity (CBD); Ramsar Convention; Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES); Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).
International Solar Alliance • An alliance of 121 countries, initiated by India, to work for efficient
(ISA) exploitation of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
International
India’s updated NDCs include:
Partnerships
Nationally Determined • Reducing emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030, from 2005 levels
and
Contributions (NDCs) • Achieving about 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from
Agreements
non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
Coalition for Disaster
• A partnership to promote resilience in infrastructure systems to climate
Resilient Infrastructure
and disaster risks.
(CDRI)
Lifestyle for the Environment • It is a global initiative that encourages people to adopt a lifestyle that
(LiFE) Movement focuses on mindful and deliberate resource use.
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REVISION CARD 1 CAUSES & IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION

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MAJOR GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS - SOURCES & EFFECTS

Pollutant Main Sources Effects

1) Oxides of Carbon • Fossil fuel combustion from Health Effects: Headache, dizziness,
- Carbon Monoxide vehicles, vomiting, nausea, heart disease etc.
- Carbon Dioxide • thermal powerplants etc. Environmental Effects:
• Natural processes like volcanic • CO causes the formation of tropospheric
eruptions, forest fires etc. ozone, methane etc.
• CO2 is an important greenhouse gas.
Burning of carbon-based fuels since the
industrial revolution has led to global
warming, ocean acidification etc.
2) Oxides of Nitrogen • Fossil fuel combustion from Health Effects: They aggravate asthmatic
- Nitrogen Monoxide NO vehicles conditions.
- Nitrogen Dioxide- NO2 • Coal burning Environmental Effects: NOx gases react to
- Nitrous Oxide- N2O • Excess use of fertilizers like urea form smog and acid rain as well as being
that contain NOx central to the formation of tropospheric
ozone.
3) Oxides of Sulphur • Fossil fuel combustion from Health Effects: Inhaling sulphur dioxide is
- SO2 vehicles associated with increased respiratory
• Coal burning symptoms and premature death.
• Various industrial processes Environmental Effects: It contributes to acid
• Natural release from sulphide ores rain.

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4) Volatile Organic • VOCs are a group of carbon-based Health effects: irritation of the eye, nose and
Compounds (VOC) chemicals that easily evaporate at throat, headaches, nausea and loss of
room temperature. coordination etc.
• They are mainly contained in Environmental Effects: Under sunlight, VOCs
perfumes, hair sprays, furniture react with nitrogen oxides emitted mainly
polish, glues, air fresheners etc. from vehicles, power plants and industrial
activities to form ozone, which in turn helps
the formation of fine particulates.
5) Tropospheric Ozone • It is created by chemical reactions Health effects: It is a greenhouse gas with
between oxides of nitrogen (NOx highly toxic effects. Ozone makes our eyes
gases) and volatile organic itchy, and watery.
compounds (VOCs). The Environmental Effects: It’s a major
combination of these chemicals in component in photochemical smog.
the presence of sunlight form
ozone.
6) Other Gaseous • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are Health effects: Exposure to high levels of
Compounds used in refrigerators, air radon through breathing air is known to
- Chloroflurocarbons conditioners and aerosol sprays. cause lung diseases.
- Radon • Radon is a gas emitted naturally by Environmental Effects: CFCs are infamous
the soil. for depleting the Ozone Layer.

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REVISION CARD 2 STRATOSPHERIC VS GROUND-LEVEL OZONE

WHAT IS OZONE?
• Ozone, or O3, is an atmospheric gas that is present at ground-level in the troposphere (10%) and in the
upper atmosphere in the stratosphere (90%).
• The gas can be beneficial or harmful, depending on its location and concentration (Ozone: Stratospheric
and Ground-Level).

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REVISION CARD 3 BASEL ROTTERDAM & STOCKHOLM CONVENTION

BASEL ROTTERDAM STOCKHOLM

Scope Hazardous wastes and other wastes Banned or severely restricted PoPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants)
chemicals and SHPFs (annex III).
Key Provisions • Minimization of generation • Prior Informed Consent • Elimination (POPs in annex A)
• Promotion of environmentally procedure for export/ • Restriction (POPs in annex B)
sound management import (annex III) • Reduction or elimination
• Conditions and procedure for • Exchange of information: (unintentionally produced POPs
controlling transboundary on a broad range of in annex C) Stockholm
movement potentially hazardous Convention
chemicals

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REVISION CARD 1 PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TRIBAL GROUPS (PVTGs)

(PVTGS)
Criterion for identifying Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups was established as:
• Pre-agricultural level of technology,
• Low level of literacy,
• Economic backwardness,
• A declining or stagnant population.

State/UT PVTGs
Andhra Pradesh Bodo Gadaba, Bondo Poroja, Chenchu Dongria Khond, Gutob, Gadaba, Khond Poroja,
Kolam, Kondareddis, Konda Savaras, Kutia Khond, Parengi Poroja, Thoti
Bihar/ Jharkhand Asurs, Birhor, Birjia, Hill Kharia, Korwas, Mal Paharia, Parhaiyas, Sauria Paharia, Savar
Gujarat Kathodi, Kotwalia, Padhar, Siddi, Kolgha
Karnataka Jenu Kuruba, Koraga
Kerala Cholanaikayan (a section of Kattunaickans), Kadar, Kattunayakan, Kurumbas, Koraga
MP/Chhattisgarh Abujh Marias, Baigas, Bharias, Hill Korbas, Kamars, Saharias, Birhor
Maharashtra Katkaria (Kathodia), Kolam, Maria Gond
Manipur Marram Nagas
Orissa Birhor, Bondo, Didayi, Dongria-Khond, Juangs, Kharias, Kutia Kondh, Lanjia Sauras, Lodhas,
Mankidias, Paudi Bhuyans, Soura, Chuktia Bhunjia
Rajasthan Seharias [Sahariya]
Tamil Nadu Kattu Nayakans, Kotas. Kurumbas, Irulas, Paniyans, Todas
Tripura Reangs
UP /Uttarakhand Buxas, Rajis
West Bengal Birhor, Lodhas, Totos
A&N Islands Great Andamanese, Jarawas, Onges, Sentinelese, Shom Pens

Important Facts • There are 75 PVTGs in India at present, residing in 18 States and UT of A&N Islands
- Highest number of PVTGs are found in Odisha (13), followed by Andhra Pradesh
(12), Bihar including Jharkhand (9), Madhya Pradesh including Chhattisgarh (7),
Tamil Nadu (6), Kerala and Gujarat having five groups each.
- The remaining PVTGs live in West Bengal (3) Maharashtra (3), two each in
Karnataka and Uttarakhand and one each in Rajasthan, Tripura and Manipur.
- All 4 tribal groups in Andamans, and one in Nicobar Islands, are recognised as
PVTGs.
• The PVTG of Sahariyas has the highest population (4.5 Lakhs), while the PVTGs of
Sentinelets and Andamanese has a very small population of 39 and 43, respectively

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REVISION CARD 2 BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE SITES (PVTGS)

Definition Biodiversity Heritage Sites” (BHS) are well defined areas that are unique, ecologically fragile
ecosystems - terrestrial, coastal and inland waters and marine having rich biodiversity.

Criteria Unique ecosystems having rich biodiversity with one or more of the following components:
(a) Richness of wild and domesticated species
(b) High endemism
(c) Presence of Keystone, rare and threatened species
(d) Wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species
(e) Past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds, and having
significant cultural, ethical, or aesthetic values.

Legal provisions Under Section-37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, the State Government in
consultation with local bodies may notify areas of biodiversity importance as BHS.

Purpose To improve the quality of life of local communities through the conservation of such sites.

Who can manage Under Biological Diversity Act, 2002, the State Government in consultation with the Central
BNHS Government may frame rules for the management and conservation of BHS.

Restrictions on The creation of BNHS may not put any restriction on the indigenous practices and usages
Tribes and Locals? of the local communities.

First BNHS Nallur Tamarind Grove in Bengaluru, Karnataka was designated as India's first BHS in 2007.

Recent additions As of date, there are 36 BHS in India. Latest are: -

• Mahendra Giri Hill (Odisha)
• Arittapatti (TN): Arittapatti is not only home to 250 species of birds + many species of
wildlife, it also serves as a watershed, recharging natural springs and lakes, and also
has several megalithic structures and rock-cut temples.
• Borjuli Wild Rice Site (Assam)
• Hajong Tortoise Lake (Assam)
• Amarkantak Plateau (MP)

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REVISION CARD 3 FOREST RIGHTS ACT, 2006: KEY TERMS

What Does theAct The Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 recognizes the rights of the forest dwelling tribal
Recognize? communities and other traditional forest dwellers to forest resources, on which these
communities were dependent for a variety of needs, including livelihood, habitation,
and other socio-cultural needs.
Are communities’ rights Yes, the act intends to help all the destitute forest communities across India to have
catered to by FRA 2006? right over common property forest lands.
What Can Forest Rights This Forest Rights Act is capable of:
Act do? 1. Empowering local self-governance
2. Issue of poverty alleviation and pro-poor growth is paid heed to
3. Conservation and management of natural resources of India are highlighted and
addressed by the FRA
What is the criteria and To qualify as FDST and be eligible for recognition of rights under FRA, three conditions
evidence required for a must be satisfied by the applicant/s, who could be "members or community":
Forest Dwelling 1. Must be a Scheduled Tribe in the area where the right is claimed; and
Scheduled Tribe (FDST) to 2. Primarily resided in forest or forests land prior to 13-12-2005; and
claim rights under FRA? 3. Depend on the forest or forests land for bonafide livelihood needs.

Community forest • It is a customary common forest land located in a villages' traditional and
resource customary boundaries.
• Can also be called seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral communities.
• Includes - Reserved Forests, Protected Forests, Protected Areas (Sanctuaries,
National Parks) to which the community had traditional access.
Ministry of Environment & forest notifies such areas as CWH which meets a scientific
Critical Wildlife Habitat criterion decided by an expert committee including experts from locality appointed
by the government and from that of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
Forest dwelling Persons or group of persons who reside in and are dependent on a forest land to meet
Scheduled tribes their livelihood needs.

Forest villages Forest Department of State Governments established settlements inside forests for
forestry operations. It includes:
1. Forest Settlement Villages
2. Fixed Demand Holdings
3. All types of taungya settlements
4. Lands for cultivation and uses permitted by the government
Minor forest It is all non-timber forest produce of plant origin and includes bamboo, brushwood,
Produce (MFP) stumps, canes, Tusser, cocoon, honey, waxes, Lac, tendu/kendu leaves, medicinal
plants and herbs, roots, tuber and the like.

Is FRA applicable in Yes, FRA is applicable to claimants in respect of forest lands wherever they may be
Municipal areas? located; no exception is made for municipal areas.

Note: Kindly also go through the FRA. 2006 Revision card in Polity Handout 3B.

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REVISION CARD 1 NATURAL HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA (UNESCO)

Natural Heritage Sites in India (UNESCO)
S. No. Name of WH Site State/Location Year of Notification Area ([Link])
1 Great Himalayan National Park Himachal Pradesh 2014 905.4
Conservation Area
Maharashtra, 7,953.15
Goa,
2 Western Ghats Karnataka, 2012
Tamil Nadu and
Kerala
3 Nanda Devi and Uttarakhand 1988 630.00
Valley of Flowers National Parks 87.50
4 Sundarbans National Park West Bengal 1987 1,330.10
5 Kaziranga National Park Assam 1985 429.96
6 Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 1985 28.73
7 Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Assam 1985 391.00

Mixed World Heritage Sites in India

S. No. Name of WH Site State/ Location Year of Notification
1 Khangchendzonga National Park Sikkim 2016

42 WHS in India: 34 Cultural,

7 Natural and 1 Mixed sites.

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REVISION CARD 2 SECURE HIMALAYAS & SNOW LEOPARD

Launched in: 2017
Project Tenure: 6-years
Coverage among 4 1. Ladakh : Chanthang Plateau in the Upper Indus Landscape
states
2. Himachal Pradesh: Lahaul-Pangi landscape in the Upper Chandrabhaga basin (Chenab)
and Kinnaur, in the Sutlej catchments.
3. Uttarakhand: Gangotri-Govind, in the upper catchments of the rivers Ganga and
Yamuna.
4. Sikkim : Khangchendzonga National Park to the upper catchment of Teesta and Tso
Lhamo plateau.
Launched by: Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in association with the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Key focus areas: Protection of snow leopard and other endangered species and their habitats; securing
livelihoods of people in region; and enhancing enforcement to reduce wildlife crime.
Funding: through Global Environment Facility (GEF)

WHAT IS LANDSCAPE-BASED APPROACH IN SECURE HIMALAYAS?

• A Landscape-based Approach uses collaborative, area-based natural resources planning to design development policies
and projects that ensure equitable and sustainable use of land.
• This approach strengthens measures to Mitigate + Adapt to Climate change + Balance competing demands on land
through the implementation of adaptive and integrated management systems.

PROJECT OBJECTIVE

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▪ IUCN - improved from

Endangered to Vulnerable. • Solo traveller - The snow
▪ Wildlife (Protection) Act leopard is usually solitary
1972 - Schedule I and highly elusive.
▪ CMS: Appendix I • Living large - have home
▪ CITES: Appendix I ranges of up to 1,000 sq km
• Food habits: Carnivorous

12 Snow Leopard Range Countries across Asia

Snow Leopard capital of the world: Hemis National

Park, Ladakh (biggest national park in India).

State animal of Himachal Pradesh & Ladakh (&

National Heritage Animal of Pakistan).
Most snow leopard occur in China (60%), followed by Mongolia and India (10%)

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