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Design & Implementation of Boost Converter for PV Cell

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 IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 6, Issue 04, 2018 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Design & Implementation of Boost Converter for PV Cell

Ranjit Singh
Patiala, Punjab-147202, India
Abstract— In many technical applications, it is required to and therefore, feature a simpler control scheme and lower
translate a set voltage DC source into a variable-voltage DC cost. Converters with interleaved operation are fascinating
output. A DC-DC switching converter converts voltage techniques nowadays. An interleaved converter with a
straight from DC to DC and is simply recognized as a DC coupled winding is proposed to provide a lossless clamp [5].
Converter. A DC converter is equivalent to an AC Additional active switches are also appended to provide soft
transformer through an incessantly variable turn’s ratio. It can -switching characteristics. These converters are able to
be used to step down or step up a DC voltage source, because provide higher output power and lower output ripple
a transformer. DC converters are widely used for traction
motor control in electric automobiles, trolley cars, marine II. RESEARCH OBJECT
hoists, forklifts trucks, and mine haulers. They supply high Efficiency, size, and cost are the primary advantages of
efficiency, good acceleration control and fast dynamic switching power converters when compared to linear
response. They can be used in regenerative braking of DC converters. The switching power converter efficiencies can
motors to return energy back into the supply. This attribute run between 70- 80%, while linear converters are frequently
results in energy savings for transportation systems with 30% efficient. The DC-DC Switching Boost Converter is
frequent steps. DC converters are used in DC voltage designed to make available an efficient method of taking a
regulators; and also are used, with an inductor in conjunction, given DC voltage supply and boosting it to a needed value.
to generate a DC current source, specifically for the current
source inverter.
III. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM & EFFICIENT BOOST
Key words: Boost Converter, Coupled Inductor, Parallel
CONVERTER CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
Capacitor, High Voltage Gain
Solar cells produce current when sunlight falls on them. In
I. INTRODUCTION this paper the solar cell is simulated for whichever ambient
temperature, sun light intensity and other internal parameters.
High step up dc-dc converters are used in many applications, A corresponding circuit is developed for easy analysis of
such as renewable energy conversion, uninterruptible power solar cell. The PV cell is electrical device, which produces
supplies (UPS) and high intensity discharge lamp for electrical power when exposed to sunlight and they are
automobile headlamps. A basic boost converters can achieve connected to boost converter. In proposed model the current
high step up voltage gain with an extremely high duty ratio is considered as controlled constant current source, and the
[1]-[2], but extremely high duty ratio results in a serious voltage changes based on the irradiation level. So the
reverse recovery problem. A dc-dc flyback converter [3] is a equivalent model contains a constant current source. The
very simple structure with a high step up voltage gain, but the equivalent model is shown in Fig 1.
active switch of this converter will suffer a high voltage stress
due to the leakage inductance of the transformer. A dc–dc
flyback converter is a very simple structure with a high step-
up voltage gain and an electrical isolation, but the active
switch of this converter will suffer a high voltage stress due
to the leakage inductance of the transformer. Literature
includes some research of the transformer less dc–dc
converters, which include the cascade boost type, the Fig. 1: Boost Converter Model [2]
quadratic boost, [4]- [5], however these types are all
Complex. This paper proposes a transformer less dc-dc
converter the high step up voltage gain can be achieved by
switched inductor technique without an extremely high duty
ratio and with reduced voltage stresses in the active switches.
The boost converter is shown in fig.1. The Voltage stress in
the active switch S is equal to the output voltage and the duty
ratio is high. The structure of this converter is very simple. Fig. 2: Equivalent Circuit Of A Boost Converter At “On
Several soft-switching techniques, gaining the features of Mode”[2]
zero-voltage switching (ZVS) or zero-current switching
(ZCS) for DC-DC converters, have been proposed to
substantially reduce switching losses, hence, attain high
efficiency at increased frequencies. There are many resonant
or quasi-resonant converters with the advantages of ZVS or
ZCS [7]. The main problem with these kinds of converters is
that the voltage stresses on the power switches are too high in
the resonant converters. Passive snubbers achieving ZVS are
attractive [3]-[4], since no extra active switches are needed, Fig. 3: Equivalent Circuit of a Boost Converter at “Off
Mode”[2]

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 Design & Implementation of Boost Converter for PV Cell
(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 04/2018/275)

Function of switch position. Shown in figure 4.9[5] load, and diode Dm. The inductor current falls until the next
When the switch is in “on mode” and operating at t = ton= cycle. The energy stored in inductor L flows through the load.
DTs, the input current rises and flows through inductor L and
A. Specifications
the switch. The magnetic energy stored in the inductor can
build up. The output stage is completely isolated because the Engineers working in today’s high tech environment have to
diode is reverse biased, as shown in Figure 4.8. When the deal with a rapidly changing market of electronic products
switch is in “off mode”, at t = toff = D’Ts, the current flowing and equipments. As new technologies are invented, integrated
through the switch will now flow through towards the output circuits function faster and are smaller in size and shape. But,
stage because the diode becomes forward biased, as seen in many integrated circuits still require a voltage of 15 volts to
Figure Moreover, the energy stored in the inductor will be function. The DC-DC Switching Boost Converter will take a
released to the load The boost converter plays very important 5 Volt DC voltage 10 % tolerance and deliver 15 Volts to the
role as it varies the PV array terminal voltage with the change load. The maximum current delivered tosupply with the load
of the duty cycle. The duty cycle will be determined will be 0.4 A. The circuit will operate with a minimum
depending on the signal of the maximum power point tracker efficiency of 94.16%. [7] The inductor shown in Fig. 3.1.1
whether it is P&O as it is discussed in the following sections acts as the magnetic field storage element shown in Fig.. It
Output capacitor. Buck converters are commonly used when stores energy in its core material. The ideal PWM functions
the input voltage is too high and needs to be lowered to an as the switch control and the transistor acts as the switch
appropriate level. A step down converter produces a lower element. The diode and the capacitor are used to perform the
average output voltage than the DC input voltage Vd. function of the output rectifier and filter block

V. BOOST DC-DC CONVERTER IMPLEMENTATION

The Boost DC-DC Converter A boost converter is used also
as an electronic power DC-DC device interfacing the solar
panel and the battery load to perform good matching. It uses
the output voltage of the solar module as the input parameter
and sets it to the desired level while keeping its output voltage
fixed. The output voltage of a boost chopper is always greater
than or equal to its input voltage. For better comparison, it
. uses the same components as the buck converter. The boost
Fig. 5: Output Load Resistor with Measurement Blocks converter study includes the steady-state and dynamic
Connected analyses for ideal and non-ideal circuits.
In many technical applications, it is required to
convert a set voltage DC source into a variable-voltage DC
output. A DC-DC switching converter converts voltage
directly from DC to DC and is simply known as a DC
Converter. A DC converter is equivalent to an AC
transformer with a continuously variable turn’s ratio. It can
be used to step down or step up a DC voltage source, as a
transformer. DC converters are widely used for traction motor
control in electric automobiles, trolley cars, marine hoists, Fig. 5: Implementation of Boost Converter
forklifts trucks, and mine haulers. They provide high A. Operation of Boost Converter
efficiency, good acceleration control and fast dynamic
Previous to probing on the circuit, the subsequent
response. They can be used in regenerative braking of DC
assumptions are presumed.
motors to return energy back into the supply. This attribute
1) The output capacitor C0 should be large enough to
results in energy savings for transportation systems with
neglect the output voltage ripple.
frequent steps. DC converters are used in DC voltage
2) The forward voltage drops across MOSFET 𝑆1, 𝑆2 and
regulators; and also are used, with an inductor in conjunction,
diodes 𝐷1, 𝐷2 are neglected.
to generate a DC current source, specifically for the current
3) Inductors 𝐿1, 𝐿2 have large inductance and their currents
source inverter. [1]
are identical constants, i.e., 𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 𝐼𝐿.
4) Output capacitances of switches Cs1 and Cs2 have the
IV. GENERAL BOOST CONVERTER CONFIGURATION
same values, i.e. 𝐶𝑆1 = 𝐶𝑆2 = 𝐶𝑆
In a boost converter, the output voltage is greater than the 5) The two active switches S1 and S2 are operated with
input voltage – hence the name “boost”. Fig. 3.1.1 Circuit pulse width modulation (PWM) control techniques. They
diagram of Boost Converter. [1] The function of boost are triggered with identical frequencies and duty ratios.
converter can be divided into two modes, Mode 1 and Mode Rising edges of the two gating signals are separated apart
2. Mode 1 begins when transistor M1 is switched on at time for half of the switching cycles. The complete operation
t=0. The input current rises and flows through inductor L and of the converter can be divided into eight modes, the
transistor M1. Mode 2 begins when transistor M1 is switched equivalent circuits and theoretical waveforms are shown
off at time t=t1. The input current now flows through L, C, in Fig 3 and Fig 4 respectively

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 Design & Implementation of Boost Converter for PV Cell
(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 04/2018/275)

Power Output 100W Section, CFP18037, 978-1-5386-4303-7, 01-2018-1111,

Voltage Output 24V Vellore District Tamilnadu India, January 2018
4.2A [4] Zengshi Chen , Wenzhong Gao, Jiangang Hu --- Xiao
Output Current Ye, (2011).“Closed-Loop Analysis and Cascade Control
Switching Frequency 24Khz of a Nonminimum Phase Boost Converter “.IEEE
Input Voltage 6-23V Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume: 26 Issue: 4
Table 1: Specification of Proposed Boost Converter PP: 1237-1252.
[5] Vikas Shrivastava, “Industrial Design Aspects of High-
Speed Electrical Machines among Active Magnetic
Bearings designed for Compressor Applications” India.
Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application,
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 11, (Part -3) November
2017, pp.22-27
[6] Wei-Chung Wu, R.M. Bass, J.R. Yeargan, “ Elimination
the effects of the Right-half Plane Zero in Fixed
Frequency Boost Converters”, IEEE Annual Power
Fig. 6: Output Voltage Waveform Electronics Specialists Conference 06/1998, 362 - 366
Vol.1.
[7] R. Ridley, “Current Mode Control Modeling”, Switching
Power Magazine, 2006,
[8] Vikas Shrivastava, Seema Deshmukh “Utility Of Charge
Controller With Maximum Power Point Tracker For
Photovoltaic System” Internatioal Conference,
Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Mechanical,
Computing (EECCME)-2018, IEEE Madras Section,
CFP18037, 978-1-5386-4303-7, 01-2018-1113, Vellore
District Tamilnadu India, January 2018
Fig. 7: Output Current Waveform [9] S. Masri and P. W. Chang“Design and development of a
DC-DC Boost converter with constant output voltage”,
VI. CONCLUSION IEEE, International conference on Intelligent and
All of the specifications stated previously have been met by Advanced systems (ICIAS), June 2010.
this boost converter design. MATLAB and PSPICE [10] Vikas Shrivastava, “Research on Structure for Flywheel
simulations using calculated parameters were performed and Energy Storage System in Long Lifetime UPS”, India.
corresponding waveforms were obtained. The output voltage Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application,
across the output capacitor is 15Vwith a maximum output ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 11, (Part -3) November
ripple of 1.6%. The power efficiency of the circuit exceeds 2017, pp.22-27
94 %. However an additional constraint needs to be put on the
load. The load must not exceed 0.75kΩ. This will cause the
efficiency to fall below the specified value of 94.16%.
Hardware design of Boost Converter was done. It is observed,
by varying duty cycle output voltage also changes.

REFERENCES
[1] Vikas Shrivastava, Chris salter “Future Trend To Smart
Grid Automation Architecture by IES 61850”
Internatioal Conference on Electrical,Electronic
Communication,Mechanical,Computing(EECCME)-
2018, IEEE Madras Section, CFP18037, 978-1-5386-
4303-7, Vellore District Tamilnadu India, January 2018
[2] [Link]., V.C. Veera Reddy, (2012)“A Novel
Efficient Soft Switched Two Ports Dc-Dc Boost
Converter With Open Loop And Closed Loop Control”.
Indian Journal of Computer Science and
Engineering,Volume: 3 Issue: 3 PP: 394-400
[3] Vikas Shrivastava, Seema Deshmukh “Analysis and
Study Between Two Soft Swiching Techniques Used in
Boost Converter Implementattion” Internatioal
Conference onElectrical, Electronics, Communication,
Mechanical, Coputing (EECCME)-2018, IEEE Madras

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